Old Testament Survey I Commentary

BOT - 111 Old Testament Survey I
5th Revision, June, 2008

American Mission Teams Outreach Materials
OLD TESTAMENT SURVEY I

Introduction to the Old Testament through II Samuel
BOT - 111
American Mission Teams

International Affiliate School
This material is not to be copied for any purpose without written permission from American Mission Teams 1
8 Copyright by American Mission Teams Inc., All right reserved, printed in the United States of America
ARE YOU BORN AGAIN?
Knowing in your heart that you are born-again, and followed by a statement of faith are the
two prerequisites to studying and getting the most out of your AMT/IAS materials. We have
developed this material to educate each Believer in the principles of God. Our goal is to
provide each Believer with an avenue to enrich their personal lives and bring them closer to
God.
Is Jesus your Lord and Savior? If you have not accepted Him as such, you must be aware
of what Romans 3:23 tells you.
23 For all have sinned, and come short of the glory of God:
How do you go about it? You must believe that Jesus is the Son of God.
I John 5:13 gives an example in which to base your faith.
13 These things have I written unto you that believe on the name of the Son of God; that ye
may know that ye have eternal life, and that ye may believe on the name of the Son of God.
What if you are just not sure? Romans 10:9-10 gives you the Scriptural mandate for
becoming born-again.
9
That if thou shalt confess with thy mouth the Lord Jesus, and shalt believe in thine heart
that God hath raised him from the dead, thou shalt be saved. 10For with the heart man
believeth unto righteousness; and with the mouth confession is made unto salvation.
Take some time to consider this very carefully. Ask Jesus to come into your heart so that
you will know the power of His Salvation and make your statement of faith today.
Once you become born-again, it is your responsibility to renew your mind with the Word of
God. Romans 12:1-2 tells us that that transformation of the mind can only take place in this
temporal world by the Word of God.
I beseech you therefore, brethren, by the mercies of God, that ye present your bodies a
living sacrifice, holy, acceptable unto God, which is your reasonable service. 2 And be not
conformed to this world: but be ye transformed by the renewing of your mind, that ye may
prove what is that good, and acceptable, and perfect, will of God.
The Apostle Paul, giving instructions to his Ason@ Timothy states in 2 Timothy 2:15:
15 Study to shew thyself approved unto God, a workman that needeth not to be ashamed,
rightly dividing the word of truth.
What happens if we do these things? Ephesians 4:12-13 gives us the answer to this
question.
12 For the perfecting of the saints, for the work of the ministry, for the edifying of the body
of Christ: 13 Till we all come in the unity of the faith, and of the knowledge of the Son of
God, unto a perfect man, unto the measure of the stature of the fullness of Christ:
By studying the Word of God, you will be equipped for service in the Kingdom of God and
you will also be ready to take the position in the Body of Christ to which God has appointed
you. You will be able to walk in unity with other Believers and you will be a vessel of honor
to God that can rightly divide the word of truth.
If you are not saved and you do not know what to say, consider this simple prayer.
Lord, I know that I have need of a savior. I believe that Jesus died for my sins and
the God raised Him from the dead three days later. I ask to be forgiven and for Jesus
to come into my heart and be the Lord of my life. I believe now by faith that God has
heard my prayer and I am born- again.
If you have prayed this prayer, you should accept by faith that your sins have been
forgiven. It is important that you tell someone of your decision to accept the Lord. Also, it is
our recommendation that you should attach yourself to a local church and undergo water
baptism.
For those who have prayed this prayer with sincerity of heart, we welcome to eternal life in
the Kingdom of God. May the blessings of God overtake you.
May God grant you wisdom, knowledge, and understanding in all of His ways.
AMT/IAS Directors and Staff
THE VISION
As we have been commissioned by the prophet of God, we now set our hand to write the vision, so
that: "He that runs may read it, the vision having been clearly written and made plain"
(Habakkuk 2:2).
1) UNITY - To build up the Body of Christ by networking with all churches, as well as with local
and international ministries. This networking is to provide experienced leadership ministries
to the small, local Church, to encourage unity and fellowship among pastors, church leaders
and para-church groups, through active service.
2) GOSPEL - To go with the lifeline of the Gospel, wherein we desire to educate with love,
integrity, and without compromise.
3) ONE CROSS FOR ALL - To cross cultural, racial, and denominational lines for unity,
fellowship, networking, and progress. To have an open door to all of like faith who desire to
join with us in a common goal for the highest good. To proclaim one cross for all cultures,
races, denominations, and peoples.
4) GO YE - To go wherever there is a need; to rich or poor, to majorities and minorities, to

large and small churches, to free and incarcerated; to go where many fail to go and to meet
the needs before us.
5) THE CALLED - To make opportunities available, to those called to minister, to expand their
horizons through new associations and experiences. To aid new and/or younger ministers
in fulfilling God's call on their lives.
6) EDUCATION - God has charged us with propagating the Gospel through education to
whosoever will. This education is offered through certificate programs that teach the basics
of Christianity and degree programs for those seeking more in-depth levels in Christian
teachings.
7) APPLICATION - To make available to students the opportunity for education, as well as

learning practical application, in traditional and non-traditional settings.
8) DREAM A DREAM - To cause all persons with which we associate to catch a vision, to
dream yet another dream, and to keep their eyes on Jesus, the Author and Finisher of their
faith.
9) THE CALL - To encourage each person (all persons) to move out of his/her (their) comfort
zone, to be all he/she (they) can be for Christ and to fulfill the call upon their life (lives), to
courage each one (them) to pursue his/her (their) purpose, to live up to his/her (their)
potential, and to produce the fruit of the Spirit.
Table of Contents
I. Introduction - Why Study the Old Testament
II. Old Testament - From God to Us
III. Life in Old Testament Times
IV. The Hebrew Old Testament Arrangement
V. The Protestant Old Testament Arrangement
VI. How to Approach the Old Testament
VII. Extensive Survey of the Old Testament
VIII. Old Testament Synopsis - Creation through II Samuel
IX. The Pentateuch - Explanatory Notes
X. Joshua to Ruth - Explanatory Notes
XI. The Prophets in Relation to the History of Israel
XII. Books of Samuel - Explanatory Notes
I. INTRODUCTION - WHY STUDY THE OLD TESTAMENT?
A. The Bible is Incomplete without the Old Testament.
Both the Old and New Testaments make up the inspired Scriptures. The New
Testament was never intended to replace the Old Testament. Instead, the New
Testament was given to complement the Old Testament, to complete the story.
1. The Old Testament prophesied of the coming of Jesus.
2. The New Testament is the sequel to the Old Testament origins, heir of
its promises and fulfillment of the Old Testament prophecies.
B. The Ministry of Christ Would be a Puzzle Without the Old Testament.
Jesus said, "...I am not sent but unto the lost sheep of the House of Israel"
(Mt.15:24). In what sense was Jesus the promised Messiah long awaited by the
Jews? Why did He have to die? Read Isaiah for an example of how the Old
Testament answers the questions (Is.9:6-7).
C. The Historical Setting of Christianity is Furnished by the Old Testament.
Christianity did not emerge mysteriously out of a vacuum. God had been moving
among the peoples, especially Israel, for many centuries before Christ. Then,
"...when the fullness of the time was come, God sent forth His Son, made of a
woman, made under the law, to redeem them that were under the law, that we might
receive the adoption of sons" (Ga.4:4-5).
To know the Old Testament is to know the religious, geographical, and in part, the
political setting of the New Testament. The Old Testament was the Bible of Jesus,
the apostles and New Testament writers. When the Apostles spoke or wrote, they
quoted or referred to Old Testament history and teaching.
D. Key Revelations of God are to be Found in the Old Testament.
The Old Testament especially reveals how God moves in and through the lives of
people, and the courses of nations. The Old Testament may be called redemptive
history, for God actively directs human history for the purpose of redeeming man to
Himself.
The Holy Spirit inspired the writers of the Old Testament to record what would
adequately reveal that redemptive purpose. Therefore, the Old Testament clearly
states:
1. God is the Sovereign Creator.
2. Man is a sinner in need of Salvation.
3. God is holy and He judges sin.
4. God is love and He offers salvation to sinful man.
5. A Savior would be born to die for the sins of man.
6. Man is saved by faith, not by works.
7. Israel was sovereignly chosen to be God's channel of the redemptive

message to the world.
8. All history will culminate at the throne of the Sovereign Lord.
E. The Old Testament is especially valuable for its Inspired Record about
Origins.
For example, the first man and woman, the first sin committed, and God's first
communications with man all come from the Old Testament.
The Old Testament is spiritual food for the Christian. Paul referred to the Old
Testament when he said, "All Scripture is given by inspiration of God, and is
profitable for doctrine, for reproof, for correction, for instruction in righteousness:
That the man of God may be perfect, thoroughly furnished unto all good works"
(2Ti.3:16-17).
The Old Testament reaches the reader in various ways, because:
1. It brings conviction of sin (Je.chp.2).
2. Its counsel shows the way to please God (Ex.chp.20).
3. Its Psalms encourage praise and prayer (Ps.chp.107).
4. Its testimonies inspire the reader to walk in paths of righteousness

