Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
OISD-RP-110
First Edition
August 1990
Amended edition,
August, 1999
FOR RESTRICTED
CIRCULATION
RECOMMENDED PRACTICES
ON
STATIC ELECTRICITY
Prepared by
FUNCTIONAL COMMITTEE ON
PROCESS DESIGN & OPERATING PHILOSOPHIES
Though every effort has been made to assure the accuracy and
reliability of data contained in these documents, OISD hereby
expressly disclaims any liability or responsibility for loss or
damage resulting from their use.
Note 1
in superscript indicates the changes / modifications / additions as
th
approved in 17 Safety Council Meeting held in July, 1999.
II
OISD-110
FOREWORD
The Co-ordinator,
Committee on “Process Design and Operating Philosopies”,
OIL INDUSTRY SAFETY DIRECTORATE
7th Floor, ‘New Delhi House’
27, Barakhamba Road
New Delhi – 110 001
This document in no way supersedes the statutory regulations of
CCE, Factory inspectorate or any other statutory body, which shall be
followed as applicable.
III
FUNCTIONAL COMMITTEE
ON
PROCESS DESIGN AND OPERATING PHILOSOPIES
LIST OF MEMBERS
S/Shri
W.D. Lande DGM (TECH), HPCL, Member Leader
Visakh Refinery
G. Raghunathan Chief Manager (Process) Member
HPCL Visakh Refinery
B.K. Sedani DGM (Elect.) Member
ONGC Bombay
N.N. Gogoi DGM (LPG, Member
OIL, Duliajan till Oct.87
Shri. A. Sinha Dy. Planning Manager Member
(B&MIS), OIL Duliajan
S.V. Puthil Chief Instl.Manager Member till
HPCL (Mkt). Bombay Jan.89
A.M. Pradhan Sr.Mgr (Safety & Insp.) Member
HPCL, Bombay
S.V. Save DGM (West Coast Refin) Member
HPCL, Bomaby Refinery
M.A. Sreekumar Chief Mgr.(TECH) Member
CRL, Cochin
A. Varadarajan Chief Mgr. (Proc. Devel.) Member
MRL, Madras
B.K. Trehan Addtl. Director , Member
OISD, New Delhi Till Jan. 89
D.K. Sen Additional Director Member
OISD New Delhi Coordinator
In addition to the above several experts from industry contributed in the preparation, review and finalisation of the
document.
IV
OISD-110
V
OISD-110
6
OISD-110
CONTENTS.
SECTION
1.0 Introduction
1.1 Scope
2.0 Background on Static Electricity
2.1 What is Static Electricity
2.2 Conductivity
2.3 Relaxation Time
3.0 Theory of Static Electricity
3.1 Generation
3.1.1 Generation due to fluid flow
3.1.2 Generation due to settling
3.2 Rate of Generation
3.3 Accumulation
3.4 Conductivity
3.5 Static Discharge
3.6 Sparks and Arcs
3.7 Sparking Potential
3.8 Ignition Energy
4.0 Common Sources of Static Electricity
5.0 Guidelines for Control of Static Electricity
5.1 General
5.2 Spraying, Splashing & Misting
5.3 Agitation and Mixing
5.4 Water
5.5 Flow Velocity
5.5.1 In Tanks
5.5.2 In Pipes
5.6 Filters
5.7 Gauging and Sampling
5.8 Insulated Conductive Objects
5.9 Projections and probes
5.10 Bonding
7
OISD-110
CONTENTS (Continued)
5.11 Grounding
5.12 Use of Additives
5.13 Internal Coatins
6.0 Specific Guidelines for Control of Static Electricity
6.1 Storage Tanks
6.1.1 General
6.1.2 Sampling of Products
6.2 Tank Trucks, Tank Cars, Fuders
6.2.1 Loading/Unloading Operations in Tank Wagon Gantries
6.2.2 Loading/Unloading Operations in Tanktruck Gantries
6.3 Small Containers (Drums, Cans)
6.4 Leaky LPG Cylinders
6.5 Tank Cleaning
6.6 Synthetic Fiber Cords
6.7 Belt
6.8 Wearing Apparel
6.9 Sand or Shot Blasting
7.0 Effective Bonding/Earthing Systems :
7.1 For Tankwagon Loading/Unloading Gantry
7.2 Tanktruck loading and unloading Gantry
7.3 Barge/Tanker Jetty Operations
7.4 Pipelines/Pumps
7.5 Storage Tanks
7.6 Sampling/Gauging
7.7 Filling small Containers
8.0 Classification of Products
8.1 Non-accumulators
8.2 Accumulators
8.3 Low Vapour-Pressure Products
8.4 Intermediate Vapour-Pressure Products
8.5 High Vapour-Pressure Products
9.0 References
Appendix ‘A’
Appendix ‘B’
Appendix ‘C’
Appendix ‘D’
OISD-110 1
The purpose of this document is to assist in Poor conductors behave similarly, but when
reducing fire hazard of static electricity by the charge is in the body of the conductor,
presenting a discussion of the nature and more time is required for the transfer. This is
origin of static charges, the general methods important in liquid hydrocarbons because the
of mitigation and recommendations in certain charge must move out of the liquid’s body to
specific operations for its dissipation. The the surface before it can transfer to the inside
application is limited to petroleum production, of the container.