(De.31:24-32:47).
5. Its historical facts give perspective and direct the reader to learn from
the God of all history (Ps.chp.8).
6. Its prophecies warn of danger and plant hope in the hearts of

believers (Zec.chp.14).
7. Its story of Israel's kingdom gives background for our understanding of

the millennial reign of Christ and His Kingship (2Sa.7:4-17; Zec.14:9).
II. OLD TESTAMENT - FROM GOD TO US
The plan of writing Scriptures originated with God. From its very source the Bible is a
supernatural book. It is the revelation of God, written by divinely inspired human authors.
Through the stages of transmission, communication from one to another, canonization, the
process of determining what Books of the Bible are of Divine authority,, and translation,
bringing words from one language to another, God has preserved His Word. Today, as we
hold a copy of the Bible in our hands, we may be fully confident of its trustworthiness
(2Ti.3:16-17; 2Pe.1:21).
A. The Starting Point is Divine Revelation.
1. Revelation
Revelation is God's communication of truth to man, without which man

cannot know God. Before the first Old Testament Book was written, God
revealed Himself to man through conscience, nature and direct conversation
(Ro.1:18-21; Ge.3:8-19).
God also wanted to reveal Himself in the form of permanent writing, so that
there would be a clear and fixed record of this revelation for all the
succeeding generations. So He commissioned chosen men to write on
various subjects.
2. Inspiration
The men who wrote the Bible were inspired by God (Greek, "theopheustia,"
meaning "God-breathed" (2Ti.3:16). Peter says the authors were
undergirded, or carried along, by the Holy Spirit (2Pe.1:21). The authors'
words were expressed perfectly and infallibly in the truths God wanted to
convey to mankind.
3. The original autographs
The thirty-nine (39) books of the Old Testament were written over a period of
about one-thousand (1000) years, by about twenty-five to thirty (25-30)
different authors. Then there was a four-hundred (400) year silent period,
with the New Testament being written over a period of one-hundred (100)
year period. All together, the writings of what we know as the Holy Bible took
place over a period of about fifteen-hundred (1,500) years. All of the Old
Testament Books but a few were written in Hebrew. The writing material of
most of the books was paper-like papyrus. Some may have been written on
animal skins. Sheets of papyrus about ten (10) inches high were attached
together to make a long, rolled up scroll, easy for reading. The book form did
not supplant the roll until the second or third century A.D.
The Bible text was written with pen and ink in vertical columns with no space
between words, sentences or paragraphs. Only the consonants of the words
were recorded. Vowels were added to copies of the Old Testament around
600-800 A.D. to preserve the pronunciation of the Hebrew words. See
Jeremiah 36 for an example of how a portion of Scriptures originated.
4. Transmission
Transmission is the process by which the Biblical manuscripts have been

copied through the ages, thus passing the Scriptures from one person to
another. God allowed each of the original Old Testament autographs to
disappear from the scene, but not before copies were already in the hands of
His people. Handwritten copies of the Hebrew text were made before the
time of the printing press, 15th Century A.D.
One of the reasons for God not preserving the original manuscripts may have
been man's proneness to worship them. Man would likely doubt the
genuineness even if they had been preserved.
5. Canonization
Canonization is the identification of writing as being one of the Divinely

inspired Scriptures. God inspired the writing of each book of the Bible and He
also gave to people the spiritual perception to recognize in each of those
books the genuine marks of Divine inspiration and authority. With the Holy
Spirit's guidance they knew which writings to reject as well as which genuine
writings to accept. The methods of knowing genuine writings included the
following tests:
a. It spoke of God and His guidance
b. It spoke of Christ
c. It did not contradict other writings
By the time of Christ and the apostles, the Old Testament was a complete set
of books that were usually referred to as Scripture(s).
III. LIFE IN OLD TESTAMENT TIMES
A. An Oriental Town or City:
Walls, gates, towers, narrow streets and busy marketplaces were part of the town or
city. Location of a city was preferably on an elevated site, such as Jerusalem on
Mount Zion. There were fields and grazing plots outside the city limits.
B. Water Supply:
Wells, cisterns, streams and reservoirs provided a water supply.
C. Houses:
The average size of the houses of the common people was: One room with roofs
constructed of beams overlaid with reeds, bushes and grass. Houses had earthen
floors and mud-brick walls. There were a few windows on the street side. Houses
had a fireplace on the floor in the middle of the room. Furnishings included mats and
cushions, storage chests, lamp stand, hand-mill for grinding grain, cooking utensils,
goatskin bottles, and a broom.
D. Domestic Animals:
Dogs, donkeys, mules, horses, camels, sheep and goats were domesticated.
E. Foods:
The food of the area was barley and wheat bread, oil, buttermilk, cheese, fruits
(olives, figs, grapes, raisins, and pomegranates), vegetables, grains, and honey.
Eggs, meat, poultry and fish were eaten, but not regularly. Fish was a major food in
the cities around the Sea of Galilee. Generally, the people ate two meals a day,
breakfast in the morning and late dinner (about 5 p.m.).
F. Dress:
Both men and women wore an inner garment (tunic); girdle for the tunic; outer
garment (mantle) used as shelter from wind, rain, cold, heat and as a blanket at
night; turban (for the head); sandals. The women only wore longer tunics and larger
mantles; veils (entirely covering the head in public), and elaborate ornamentations
(earrings, bracelets).
G. Education:
Children were educated mainly by their parents. They were taught the Hebrew
religion and Scriptures, reading and writing, practical skills, with advanced training
for leaders, such as in schools of the prophets, and by tutors.
H. Worship:
Worship was by the family in each home. There were also called worship meetings
in public areas and Temple worship in Jerusalem. Regular participation was by
residents of the vicinity. There was also participation at the annual religious feasts
by Israelites far and near.
I. Trades and Professions:
The trades and professions included agriculture (grain, grapes, olives, figs);
sheepherding, fishing, hunting, pottery, carpentry, masonry, metal work, tent
making, merchants, and physicians.
J. Women's Tasks:
They included grinding grain, weaving, making clothes, washing, care of flocks,
carrying water, cooking, housecleaning, and rearing and educating the children.
Children of the home, especially girls, helped with these daily chores.
K. Travel:
Travel was usually in groups for the sake of safety. The mode of travel was most
often by animals and sometimes by foot. Meals consisted of lunch brought along as
the main source. Overnight lodging was at homes and sometimes inns.
IV. THE HEBREW OLD TESTAMENT ARRANGEMENT
LAW PROPHETS WRITINGS

Torah Nebhilm Kethubhim
Former Latter Poetical Five Rolls Historical

Megilloth
1. Genesis 6. Joshua 10. Isaiah 14. Psalms 17. Song of 22. Daniel
Songs
2. Exodus 7. Judges 11. Jeremiah 15. Proverbs 18. Ruth 23. Ezra -
Nehemiah
3. Leviticus 8. Samuel 12. Ezekiel 16. Job 19. Lamentations 24.

Chronicles
4. Numbers 9. Kings 13. The 20. Ecclesiastes

Twelve
5. Deuteronomy 21. Esther
Note the following concerning the books listed on the above chart:
A. Psalms:
Psalms is the longest and some say the first book of the writings (with others saying
Job), so the name may have been to represent the entire section.
B. Hebrew Bibles:
At times Hebrew Bibles have appeared with minor variations from this arrangement.
C. Titles Origination:
These book titles originated with the Greek Septuagint translation of the Old
Testament. In the Hebrew Bible, however, the books were named by the first few
significant words appearing in the text. For example, Genesis is called "Bereshit"
("In the Beginning"); Exodus is "Shemot" ("Names"); Numbers is "Bedmidbar" ("In
the Desert").
V. THE PROTESTANT OLD TESTAMENT ARRANGEMENT
THE PROTESTANT OLD TESTAMENT ARRANGEMENT
LAW HISTORY POETRY PROPHECY
MAJOR MINOR
Genesis Joshua Job Isaiah Hosea
Exodus Judges Psalms Jeremiah Joel
Leviticus Ruth Proverbs Lamentations Amos
Numbers 1 Samuel Ecclesiastes Ezekiel Obadiah
Deuteronomy 2 Samuel Song/Solomon Daniel Jonah
1 Kings Micah
2 Kings Nahum
1 Chronicles Habakkuk
2 Chronicles Zephaniah
Ezra Haggai
Nehemiah Zechariah
Esther Malachi
We should also note that the Old Testament is not chronologically arranged. See the chart
below for the arrangement, as to the time frames when a book was written.
CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT OF OLD TESTAMENT BOOKS

Gen. Ex Num. Joshua Judges 1 2 1 2 Ezra Ne.
. Sam. Sam. Kings Kings
Lev. De Ruth 1Ch. 2 Chronicles Babylonian Esther

Captivity
.
Psalms Pr.
Song
Ec.
Obadiah Lament. Haggai
Joel Daniel Zec.
Jonah Ezekiel Malachi
Amos
Hosea
Micah
Isaiah
Nahum
Zephaniah
Jeremiah
Habakkuk
Nation-Prophets
See the chart below for the nations and which prophet(s) ministered to them:
Nation Prophet(s)
Nineveh Jonah
Israel Amos, Hosea, Joel
Edom Obadiah
Judah Nahum, Habakkuk, Zephaniah, Haggai, Zechariah, Malachi
VI. HOW TO APPROACH THE OLD TESTAMENT
Without the right approach and clear guideposts it is easy to get lost when studying the
myriads of historical facts of the Old Testament. Keep in mind the key revealed truths
which underlie all the details of the Old Testament story. We are on firm ground when we
recognize these truths as we study a Bible passage. Some of the main ones are presented
below:
A. God Always Acts in Conformity to His Nature.
One of the main purposes of the Old Testament is to reveal who God is. He is the
Eternal Spirit, alive and personal. He is holy, righteous, just, loving, merciful,
gracious and true. He is:
1. Omnipresent (Ps.139:7-12)
2. Omniscient (Ps.147:5)
3. Omnipotent (Lk.1:37; Je.32:17)
4. Immutable (unchangeable) (Mal.3:6)
All of these divine attributes are absolutely perfect. God never acts contrary to His
manifold nature. In our human limitations we may not always understand His
workings and may even ask such questions as, "Why did a loving God permit the
ravages of war in the Old Testament times?" By faith we must see God as the
never changing One who is holy, but Who always acts in love; one Who is loving,
but never violates His holiness. There is absolutely no alternative to this approach.
B. Israel was God's Divinely Called and Favored Nation.
Deuteronomy 10:14-17, "Behold, the heaven and the heaven of heavens are the
Lord thy God=s, the earth also, with all that therein is. Only the Lord had a delight in
thy fathers to love them, and He chose their seed after them, even you above all
people, as it is this day. Circumcise therefore the foreskin of your heart, and be no
more stiff necked. For the Lord your God is God of gods, and Lord of lords, a great
God, a mighty, and a terrible, which regardeth not persons, nor taketh reward"
(De.10:14-17).
C. All History is in God's Sovereign Control.
There are no accidents in world history. God directs or permits the course of events
in a person's or nation's career according to His sovereign and perfect will. For
example, He granted Israel's demand for kingly rule and in righteous judgment He
sent the Babylonian conqueror. In both diverse actions He was Sovereign and in
both He revealed His own nature as well as man's.
Whenever you have unanswered questions about the Old Testament history, such
as Awhy?@, rest confidently in the truth that God is Lord of all history, in whose will
every event fulfills His perfect purposes.
D. God Wanted to use Israel as His Channel of Communication to the Rest

of the World.
God has always used people to communicate to others the message of salvation. In
New Testament times, He started with a nucleus of believers in Jerusalem, to whom
Christ gave the commission, "...Ye shall be witnesses unto me both in Jerusalem,
and in all Judea, and in Samaria, and even to the uttermost part of the earth"
(Ac.1:8). The same principle of believer=s reaching out to unbelievers applies today.
Back in the Old Testament times, God wanted Israel to enjoy the fullest blessings of
fellowship with Him in this life and thus be a living witness of this to the nations
around them. Israel, for the most part, failed God's purposes during the fifteen
hundred (1,500) years of its Old Testament history and that is one (1) reason why
relatively few stories of evangelistic outreach to foreign nations appear in the Bible
text.
E. Redemption is the Key Subject of the Old Testament Revelation.
There are other vital ingredients in the story of the Old Testament, such as the
creation account. From the time of Genesis 3, when Adam and Eve sinned and
broke fellowship with God, to the last words of Malachi, the message centered on
how sinful man can be redeemed and reconciled to God.
The Old Testament makes it very clear that God seeks to save all lost sinners, not
only Israelites. Another clear redemptive truth about the Old Testament is that man
is saved by faith, not works. Abraham was an example (Ge.15:6, Ro.4:1-3).
Because redemption is the key subject of the Old Testament, each of the thirty-nine
(39) books contributes measurably to this theme.
F. The Old Testament Constantly Points Forward to the Coming Saviour

and King.
Redemption is the key subject of the Old Testament. Christ (the anointed One, the
Messiah) is the Redeemer of the world. Therefore, many Old Testament passages
point to Christ. These prophesy solely of a glorious future for Israel as a nation
under Christ's rule or point to the blessings of salvation to all who believe in the
coming Saviour.
Isaiah 53 is a classic Messianic prophecy of Christ's substitutionary death for

sinners. Old Testament references to the person and work of Christ often appear in
the form of type and symbol, such as the Levitical offerings, not necessarily in direct
predictive language.
Christ was, according to the flesh through Mary, the Son of David, the Son of
Abraham, the promised seed and the heir to David's throne (Mt.1:1; Lk.1:32,
Ga.3:16; Is.9:7; Je.23:5).
FOUR CHRISTOCENTRIC VIEWS OF THE OLD TESTAMENT
Christ's own words Christ the Fulfiller of: Christ viewed as:
Luke 24:27, 44 Messianic Prophecy Messiah and King
Hebrews 10:1-27 Levitical Priesthood Priest and Sacrifice
Matthew 5:17 Moral Precepts Prophet and Teacher
John 5:39 Salvation Promises Savior and Lord
G. Miracles in Old Testament Times Were One of God's Ways to Reveal

Himself.
Jesus performed miracles during His earthly ministry to vindicate His claim to being
the Christ, the Son of God, with the ultimate purpose that people might be saved
through faith in Him (Jn.20:30-31). Since the creation of man, a common purpose of
all Biblical miracles has been to manifest the nature of the Lord of Heaven as He
has been moving among people on earth.
H. There is a Progression of Revelation in the Bible.
The most obvious test of progression in the Bible is to compare the first book,
Genesis, and the last book, Revelation. Genesis records origins and God's first
words to man. Revelation prophesied end times, and showed Christ enthroned
forever as King of kings and Lord of lords. What happened in the intervening years,
particularly up to the close of the first century A.D., is the progressive story of how
God was revealing more and more of Himself and His redemptive work to man. For
example:
1. In the Garden of Eden God first demonstrated His authority over

Satan and announced the coming of Christ as the seed of the woman
Eve, who would ultimately deal Satan the death blow, "...It shall bruise
thy head..." (Ge.3:15).
2. With Noah He established a covenant guaranteeing protection of the

earth from any future universal flood (Ge.9:9-17).
3. To Abraham He promised blessing for the new nation (Israel) which

He would make (Ge.12:2-3).
4. Through Moses He instructed His people how to live pleasing to Him

(Ex.20:1-17).
5. Through the prophets He foretold in detail Christ's birth and ministry