refining and marketing installations. 2.3 RELAXATION TIME
A charge on one body can induce a charge Generation of electric charge, usually occurs
on a second body that is brought near it (See whenever a liquid, for instance a hydrocar-
Appendix : A). Now, assume a charged bon, flow past a solid or another liquid. The
insulated conductor is brought close to a
1
2 OISD-110
degree of charge generation in the case of induced charges arise from charge
oil products is determined not solely by the separation within the tank wall following
nature of such liquids or solids but also by exposure to the electrostatic field created
the type and concentration of certain trace by the incoming charged liquid stream.
compounds which are nearly always
present in solution in oil products. 3.1.2 Generation due to settling.
Static electricity is generated by the
separation of like or unlike bodies. Electro- Strong electrostatic fields may also be gen-
erated by droplets of sold particles settling
static charges, positive & negative, always
occur in pair and are developed when any in a medium of low conductivity, or by
agitation of such particles within the
tow bodies that have been in contact are
medium. If a liquid in a tank containing
separated. The negative charges migrate to
ionizable impurities is subject to turbulence,
one body, leaving the other body with a
the separation of ions can result in
positive charge. For sufficient charges to
electrostatic charging within the body. Such
be developed, the bodies must become and
charging may cause significant variations in
remain insulated with respect to each other
voltage within the liquid or on the liquid
so that the electrons, which have passed
surface. There is no change in the neutrality
over the boundary surface or interface, are
of total charge within the tank as long as no
trapped when separation occurs. Insulation
charged fluid flows into or out of the tank.
may occur through complete physical
separation o the bodies or because at least
one of the bodies is an insulator. 3.2 RATE OF GENERATION
Petroleum products which have a low
conductivity can serve as an insulators The generating mechanism is related
primarily to rat of flow, ionic content,
3.1.1 Generation due to fluid flow: materials turbulence, and surface area of
the interface. The rate of electrostatic
Of most importance in our operations is the
generation in a pipeline or hose increases
contact and separation which takes place in
with increasing length of pipe or hose to a
flowing liquids. The liquid, prior to flow,
maximum liming value. The maximum
contains equal quantities of ions, positively
limiting value is related to liquid velocity and
and negatively charged, and is electrically
conductivity and will be greater for high
neutral. However, ions of one sign are
velocities of liquid flow than for low
preferentially absorbed by the surface of
velocities. The large surface area of filters
the container or pipe, leaving a surplus of
causes them to be prolific generators of
ions of the opposite sign in the liquid at the
static electricity.
interface. Upon liquid flow, charging of the
liquid occurs because the absorbed icons
are separated from the free ions by 3.3 ACCUMULATION
turbulence. The opposite charge is usually
conducted throughout the metallic pipe wall, Hazardous electrostatic charges can accu-
in the same direction because of the natural mulate only on bodies which are relatively
attraction between opposite charges. well insulated from each other and from
Ioniza- ble impurities, such as water, metal ground. Otherwise, charges leak away and
oxide, or chemicals, increase the static recombine with their counterparts as fast as
generation characteristics. they are formed. Electrostatic charges can
accumulate on the surface of petroleum
The flow of electricity caused by he products which have a sufficiently high
entertainment of charged particles in the resistivity. Humidity has little effect on the
flowing fluid is known as the streaming migration of charges across hydrocarbon
current. if this charged stream enters a liquid surfaces. The amount of electrostatic
container or tank, an equal but opposite charge which may accumulate on an
charge will be induced on the inside insulated body depends upon:
surfaces of the tank, Also, a charge of the
same sign as the incoming stream will be l The rate at which the static charge is
induced on the outside of the tank. These being generated.