(Is.9:6).
6. Through John the Baptist He announced the inauguration of Christ's

public ministry (Jn.1:6-36).
7. To the apostles and New Testament writers He revealed the full and
deep truths of the new life in Christ (Ep.chps.1-3).
8. End time visions which He gave to John at Patmos, were of Satan

cast into the lake of fire and brimstone forever (Re.20:10), and of
Christ on the throne in the New Jerusalem, saying, "...It is done..."
(Re.21:6).
I. The Old Testament is God's Voice to Us Today.
If we discard a message only because it is ancient, we would reject the New

Testament as well. God's book is timeless in its application. That is why the apostle
Paul, writing to Timothy asserted dogmatically that all Scripture is inspired and
profitable for training the man of God (2Ti.3:16-17). In the same context, Paul has
reminded Timothy that it was the sacred writings which had made Timothy "...wise
unto salvation through faith which is in Christ Jesus" (2Ti.3:15). Lessons derived
from passages in the Old Testament speak to us concerning the need for a Savior.
The Old Testament points us to Jesus Christ. Suggested reading in the New
Testament: Galatians chapters 3 & 4; Matthew 5:17.
Following is a chart of major Old Testament events, from Genesis 12 through

Malachi, in geographic form.
The chart following gives the nations and lands that were important in the Old Testament
times.
VII. EXTENSIVE SURVEY OF THE OLD TESTAMENT
This commentary is for the purpose of suggesting a method of Bible study. It will
help you attain an understanding of the subject matter of the Word of God in its plan,
purpose, and program for the past, present, and future.
We are making an extensive survey of the entire Bible rather than an intensive
analytical study of individual books, and our purpose will be defeated if we linger in
any one book for the main teaching and progressive revelation of truth that we may
possess a basic concept of the Bible as a whole.
This survey is not to be used as a substitute for the Bible or any other textbook, but
is to be used as a presentation of the basic teaching of the entire Word of God, from
Genesis to Revelation, in commentary form. This material will be studied in class,
enabling the student not only to understand the Bible in its structure and content as
he listens, but see in panorama and outline the unfolding of God's plan.
A. The Divine Library
The best way to begin the study of geography would be to look at a map or globe of
the entire world to get an idea of the relative sizes of the various continents and
seas that compose the world. It is a good idea for the student of the Word of God to
get a comprehensive view of the entire Bible to understand the relationship of the
various parts to the whole. Do you realize that while we call this Bible a "book",
nevertheless, a "library," a Divine library consisting of sixty-six (66) books: thirty-nine
(39) in the Old Testament and twenty-seven (27) in the New Testament? There is
one author, God, but forty (40) writers of different station, position, and place, writing
over a period of more than fifteen-hundred (1,500) years. Here we have a library of
history, law, poetry, biography, epistles, prayers, prophecies, and countless other
subjects. The Bible is dogmatic, didactic, practical, and predictive; a university of
literature, an inspired bookshelf. How rich we should feel to have possession of so
rare and so choice a volume in our library.
B. The Key to the Bible - Christ
The teaching of the entire Word of God is summed up in one word, Christ. See
Luke 24:27, 44; John 1:45; 5:39; and Hebrews 10:7. The Old Testament leads to
Christ, just as the New Testament starts, issues and flows from Him. Both meet in
Him. He is the unifier of both. If Christ had not been coming, the Old Testament
would not have been written. If Christ had not come, the New Testament would not
exist. Outside of Jesus Christ, there is no reason or explanation for the Word of
God. We would have a book of unfulfilled prophecies, unexplained ceremonies,
religious observances and sacrifices, promises without meaning, and humanity
possessed of heart-cries for God unanswered. In Christ's advent, His death, His
resurrection, and coming glory, we have an explanation and plan worked out for the
past, present, and future.
From Adam to Abraham we have the history of the human race; from Abraham to
Christ, we have the history of the chosen race; from Christ on we have the history of
the Church.
C. The Books and Periods of Bible History
This chart enables us to see at a glance the various periods in Bible history and
where the subject matter is found in the books in the Bible that give the historical
record in chronological order; in the central column the various periods covered by
the books given in the first column. In column three are the names of the books
written and produced during or for these historical periods.
_________________________________________________________________________________
HISTORICAL RECORD PERIOD COVERED OTHER BOOKS PRODUCED
_________________________________________________________________________________
Genesis Creation to Adam
Abraham to Moses
_________________________________________________________________________________
Exodus
Leviticus The Exodus
Numbers
Deuteronomy
_________________________________________________________________________________
Joshua Conquest of Canaan
_________________________________________________________________________________
Judges Theocracy - judges
Ruth
_________________________________________________________________________________
I Samuel Monarchy - kings Job, Psalms, Proverbs, Ecclesiastes,
II Samuel Song of Solomon
I Kings Kingdom divided

II Kings Israel and Judah
I Chronicles Assyrian captivity Isaiah, Jeremiah, Lamentations,

II Chronicles Judah alone Ezekiel, Daniel, Hosea, Joel,
Babylonian captivity Amos, Obadiah, Jonah, Micah,
for Judah Nahum, Habakkuk, Zephaniah
__________________________________________________________________________________
Ezra
Nehemiah Restoration Haggai, Zechariah, Malachi
Esther
__________________________________________________________________________________
Intertestamental
400 years of silence
__________________________________________________________________________________
Matthew
Mark Life of Christ
Luke
John
__________________________________________________________________________________
Acts Christian witness to the Romans, I,II Corinthians,
Uttermost parts of the Galatians, Ephesians, Philippians,
earth. Colossians, I,II Thessalonians ,I,II
Timothy, Titus, Philemon, Hebrews,
James, I,II Peter, I,II,III John, Jude
___________________________________________________________________________________
Future Revelation
___________________________________________________________________________________
D. The Unity and Symmetry of the Bible
This symmetry is characteristic both of the Bibles literary structure and of its spiritual
teaching. The shortest expression of it is that in the Old Testament we have Moses
and the prophets; in the New Testament, Christ and His apostles. Enlarging upon
this, we notice that both the Old and New Testaments are capable of a simple four-
fold division. Use the chart on the Old and New Testament to get the panoramic
picture in mind and follow this introductory explanation.
E. The Divine Library of Sixty-Six (66) Books
Thirty-nine (39) Old Testament volumes
Five (5) Law (Genesis - Deuteronomy) Legislation
Twelve (12) Historical (Joshua - Esther) Application
Five (5) Poetical (Job - Song of Solomon) Exhortation
Seventeen (17) Prophets Expectation
Five (5) Major (Isaiah - Daniel)
Twelve (12) Minor (Hosea - Malachi)
Twenty-seven (27) New Testament volumes
Four (4) Gospels (Matthew - John) Legislation
One (1) History (Acts) Application
Twenty-one (21) Epistles Exhortation
Fourteen (14) Pauline (Romans - Hebrews)
Seven (7) Pastoral (James - Jude)
One (1) Apocalypse (Revelation) Expectation
Extending somewhat further, we notice that the Pentateuch is to the Old Testament
what the Gospels are to the New Testament, the foundation on which all else rests.
It may be regarded as generally correct to say that the Pentateuch and Gospels are
books of the revelation of God to man, and that the rest of the Old Testament and
New Testament are books of the realization of that revelation in man.
Old Testament
Revelation (Pentateuch) God to His own
Realization (balance of Old Testament) God in His own
In outward expression (Historical books)
In inward expression (Poetical books)
In onward expression (Prophetical books)
New Testament
Revelation (Gospels)
Realization (balance of New Testament)
In outward expression (History - Acts)
In inward expression (Doctrine - epistles)
In onward expression (Prophetical - Revelations)
F. Two (2) Testaments as Two (2) Buildings
1. The historical foundation (past)
a. Old Testament Pentateuch and Historical books
b. New Testament Gospels and Acts
2. The spiritual construction (present)
a. Old Testament Poetical books
b. New Testament Epistles
3. The prophetic completion (future)
a. Old Testament Prophets
b. New Testament Revelation
It is impossible to over-estimate the value of this broad outlook of the Bible as a

whole. It not only keeps us from a narrowness of view, but also serves to inspire us
with the glory, the greatness, and the grandeur of God's revelation in Christ, with His
purposes of redemption in Christ. We are taking a large view of the Word of God to
get into our mind a panoramic concept of the entire Word of God in its purposes,
plan, and program for the past, present, and future.
G. Four (4) Important Points
1. Outside the Bible, man does not know why he is here.
2. Outside the Bible, man has no direction.
3. Outside the Bible, the question of sin goes unanswered.
4. Outside the Bible, there is no hope to cheer the tomb.
VIII. OLD TESTAMENT SYNOPSIS - FROM CREATION THROUGH II SAMUEL
The period of time covered by the first (1st) book in the Bible, extending from Adam to
Joseph, is greater than that of the balance of the Old Testament. The men who figure most
prominently in this period of history are Adam, Enoch, Noah, Abraham, Isaac, Jacob, and
Joseph.
Genesis is the book of beginning and tells the beginning of everything except God. It is the
seed plot of the Word of God revealing how things began.
A. Creation (Chps.1-2)
AIn the beginning, God created...@ Simple, but sublime words, setting forth God's
relation to the universe. Note John 1:1-3 and Hebrews 1:1-2, where we see that
Jesus Christ was the One through Whom the universe was created. Genesis
chapter 1 gives the outline of creation; Genesis chapter 2 amplifies it with more
detail.
B. The Fall (Chp.3)
Adam and Eve were created innocent, but with power of choice. Tempted by Satan,
they yielded, and in so doing, sin entered the world. God created man in His own
image to fellowship with Himself. Man separated himself from God by sin. Only
when sin is removed is fellowship regained. On this background of man's condition
in sin, God, in mercy promised a redeemer (Ge.3:15), revealing how that the Seed
of the woman, virgin born Christ, would answer the sin question and save the sinner
from his sin. Genesis 3:21 shows the first (1st) atonement by blood.
C. The First Murder (Chp.4)
Sacrifices were instituted to keep before man how his sin merited death, and the fact
of the coming of a promised sacrifice to put away sin. When Cain and Abel
presented their offerings to the Lord, Cain tried to gain approval by bringing the work
of his hands in the fruit of the ground. This was rejected by God, but Abel's
sacrifice, the first of the flock, a blood sacrifice, was accepted. Cain in a jealous
rage turned upon his bother and killed him.
D. The Flood (Chp.5-9)
Evil was rampant and threatened to take mankind completely and totally away from
God. To preserve His dealing with man and carry on the purpose of His heart, God
devised a plan to save Noah, the one remaining righteous man. For one-hundred-
twenty (120) years, while Noah was building the ark and at the same time being a
preacher of righteousness, God was striving with man by His spirit. It was all of no
avail. The flood was sent in judgment to deal with the wickedness of man, and Noah
and his family were saved from the flood by the judgment-proof ark, a perfect type of
Christ, our ark of safety.
E. Babel (Chp.10-11)
In spite of the flood and God's judgment of sin, men still did not desire to submit to
Him, and in seeking to be independent of God, defied Him by building the great
tower of Babel to establish unity and solidarity among themselves. In judgment,
God sent a confusion of tongues to scatter them. Thus, the race was divided by the
different languages and Shem, Ham and Japheth, the three (3) sons of Noah,
became the progenitors of the different nationalities of the earth. Shem's sons
settled in central Asia, Ham's sons in Africa, and Japheth's sons in Europe, see
(Ac.17:26).
F. The Call of Abraham (Chps.12-38)
From his home in Ur of the Chaldees, God called Abraham, promising to make him
the father of a mighty nation (Ge.12:1-3; He.11:18-19). This is the beginning of
God's chosen people, known as the Children of Israel. With this man, Abraham,
God made a covenant (Ge. 12:1-3). We must be sure that we are familiar with this
promise, for the Old Testament will have little meaning, and the study of God's
chosen people will be without significance, without knowledge of this covenant. The
same covenant was repeated to Isaac, Abraham's son, and again to Jacob, his
grandson (Ge. 26:1-5; 28:13-15). In the light of this, we can readily understand why
God, in making known His faithfulness, states that He is the God of Abraham, and
Isaac, and Jacob (Acts 7:32). Jacob, the grandson, was far from being a desirable
character, and because of his waywardness, suffered much for his sin. He had two
great experiences with God, at Bethel and at Peniel, which transformed his life and
outlook. At Peniel, his name was changed to "Israel," a prince with God (Ge. 32:28).
This is the name given to God's chosen people, "Israelites," and his twelve (12)
sons became the heads of the twelve (12) tribes of Israel.
G. Joseph (Chps.39-50)
Jacob's favoritism for Joseph aroused jealousy in the other sons, and they sold him
as a slave into Egypt. In spite of this, rather than get even with them for their cruelty
to him in the time of famine when he had been honored and made a ruler in Egypt,
Joseph interprets their evil deed in terms of Divine providence in placing him in a
position to be the preserver of his people. After this, Joseph brought his family to
Egypt where they were allowed to settle in the land of Goshen. Here they
developed national strength and multiplied greatly. The rapid growth in numbers
and wealth alarmed the King of Egypt, causing him to fear their power in case of
war. To deal with the situation, Pharaoh resolved to reduce them to slavery. Before
dying, Joseph gathered the elders of Israel about him and declared by promise and
prophecy, how God would lead the people out of Egypt to the land promised to
Abraham.
*** Note on Biblical typology
A Atype@ is a shadow cast on the pages of Old Testament history by a truth whose
full embodiment or antitype is found in the New Testament revelation. Such Greek
terms as Atypos (translated "type" in Ro.5:14; I Cor. 10:, 11); "skia" (translated
Ashadow@ in Co.2:17; He.8:5; 10:1); "hypodeigma" (translated Acopy@ in He. 8:5;
9:23); "semeion" (translated Asign@ in Mt. 12:39); "parabole" (translated Afigure@ in
He. 9:9; 1:19); and "antitypos" (translated Aantitype@ or Afigure@ in He.9:24; 1Pe.
3:21), are involved in the study of Biblical typology.
That typology is a legitimate part of theological study is proved by the following

considerations:
1. The Greek word Atypos@ and its synonyms are used in such a way as
to justify this approach to Old Testament history.
2. The "as...so" construction (Mt.12:40; Lk.17:26; Jn.3:14), indicates a

close spiritual affinity between an Old Testament fact and its New
Testament counterpart.
3. In many places (1Co.15:22; 2Co.3:7), an obvious parallel is drawn

between Old Testament history and its New Testament interpretation.
Types have the following characteristics:
1. They are thoroughly rooted in history.
2. They are prophetic in nature.

3. They are definitely designed as an integral part of redemptive history.

Types are not afterthoughts, cabalistically (mystical interpretation)
read back into the Old Testament.
4. They are Christocentric.
5. They are edificatory.
H. Moses and the Exodus to the Conquest of Canaan
The period relating to the Exodus is found in the four (4) books of Exodus, Leviticus,
Numbers, and Deuteronomy and extends into Joshua, Judges, and Ruth for the
conquest of Canaan. We have seen the fulfillment of God's promise to Abraham,
(Ge.12:2). Now we see the nation leaving Egypt, wandering in the wilderness, and
at last reaching the Land of Promise.
1. Moses called (Ex.chps.1-4)
When God determined to deliver His people, He chose a leader, a

disciplined, well-trained emancipator. He used the enemy, not only to
achieve this, but to raise and pay for Moses' education. God called Abraham
for the founding of the nation. He called Moses to deliver, lead, and develop
that nation. Moses' life falls into three (3) periods of forty (40) years each:
forty (40) years in Egypt, forty (40) years in the desert, and forty (40) years in
leadership.
2. His birth
When Pharaoh issued an edict that male Hebrew infants be cast into the Nile,
the parents of Moses feared God more than they feared Pharaoh. In a fine
piece of strategy, they hid him so as to be conveniently found by the king's
daughter. Moses' sister, standing by, suggested a possible nurse for the
child, and his own mother was given the responsibility of caring for him for
wages. Thus, Moses was raised in the courts of Pharaoh and trained in all
the learning of the Egyptians for the first forty (40) years of his life (Ac.7:22).
3. Forty (40) years in the desert (Ac.7:23-27)
Seeing the afflictions of his brethren, in a premature effort at deliverance,