OISD-110 3
l The resistance of paths by which the the liquid. This is the time taken for the
charge leaks off (dissipates). charge in a liquid, completely filling a closed
metal container, to decrease to half its
3.4 CONDUCTIVITY
original value. The half value time is inversely
proportional to the conductivity and directly
The ability of liquid to retain an electrostatic proportional to the dielectric constant of the
charge is a function of its conductivity. This liquid. A residence time (relaxation time) of
characteristic may be expressed in terms of 3 to 4 times the half value time may be
conductivity (1 conductivity unit = 1 picomho assumed to be adequate for charges to
per meter (or) picosiemens per meter = 10 to “relax”. The Table-I shows the relationship
the power of minus 14 ohm to the power of between conductivity’s and half value times
minus 1 or in the inverse from as resistivity (1 of various liquids.
resistivity unit = 10 to the power of 14 ohm
cm). Metals have very high conductivity and 3.5 STATIC DISCHARGE
oils have low conductivity.
Electrostatic generation is not significant In actual practice, electrostatic charges
when the conductivity of the liquid exceeds constantly leak from a charged body because
50 picomhos per meter. Above this value, the they are always under the attraction of an
charges recombine as fast as they are equal but opposite charge. This leakage
separated. Thus a conductivity of 50 characteristic is called relaxation; and,
picomhos per meter is the recommended because of this, the most static sparks are
minimum for the adequate removal of charge produced while the generating mecha-nism
from a liquid. However, there is an overall is active. It is possible, however, for charges
lower limit of connectivity of 10 picomhos per generated in moving some refined petroleum
meter below which static charges may not be products to remain for a time after the fluid
dissipated easily by earthing and bonding. has stopped because of the insulation
qualities of the fluid.
An important characteristic in connection with
electrostatic hazards is the half-value time of
TABLE - I
Source : Fire & Safety Manual – Refineries & Petrochemical Panel – National Safety Council
3
4 OISD-110
OISD-110 5
3.6 SPARKS AND ARCS: to the rate at which the charge is being
placed upon the insulated body and a
A spark is essentially a transient pheno- stabilized condition will be reached.
menon & can be described as the passage
of an electric charge across a gap between If this stabilized voltage is below the
tow points not previously in contact. An arc required sparking potential, no sparking will
is defined as the flow of electric current that occur. if the stabilized voltage is above
occurs at the instant of separation of two sparking potential, then sparking will occur
points previously in contact. Electrostatic before stabilization is reached.
discharges are usually sparks. 3.8 IGNITION ENERGY
3.7 SPARKING POTENTIAL : The mere fact that a spark results from high
For static electricity to discharge as a spark, voltage does not mean that ignition of a
the voltage across the spark gap must be flammable mixutre will occur. In order to
above a certain magnitude. In air, at sea initiate combustion, sufficient energy must
level, the minim sparking voltage is be transferred form the spark to the
approximately 350 volts for the shortest surrounding flammable mixture.
measurable length of gap. Increased gaps Experiments under the most favourable
require proportionately higher voltages with conditions have ignited petroleum vapour-
the actual voltage dependent upon the air mixtures at approximately 0.25 millij-
dielectric strength of the material (or gas) oules. The energy requirement increases
which fills the space in the gap. For air, the as the mixture composition approaches the
dielectric strength is approximately 30,000 lean or rich sides of the flammable range; it
volts per cm. Therefore, the voltage across at a minimum where a slightly richer than
a 1 inch air gap would have to be over 75,000 ideal mixture composition is attained.
volts in order for spark discharge to occur.