Moses slew an Egyptian taskmaster and had to flee for his life, escaping to
Midian. In the solitude of the desert, he found opportunity for fellowship with
God. It was here God spoke to him from the burning bush and called him to
be the emancipator of His people.
4. Exodus from Egypt (Ex.chps.5-18)
The long contest with Pharaoh for Israel's deliverance was brought to a
climax when all the first-born of the Egyptians were slain as God passed over
(Ex.12:12-14). Just as Pharaoh's cruel oppression made Israel long for
deliverance from Egypt, so God, by fearful visitations in ten (10) dreadful
plagues, made Pharaoh willing to let Israel go. The Passover night, when the
Israelites were passed over, upon whose doorposts the blood of the
sacrificial lamb was sprinkled, was the birth night of Israel's national
independence, the night when Israel went forth out of Egypt. This event
culminated in the crossing of the Red Sea, where not one Israelite perished
and not one pursuing Egyptian was saved. This was appropriately
celebrated with one of the grandest anthems ever created (Ex.15:1-18).
5. Journey to Sinai
The land of Canaan was but a hundred (100) miles from Goshen and could
have been reached under God in a few weeks, yet it took forty (40) years.
This journey was marked by signal deliverances, miraculous interventions,
and direction from God, in spite of a complaining spirit from the people.
Outstanding instances are seen in:
a. The pillar of cloud by day and fire by night
b. The parting of waters of the Red Sea
c. The bitter waters of Marah sweetened
d. Manna provided each day
e. Water from the smitten rock
6. Sinai (Ex.chps.19-40 & Lev.)
During the year spent at Sinai, we have the recording of four (4) notable
events:
a. The Ten (10) Commandments written on tables of stone

(Ex.chp.20).
These Ten (10) Commandments, given by God, were sent by the

hand of Moses to the people.
b. The golden calf destroyed (Ex.chp.32)
Returning from the mount, Moses found the people in the idolatrous
act of worshipping a golden calf. In quick reaction he broke the tables
of stone, then with flaming indignation, destroyed and burned the
image of the calf and compelled the people to drink from the water
into which he had thrown the ashes. In chapter 34 the tables were
renewed by God on the mountain.
c. The Tabernacle (Ex.chp.25-32, 35-40)
While on the holy mountain, Moses received from the Lord minute
instructions for the building of the Tabernacle (Ex.25:40; He.8:5). The
Tabernacle was to be the Tent of Meeting, representing two (2) sides
of truth: God coming to them, and the manner in which they were to
approach or come to God. More than this, God made known that the
Tabernacle was to be the dwelling place for His visible glory on earth,
setting forth in wonderful typology the glorious truth of His glory,
manifest in Christ, when He tabernacled among men, (Jn.1:13).
d. The Levitical Laws given
In the remaining months at Sinai, God made known a system of laws

and religious observances for the children of Israel, touching the
priesthood, sacrifices, offerings, holy seasons, and sacred feasts,
together with all manner of moral and civil laws. Feasts given
permanent observation may be noted:
- Passover - Israel's deliverance
- Feast of Weeks or Pentecost - gratitude for harvest
- Feast of Tabernacles - commemorating the dwelling of

the Israelites in tents during their sojourn in the
wilderness
7. Wandering in the wilderness (Numbers)
After arriving at Kadesh-Barnea, twelve (12) men were selected to spy out
the land. Upon returning from their mission, all agreed as to the fertility and
resources of the land, but ten (10) were so fearful of the fierceness of the
inhabitants, that reckoning without God, confessed their weakness against
such odds, so that the hearts of the people melted with fear and they
suggested turning back. Caleb and Joshua, standing alone, declared their
faith in Almighty God (Nu.13:30). The dismay caused by the evil report of the
ten (10), robbed Israel of faith, filled them with fear, and they turned back to
wander into the wilderness until that generation of unbelieving men were
dead. In Numbers 27:18-23, Moses had publicly ordained Joshua to be his
successor. Joshua and Caleb were men who dared to believe God. They
were the only men, of their generation, who lived to enter into the Land of
Canaan.
8. Preparation for Canaan (Deuteronomy)
Deuteronomy gives a summary of Israel's wilderness history from the Divine,