The energy requirement is also increased
In the petroleum industry, these spark gaps by a variety of other factors which tend to
will assume many forms and appear at decrease the availability of the stored
various locations. For example, a spark gap energy to flammable mixture :
may be formed between a tank vehicle and
the overhead filling downspout if they are a) A portion of the energy will be
not bonded together or in metallic contact. dissipated in a resistive portion of the
In this case, a static potential ditference is discharge circuit and not be available
developed between the tank vehicle and the at the spark gap.
downspout due to the static charges b) The electrodes, across which the
generated during the f!ow of product into sparking occurs, will be of a shape
the compartment. and material so that a portion of the
energy in the spark will be used to
The potential developed is related to the heat the electrodes & will be available
amount of charge on a body and to the in its entirely to heat the material in
capacitance of this body with respect to its the gap. This is more pronounced
surroundings. Since the capacitance of a with short gaps and is known as its
body with respect to its surroundings quenching effect.
depends upon its size and position, it c) The spark gap may be so long that the
follows that the same charge will not always energy is distributed over too great
result in the same voltage and, hence, a path length. The energy is not
sparking may or may not occur. concentrated sufficiently to heat the
Under the continuous influence of a charge mixture to ignition temperature.
generating mechanism, the voltage of a an The typical values of Minimum Ignition
insulated body continues to grow. As the Energy (mj), along with the Minimum
voltage becomes greater, the rate at which Experimental Safe Gap (mm) and the
charge will leak through the insulation will quen-ching distance (mm) for some
grow since no insulation is perfect. At some hazardous materials are presented in
voltage, the leakage of charge will be equal Table-II. Also, the effect of fuel
5
6 OISD-110
TABLE - II
MINIMUM IGNITION ENERGY, MAX. EXPERIMENTAL SAFE GAP AND QUENCHING DISTANCE
FOR VARIOUS HAZARDOUS MATERIALS.
Isobutane 0.52
n-Pentane 0.49 0.39 2.07
Isopentane 0.70
n-Hexane 0.29 1.52
7
8 OISD-110
9
10 OISD-110
Because filters and filter separators have a recommended for all services. This is to
large surface area exposed to fluid flow, safe-guard against charge in service,
they are prolific electrostatic generators. contamination or other abnormal situations.
This has been confirmed both by laboratory It will also provide protection if a high flash
tests and experience. point product, such as kerosene or fuel oil,
is loaded into a tank which contains a
Micropore paper elements probably gen-
flammable mixture from previous service.
erate the highest charges although cloth,
(Loading heating oil into a tank truck which
felt, chamois and similar non-conductive
previously handled gasoline)
materials will also generate a high charge.
While tests have not been made with metal 5.7 GAUGING AND SAMPLING :
micropore filter elements., it is suspected
that they also would generate a high Because there may be an electrostatic
charge, particularly when they have an charge on the hydrocarbon in a tank, the
appreciable depth or thickness. insertion of a metallic or conductive object
Deposits left on the filter elements from the into the tank before the charge has relaxed
may be extremely hazardous. As the
fuel may have an increasing effect on their
conductive gauge or sampling device
generating capabilities throughout their
approaches the product surface, a spark
service life.
gap can be formed through which an
On the other hand, thin metal screens and electrostatic discharge might occur.
perforated metal baskets do not generate Sparking could also occur as the gauge or
high charges. Tests have shown that flow sampling device is withdrawing from the
through a 1400 mesh screen did not liquid. Therefore, metallic or conductive
produce an appreciable electrostatic charge. objects such as gauge tapes, sample
containers, thermometers, etc. should not
The high electrostatic charges developed
be lowered into the tank during, or for a
by the flow of fluids through filters can be
period of time after, all pumping into the
effectively reduced by permitting sufficient
tank or circulation within the tank has
time for charge relaxation to occur. It has
ceased. For tank trucks, cars or fullers, a 5
been established that a 30 seconds
minutes waiting period should be observed
residence time is sufficient to lower the
for all storage tanks, tankers and barges.
electrostatic charge to a safe level regard-
less of the fluid conductivity. Consequently, The intention of the restriction is to avoid
a minimum of 30 seconds holdup time the introduction of either conductive probes
should be built into the piping system or insulated conductive objects. Devices
between the filter or filter separator and the which are completely non-conducting and
receiving tank. This holdup may be provi- can be so maintained, may be used at any
ded by enlarging or lengthening the piping time. These may include glass sample
downstream of the filter or by installing a bottles on polypropylene rope and non-
relaxation tank. If a relaxation tank is provi- conducting gauge tape and rods when
ded, it should not have a vapour space and operator is earthed through the tank. This
baffles may be required to prevent by pass- restriction does not apply to gauging and
ing which would reduce relaxation time. sampling in a gauging well or pipe whose
bottom end is submerged. However, for
Relaxation time is defined as the time it
practical considerations it is recommended
takes a particle of liquid leaving the filter to
to give the above mentioned relaxation
reach the receiving tank. This relaxation
time.
time should be established on the basis of
the maximum flow velocity permitted. 5.8 INSULATED CONDUCTIVE OBJECTS :
Theoretically, a 30 second relaxation time
needs only to be provided for products that An insulated conductive object may
have low conductivities and can generate accumulate an electrostatic charge when
flammable aporair mixtures. However, exposed to the stream of a flowing fluid or
since filters are such prolific electrostatic when exposed to a mist such as a steam
gene-rators, this precaution is cloud. Accumulated charges can be quite
OISD-110 11
large & capable of producing an incendiary Such low resistance’s however, are not
spark when a spark gap is formed. Also, a needed for static dissipation because
conductive object floating on an oil surface electrostatic currents are usually in the order
can become charged due to its contact with or microamperes (millionths of an ampere).
the oil which may be electro-statically A bond resistance of 1 megohm (1 million
charged due to movement or agitation. if ohms) is entirely adequate for these small
such a floating object approaches a groun- electrostatic currents since the resultant
ded object, such as the tank shell, a spark voltage difference appearing across the bond
gap can be formed. wire terminals is too low for sparking.
Therefore, care must be taken to prevent an Bolted connections within the bond wire or at
unbonded conductive objective from entering the bond wire terminals are entirely adequate
a tank. Likewise, all metallic parts of a fill for static dissipation. Soldered or brazed
pipe assembly should form a continuous connections are unnecessary. Parts of
electrically conductive path downstream from metallic fill pipe assembly form a continuous
the point of bonding. For example, a metallic electrically conductive path and bond or
coupling on the end of a non-conductive jumper wires are not needed around flexible
hose can become charged due to the flow of joints or swivel joints. Tests and experience
fluid. If the hose is inserted into the dome of have shown that resistances of these joints
a tank truck, sparking might occur between are low enough to prevent static charge
the hose coupling and the shell of the tank, accumulation. Conventional “U” clamps or
or to the liquid surface. other equivalent means for supporting riser
pipes on metallic loading racks provide an
In order to avoid sparking between the adequate conductive path and permit one
metallic coupling on the hose and the shell of end of a bon wire to be fixed to the metallic
the tank or the liquid surface, an external loading rack rather than directly to the
bonding connection between the metallic loading piping.
Note 1
coupling shall be provided.
5.11 GROUNDING :
5.9 PROJECTIONS AND PROBES :
The earth may be used as part of the
Conductive projections such as structural
grounding system. Where the only gaps over
members or probes should be avoided in the
which hazardous static sparks can occur are
vapour space of tank. On a rising liquid
between an insulated object and grounded
level, a spark gap can be formed between
object, such as between electrically insulated
the projection and product liquid surface. If
vessels and grounded piping, the electrical
the product it electrostatically charged,
insulation may be by passed by rounding the
incendiary sparking may occur.
vessel. This will prevent the accumulation of
static charge on the vessel. However,
5.10 BONDING :
grounding of a container or tank cannot
prevent the accumulation of charges on the
Sparking between two conducting bodies can surface of a liquid in the container if the liquid
be prevented by an electrical bond attached has a low conductivity.
to both bodies. This bond prevents a
difference in potential across the gap be-
5.12 USE OF ADDITIVES:
cause it provides a conductive path through
which the static charges can recombine. No
Earthing alone may be insufficient to remove
charge, therefore, can accumulate & no
charges which have been accumulated in a
spark can occur. (Bonding of a tank or
liquid of low conductivity. The most effective
container has no effect on the liquid bulk
method of achieving removal of charges is to
charge within the tank or container).
increase the conductivity of the liquid to a
safe value by means of an anti-static
Static bond wires are usually comparatively
additive. In this way, charges can leak away
large because of mechanical considerations;
so rapidly that they can no longer accumulate
therefore, bond wire remittances are low.