rather than the human point of view. It also gives a review of the Law for the
benefit of the new generation grown up during the wilderness wandering.
From this book the Lord Jesus quoted in His conflict with the devil. His
answers in the hour of temptation from this book repelled the tempter (Mt.4:1-
11; Lk.4:1-13; De.8:3; 6:16; 6:13; 10:20). Coming at last to the plains of Moab
east of Jordan, over against Jericho, a new generation stood before Moses to
hear his final words. Moses was not permitted to enter the land of promise
(Ex.17:5-6; Nu.20:10). Moses smote the rock twice instead of speaking to it.
This dishonored Jehovah and broke the type. Christ, like the rock, was to
smitten once for our sins (1Co.10:4). He need not be smitten again.
I. Joshua, the Successor
Joshua, who was born in slavery and brought out of Egypt, had known the
deliverance and leading of the Lord from the beginning. As the minister of Moses
and one (1) of the believing spies to bring a good report of the land of promise, he
was well fitted for leadership and the conquest of Canaan. Under God's direction
Joshua was appointed Moses' successor (De.chp.31).
J. Moses Died (De.32:48-52)
At the call of God, Moses ascended Mount Nebo to Mount Pisgah's lofty height and
viewed the land he was not permitted to enter. Here he died and God buried him.
K. Conquest of Canaan (Joshua)
The Word of the Lord came to Joshua bidding him to lead Israel over Jordan into
Canaan. By faith they went forward. God parted the waters, and Israel, dry-shod,
marched triumphantly into Canaan. God revealed how the enemy must be dealt
with in possessing the land. The sin and immorality of the Canaanites, their
religious orgies and human sacrifices had to be dealt with drastically. It was either
destroy or be destroyed by being ensnared. Joshua obeyed the Lord. Jericho and
Ai are captured (Jos.chps.6-8), even though there was a problem taking Ai at first
because of sin in the camp, the law is ratified (Jos.chp.8), and the conquest is
sealed with the allotment of the land to the various tribes (Jos.chps.9-24).
L. The Farewell (Jos.Chp.24)
Joshua, seeing his end near, assembled all Israel in a mighty convocation at
Shechem, and with spiritual dignity and fervor, delivered his last message to the
people.
M. The Judges, Including Ruth
This is the period known as the "theocracy," meaning the government in which God
exercised direct rule.
N. Dark Days
During this period, faith in God and the worship of Him was at low ebb, the sacrifices
and feasts were sadly neglected and forgotten. Israel was consequently defeated
and often depressed by her enemies, being reduced to a sad condition. To meet
these conditions, God raised up military and civil leaders, called "Judges," to deliver
and rule over the people. The period between Joshua and the rise of the kingdom
has aptly been called the time of transition.
O. Ruth
This beautiful, romantic story falls in the time when the Judges ruled, and furnishes
a most delightful relief to this dark period. When Ruth married Boaz, she became
the great-grandmother of David and an ancestress of the Lord Jesus, bringing to our
attention once again the Messianic line.
P. Samuel
The outstanding judge of this period was the last, Samuel, Aasked of God.@ Prayed
for by his mother, Hannah, she received Samuel as from the Lord and dedicated
him to the Lord's service. From infancy he learned to recognize the voice of the
Lord. Samuel ranks with Abraham, Moses, and David, as one of the noblest
characters in Bible history. As a judge, statesman, God's minister, and mighty man
of prayer, he had great influence on the nation, right up to the introduction of the
monarchy.
Q. The Rise of the Kingdom
The period of the kingdom we are about to study continues through three (3) reigns
of forty (40) years each, taking us through I & II Samuel. We shall consider:
1. The Rise of the Kingdom
2. The Reign of Saul
3. The Reign of David
We now come from the "dark ages" toward the "golden age," the most brilliant and
prosperous in Israel's history. Samuel ruled Israel long and well, but his sons
proved unworthy to follow in their father's footsteps (1Sa.8:1-5).
1. The desire for a king (1Sa.8:6-22)
Israel had the unique privilege to be under the immediate care and
government of God, but in spite of this, at Ramah, the home of Samuel, the
nation assembled together. The elders of the people made a demand for a
king to rule over them like the nations that neighbored them. God wanted
them to be "unlike" the other nations. When Samuel put the matter before
the Lord, the Lord responded by saying that the people had rejected Him
rather than Samuel (1Sa.8:7). God granted Israel's request, but not without a
solemn warning revealing that their choice of a king was not His will for them,
but He would permit them to realize their desire.
R. The Reign of Saul (1Sa.Chps.9-31)
Saul, the son of Kish, of the Tribe of Benjamin, became the first king of United
Israel. He possessed a commanding figure and began splendidly, but failed utterly
to measure up to the high demand of his calling. He was chosen and proclaimed
king at Mizpah (1Sa.10:23-24), and later crowned king at Gilgal (1Sa.11:15).
1. Disobedience
Early in his reign, Saul began to manifest a rebellious spirit against Jehovah.
In pride and self will, he disobeyed the Word of the Lord (1Sa.chp.15).
Samuel was sent by God to denounce Saul's wickedness. God's rejection
of Saul as king was not immediately carried out (1Sa.15:23-26). God
permitted him to rule Israel for forty (40) years. After Saul=s disobedience
and God=s rejection as king, Samuel, directed by God, went to Bethlehem to
the house of Jesse. David, the youngest son, a shepherd lad, was anointed
to be Israel's future king (1Sa.16:12). A little later, David's victory over
Goliath brought him unprecedented glory, but also hardship at the hand of
Saul (1Sa.chps.17-18). The last seven (7) years of Saul's reign were
embittered by the knowledge that his son, Jonathan, would not succeed him.
Resentment for David deepened into jealousy and intense hatred until he
was consumed with one purpose, to kill David. Saul got further away from
God, and as a last resort consulted a witch at Endor, only to receive further
condemnation (1Sa.8:16-17). At last, in a terrible hour of defeat and despair,
Saul died by his own hand on the slopes of Gilboa.
S. The Reign of David
This period occupies the whole of the second (2nd) Book of Samuel. Although
anointed to be king, Saul was still on the throne and David was a fugitive seeking to
avoid Saul, escaping for his life from one (1) place to another. It was not until after
Saul's death that David was anointed king at Hebron (2Sa.2:4), but only over the
house of Judah. Ishbosheth, Saul's son, reigned over the rest of Israel (2Sa.chps.1-
4). At the end of seven and a half (7-1/2) years, with the collapse of the Kingdom of
Saul, all the tribes of Israel came to David asking him to be their king (2Sa.5:1-3); so
for the third (3rd) time he was anointed king, and the kingdom now was united and
Jerusalem became the royal city (2Sa.5:1-16). Here David reigned for thirty-three
(33) years. David's reign was marked by warfare; victory after victory was making
the kingdom sure; it seemed that his army was invincible. David's secret was not in
the might of his men; his trust was in the might of his Lord, and for every campaign
he sought the guidance of God. David established a dynasty that lasted until the
time of the captivity, a period of about four-hundred-fifty (450) years. The one thing
he desired, which was denied him, was to build a house for the Ark of God, but God
did comfort him with the word that it was good that it was in his heart (1Kg.8:18).
The building of the Temple was left for Solomon, who was next in succession to the
throne. David was a man after God's own heart, but his reign was not perfect,
especially in the matter of his adultery with Bathsheba and the murder of Urriah, her
husband. Concerning the details of his life, we know more than any other Old
Testament character. He was a shepherd, musician, soldier, king, and poet, and to
the prophets became the nation's ideal (Mic.5:2; Je.33:15).
T. The Reign of Solomon (1Kg.Chps.1-11)
There is a very close connection between the opening of First Kings and the closing
of Second Samuel, for Solomon ascended the throne while David was still alive. In
First Kings, chapters one (1) and two (2), we read how Adonijah failed to obtain
succession to the throne and David declared the choice of the throne to be Solomon
(1Kg.1:30), and in chapter two (2) David gave Solomon his dying charge. Solomon
came to the throne when quite young, being just nineteen (19) years old. One (1) of
his first public acts was in calling the assembly of Israel to Gibeon with all Israel
offering one-thousand (1,000) burnt offerings. This pleased the Lord, who appeared
to him, asking what he most desired. Because Solomon requested wisdom rather
than riches and honor, God declared that not only would his request be answered,
but these other things would also be added (1Kg.3:9-12).
1. The Glory of His Reign
Solomon was a magnificent king and his throne the grandest ever seen. His
greatest achievement was the building of the Temple on Mount Moriah, the
site where Abraham offered up Isaac. Seven (7) years were spent in its
construction (1Kg.chp.6). However, his great wisdom, countless riches,
glory, and far-reaching fame also carried with it grave dangers.
2. Sinful Indulgence
Along with increasing wealth and power, Solomon and all Israel were over
taken with ease and indulgence. This could only spell loss of fellowship with
God. He made alliances with foreign courts and married daughters of foreign
rulers, who in turn brought with them foreign gods and idolatrous practices
into Israel (1Kg.11:1-8).
3. Division was Inevitable
Clouds began to gather and wearied with the follies of the king and the
nation, Jehovah appeared again with the word that the kingdom would be
rent from him (1Kg.11:11).
4. Causes of Division
a. Tribal Jealousy
From the time of the conquest under Joshua, jealousy existed

between the northern part of the kingdom, known as Israel, and the
southern part of the kingdom, known as Judah. The influence of
David and Solomon was strong enough to hold the tribes together.
When that influence was gone, the ten (10) tribes were glad for a
pretext to break away from Judah and set up a government for
themselves.
b. Worldly Policies
Because Solomon failed to reign according to the standards God

decreed, judgment was pronounced (1Kg.11:11). It was deferred until
after Solomon's death. The prophet, Ahijah, had already intimated to
Jeroboam, the servant of Solomon, that he would reign over the ten
(10) tribes of Israel (1Kg.11:26-27).
c. Rehoboam's Folly
While wealth flowed in abundance, the king oppressed the people with
taxes beyond endurance. Pleading for relief and asking that their
taxes be reduced, the king responded to the people by saying that he
would add to the yoke (1Kg.12:10-11). To this brief, cruel, and
incautious word, the ten (10) tribes of Israel revolted and called
Jeroboam to be their King (1Kg.12:19-20).
U. Israel under Jeroboam
As yet the division between Israel and Judah was only political. Religiously they still
served the one God, had one faith, one Holy City, and Temple. If the people
continued to worship in Jerusalem, Jeroboam felt that his position and throne were
imperiled. To answer the situation, he set up a competitive, idolatrous of worship for
the people in their own land. This folly stayed with Israel until the captivity
(1Kg.12:25-31). Over twenty (20) times we read, "Jeroboam, the son of Nebat, who
made Israel to sin."
1. Kings and Prophets of the Divided Kingdom
This period of the Divided Kingdom is covered by 1Kings chapters 12 through