11
12 OISD-110
The following is a list of the specific guide- — Ensure no personnel is allowed on tank
lines developed to avoid electrostatic roof for gauging / sampling during product
sparking in the presence of a flammable transfer unless Dip pipes extend to bottom
vapour-air mixture. (Refer section 8 for the of tanks. Use only mechanical gauges for
definition of various product classification, ascertaining product transferred during
for the understanding / application of transfer operations otherwise.
following text)
— Ensure gauging/sampling of tank after
6.1 STORAGE TANKS : product transfer is done only after
relaxation time of 30 min. unless Dip pipes
6.1.1 General : extend to bottom of tank.
— Ensure earthing of tanks (Refer Section 7 6.2 TANK TRUCKS, TANK CARS,
for details) FUDERS :
13
14 OISD-110
Synthetic Fiber Cords can cause static These dressings must be renewed fre-
electricity to be generated when they are quently to be considered reliable or effective.
allowed to run rapidly through an operator’s
gloved hand, such as is practised General practice has been to avoid the use
sampling of flat belts in hazardous area. There is less
while sampling, dipping, gauging, etc. concern with Vee belt drives as they are
Since the charge generating cannot be less likely to develop static charges than flat
prevented, hazards must be combated by belt.
preventing the charge from accumulating 6.8 WEARING APPAREL :
to too high a potential. Therefore, if
synthetic fiber cords are used, two A great may fabrics under favarouble
conditions must be fulfilled : conditions may generate static electricity.
This may occur when the fabrics are
a) the operator must be adequately brought into contact with outer materials
earthed (one mega ohm). and then separated or when rubbed on
b) the sampling etc. equipment must be various substances. Most synthetic fabrics
of non-conductive material. (Nylon, Orlon, Dacron, Rayon, etc) are
somewhat more active generators than
Natural fibers such as sisal and manila natural fabrics. Both rubber and leather
have sufficient conductivity to prevent the soled shoes generate static electricity
operator from becoming charged by when dragged against dry carpeting or
handling it. Thus condition (a) becomes other non-conductive surfaces during
unnecessary, and it is recommended that period of low humidity. Such potentialities
condition (b) remains & should be adhered should be recognised and prudence
to. exercised on any occasion when flammable
If the sampling, gauging, dipping, etc., vapours are present.
equipment is a conductor, the cord must be
conductive, e.g. a metal wire. Metal chains 6.9 SAND OR SHOT BLASTING :
should not be used instead. In sand or shot blasting operations, static
electricity is generated by the sand or shot
6.7 BELT : flowing through the blasting machine and
Belt made of rubber, leather or other hose. The sweeping effect of the air
insulating material, running at moderate or prevents flammable concentration from
high speeds can generate considerable occurring within the stream pattern.
quantities of static electricity. Generation Bonding should be provided between sand
occurs when the belt separates from the or shot blast nozzle and the work surface.
pulley and charges will occur on the pulley The work surface should be grounded.
(regardless of whether it is conducting or Sparks have been observed jumping form
non-conducting) as well as on the belt. if the rubber hose to grounded objects during
pulley is made of conducting materials, the sand or shot blasting. This, care should be
charge normally will be dissipated through exercised so that the hoses will not be
the shaft and bearing to the ground and passed through areas where flammable
offer no ignition hazard. In some case mixtures exist. The atmosphere around
however, where the machinery frame is the tank to be blasted and within 15 meters
insulated or the bearings are composed of of the sand or shot blasting operation must
insulating materials such as Nylon, bonding be gas free. When the tank containing a
or grounding may be required. product has to be sand or shot blasted
externally, during the whole period of
Accumulation of static charges on the belt operation there shall be no pumping into or
can be eliminated through the use of a out of the tank in question or those
conductive belt or by making it conductive adjacent to it which contain products with a
through use of belt dressings which are flash point below 51.5 Deg. C. Tanks
available for this purpose. containing gasoline or any product for
15
16 OISD-110
which the vapour space tests more than 20 bonding between barges/tankers under
% of the lower explosive limit must be emp- loading/discharge at jetty.
tied and rendered gas free before sand or
shot blasting. If the vapour content of the - Jetty pipeline to be suitably earthed as
space above the oil is less than 20% of the indicted for tanktruck gantry.
lower explosive limit, sand or shot blasting
may be done on all external surfaces
including the roof. 7.4 PIPELINES/PUMPS :
The air intake to the sand or shot blasting
equipment must be in an area free from — Running pipelines are to be bonded with
combustible vapours. loading gantries by running copper strip
jumpers suitably bolted to the flanges.
7.0 EFFECTIVE BONDING / EARTHING — The gantry structure to be suitably earthed in
SYSTEMS: earthing pits of standard specifications (as
per electrical installations and number of
Recommended earthing & bonding systems earthings also to be as per Standards IS-
Note 1
are given below with specifications: 3043 & IS-7689 and OISD-STD-108).
7.1 FOR TANKWAGON LOADING /
7.5 STORAGE TANKS:
UNLOADING GANTRY:
— Continuity between rail and gantry shall be — All storage tanks are to be earthed
ensured by checking at a suitable frequency. separately as per electrical specifications "IS-
Note 1
3043-1966, IS-7689 - 1994 and OISD-STD-
Note 1
108.
— The gantry structure to be suitably earthed in
earthing pits of standard specifications (as 7.6 SAMPLING /GAUGING :
per electrical installations and number of
earthings also to be as per standards IS-
Note 1 — For sampling jars to be inserted into product
3043 & IS-7689 and OISD-108.
tanks, use only manila ropes.
— Tankwagon siding to be insulated from main
running track. When the filling nozzle is in electrical contact
with the container and will remain so
7.2 TANKTRUCK LOADING AND UNLOADING throughout the filling operation, no special
GANTRY : bond is required.
— For the gantry 6 mm Sq. braided copper wire 7.7 FILLING SMALL CONTAINERS
with one end firmly bolted to the gantry and
the other end provided with G.I crocodile When the filling nozzle may not be, or
clips are to be used, the crocodile clips being remain, in continuous electrical contact with
attached to the tank-truck under loading or the container, the container shall rest on a
discharging. metal base-plate while being filled. This
baseplate shall be bonded to the supply
— The gantry to be suitably earthed as
piping. If the filling nozzle is inherently
indicated for tankwagon gantry.
bonded to the supply piping, as by the use of
— During tanktruck discharge at retail outlets, 6 metallic hose or pipe, no further bond is
mm Sq. braided copper wire of suitable required. If the filling nozzle is not inherently
length with crocodile clips on either side are bonded to the supply piping, as when a non
to be used for bonding between tank truck metallic hose or pipe is used, an additional
under discharge and receiving tank pipeline. bond shall be provided between the nozzle
and the supply piping.
7.3 BARGE/TANKER JETTY OPERATIONS :
Bonding is not needed around flexible
— 6 mm Sq. braided copper wire with crocodile metallic joints or swivel joints.
clips on either side are to be used for
OISD-110 17
17
18 OISD-110
APPENDIX : ‘A’
Start
Induced Like Induced Opposite
Free Charge Bound Charge
Temporary Ground
Ground
Original Charge Free Opposite
Charge
Distant
Ground Voltage
Remove Ball
19
20
n-Pentane
Methyl
Ethyl
Ketone
Propane
Ethyl Acetane
11,3 hutadiene
Cyclo-
product
Propylene Oxide
Ethylene Oxide
Hydrogen Methyl
Acetylene
Carbon Disulfide
EFFECT OF FUEL CONCENTRATION ON MINIMUM SPARK IGNITION ENERGY
Equivalence Ratio
OISD-110
APPENDIX : ‘B’
OISD-110 21
APPENDIX : ‘C’
21
22 OISD-110
APPENDIX : ‘D’
FLAMMABILITY CURVE
Reid Vapour Pressure in Psia
Example : With a product such as Hexane (vapour pressure = 5.0), the vapour space of a tank will be within the
flammable limits for product temperatures of about –28° F to + 26°F, or when handling Heptane (vapour pressure =
1.6) at a product temperature of 55°F, the vapour is within flammable limits and care to prevent static discharge
should be taken.
OISD-110 23
NOTES
23
24 OISD-110
NOTES
OISD-110 25
NOTES
25
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