2Kings, while 2 Chronicles is devoted to the Kingdom of Judah and the
spiritual aspects of the period are emphasized. We are given a record of four
(4) revivals that occurred in this period, all in Judah, as no good kings reigned
in Israel.
a. Asa 2Chronicles chapter 15
b. Jehoshaphat 2Chronicles chapter 20
c. Hezekiah 2Chronicles chapters 29-31
d. Josiah 2Chronicles chapter 35
V. Judah and Israel
In constant warfare, the Southern Kingdom tried time and again unsuccessfully to
conquer Israel. Only for one period was peace established. This was when the son
of Jehoshaphat of Judah married the daughter of Israel's King Ahab. An alliance
was formed by the reigning families against foreign foes, especially the powerful
Kingdom of Syria. When Jehu came to the throne of Israel, he destroyed the House
of Ahab and severed forever the ties which bound the two (2) kingdoms together.
From this time on to the fall of Israel there was ceaseless strife between Israel and
Judah until Israel, taken captive by the Assyrians, passed from the historic scene to
be heard of no more.
W. The Prophets
The messages of the prophets had a two-fold emphasis, that of "forth-telling" and
"fore-telling." One was direct exhortation to the people living in the prophets own
day, the other possessing a predictive element regarding God's purpose for the
future. This emphasis will be readily seen as we note the subject matter of the
individual messages in the prophetic books.
X. The Messianic Line
The prediction of the Messianic Line began, not with Saul of the Tribe of Benjamin,
but with David of the tribe of Judah. The importance of this subject is brought vividly
to our attention as we note how three (3) times the royal line hung by a thread. If
this line broke, the Word of God's promise and prophecy would fail. Note the case
of Joash (2Kg.11:1-16). Athaliah, a usurper, reigned six (6) years thinking she had
destroyed all the royal seed. God, however, preserved the line by keeping Joash, a
baby of royal blood, from death.
Secondly, note the case of Hezekiah (2Kg.chp.20, 21:6). Hezekiah was restored
from sickness for fifteen (15) years and was given a son before dying who
succeeded him to the throne.
Thirdly, note the case of Jehoiachin (2Kg.24:18). Here we see (1) one, who after
only three (3) months reign, was dethroned and taken into captivity; yet, in the
genealogical table of Matthew (Mt.1:1-16), we find in the line of succession from
Jehoiachin, the list of potential kings who would have been on the throne if the
kingdom had not fallen.
Y. Judah Alone - Captivity and Restoration
1. Judah Alone
The period during which Judah stood alone after the fall of Israel is recorded
in 2Kings 18:25 and 2Chronicles chapters 30-36. Hezekiah was on Judah's
throne and it was in the sixth (6th) year of his reign that Israel was taken
captive by the Assyrians. Next came Manasseh, the son of one of Judah's
best kings, but himself one of the worst (2Kg.chp.21). Amon next followed in
the idolatry and sins of his father and was assassinated. Josiah, in contrast
to his immediate predecessors, did what was right (2Kg.chp.23; 2Ch.chp.35).
The four (4) last kings hastened the doom of Judah. Jehoahaz, weak and
wicked, was deposed by Pharaoh Necho and carried away into Egypt
(2Kg.23:34-35)).
2. Three Separate Deportations to Babylon
- The eighteenth (18th) King of Judah, Jehoiakim, was placed

on the throne by Pharaoh, who in turn was defeated by
Nebuchadnezzar, the king of Babylon. Nebuchadnezzar carried
off a company of the inhabitants of Judah including Daniel and
his three friends (Da.1:1,2; 2Kg.24:1-5; 2Ch.36:5-8).
- the nineteenth (19th) King of Judah, Jehoiachin, was taken

captive with the better classes of the people of Judah, and
Ezekiel was among this number (2Kg.24:1-16).
- the twentieth (20th) puppet king of Nebuchadnezzar,

Zedekiah, was caught in an alliance with Egypt, taken captive,
and the Temple and city of Jerusalem were utterly destroyed.
Only the poorest of the people, a pitiable remnant was left
behind. Gedaliah was put in charge, and Jeremiah was chosen
by God to be their prophet (2Kg.24:14; 25:22; Je.1:5; 29:1-20).
Thus, once again, sin and rebellion of Judah's kings and
people brought disastrous results in the life of the nation. The
captivity of Judah was the inevitable consequence of their
disobedience and sin.
3. The Captivity
The condition of the captives in Babylon was not one of abject slavery, and in
due time freedom was granted to them in the exercise of social customs,
commerce, and religion (Je.29:5-7). Many obtained wealth; others attained
distinction and prominence in court circles, such as Daniel and Nehemiah.
During this time, hope of return to their native land was kindled by the
prophets. Ezekiel assured the people that God had not utterly forsaken
them. Daniel did much to bind the hearts of the people together. Jeremiah
predicted that the captivity would end after seventy (70) years (Je.25:11-12;
29:10).
4. Benefits of the Captivity:
- The people were, by this sad experience, completely cured of

idolatry, never to lapse into it again.
- The synagogue came into existence and became an

institution of vast power among the people.
- The Law of Moses was given new respect. Later this

developed into the legalism which characterized the Judaism of
the New Testament.
- The heart of the people became possessed with the hope of

the coming Messiah.
5. The Restoration
Cyrus, the Persian who had conquered the Medes, wins their cooperation,
and then, through Darius the Mede, conquered Babylon (Da.chp.5).
After coming to the Persian throne, in contrast with his predecessors who
sought to take conquered people from their homeland, Cyrus was of a mind
to restore them to their homeland and to permit them to re-establish their

national and religious life. He, therefore, issued a decree permitting the
Jews, who desired, to return to their native land (Is.44:28, 45:1). This
prophecy was given two-hundred (200) years before Cyrus was born.
6. The Leaders
- Zerubbabel, a prince descended from David, led nearly fifty-

thousand (50,000) back to Jerusalem (Ezr.2:64-65). The
foundation for the Temple was laid (Ezr. 3:11), but opposition
made the work cease for many years (Ezr.chp.4). The
prophets stirred the hearts of the people afresh (Ezr.chp.5),
and with renewed vigor the work was carried on to completion.
The second (2nd) Temple was finished and dedicated
(Ezr.6:16).
- Ezra was given permission under Artaxerxes to lead another

company from Babylon to Jerusalem. With a righteous zeal he
undertook the work of reform among the settlers in the
homeland (Ezr.7-10).
- Nehemiah, the king's cupbearer, with deep sorrow learned of

the distressful conditions in Palestine and secured permission
to go and rebuild the walls of Jerusalem. With utmost vigor
and courage, refusing to be interrupted in the work, he led the
people in the building of the walls, which stood completed in
fifty-two (52) days (Ne.6:15,16).
7. Prophets
- Haggai and Zechariah both comforted and warned the people

during this time. They stirred the people to undertake the
completion of the Temple, when the work had ceased, during
the time of opposition.
- Malachi closed his book attacking the sins of his day,

admonishing the people to keep the Law, and giving the
promise of John the Baptist, the great forerunner of the
Messiah.
- The Old Testament closes with the prediction of the final

overthrow of evil and the coming glory to be realized when the
"Son of Righteousness shall arise with healing in His wings"
(Ma.4:2).
IX. THE PENTATEUCH
The term Apentateuch@ is of Greek origin (Gr. "pente"= Afive@ (5), and "teuchos" = book),
giving us the meaning of five-fold-book, and thus the name given to the first five (5) books
of the Bible: Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, and Deuteronomy. These obviously
constitute a five-fold unity, which marks them off as a distinct group, and have always been
known as the "five (5) Books of Moses."
A. The Writer
That Moses wrote the Pentateuch is a well attested fact. Ezra 3:2 and 6:18 refers to
it as "the Book of Moses," Nehemiah 8:1, 2,8,14, and Nehemiah 9:3 call it "the Book
of the Law of Moses". In authority the Lord Jesus placed these writings on a level
with His own words that if we do not believe His writings, how would we believe His
words (Jn.5:45)? Moses did not compile these books (Ac.7:38). When the
authorship of these books is questioned today, it is good to turn to Deuteronomy
31:24-27. The Jewish Bible in Jesus' day, and up to the present consists of three
(3) portions as designated in Lk.24:44, the Law of Moses, the Prophets, and the
Psalms. These form the thirty-nine (39) books or Canon of our Old Testament
Scriptures. The Greek word "canon" denoted originally a measuring-rod line. From
this it came to mean a standard or test of measurement. When it is applied to the
books of the Bible, the expression indicates that such books marked off from other
books form a rule of faith.
B. Progressive Revelation
In viewing the Pentateuch as a whole, the message unfolds in a progressive

manner, not only in consecutive history, book by book, but in progressive revelation
for spiritual experience.
1. Genesis
It begins with the story of creation, leading up to the call of Abraham. The
choice of the nation Israel to carry to all mankind the message of ruin through
sin and of redemption that had been provided by God is the heart of the
book.
2. Exodus
It tells of Israel's bondage in Egypt, deliverance under Moses, and the giving
of the Law at Sinai. Following the Law giving at Sinai, we see the setting up
of the Tabernacle with the message of deliverance, by blood and by power at
the Passover and the Red Sea.
3. Leviticus
It is concerned with the worship and ceremony of the delivered people and
the holiness desired by God. It also contains the message of communion, on
the ground of atonement, to establish their fellowship with a holy God.
4. Numbers
It tells of the wilderness wanderings, the failure of the people, and the
organization of camp life. We also see guidance with the message of
direction; guidance for life's pilgrimage must be by obedience to God alone.
5. Deuteronomy
This is a recapitulation of God's dealings with Israel, with the instructions and
last messages of Moses as they were about to enter the Promised Land.
Their destination could only be reached through the faithfulness of God
whose Word cannot fail.
The time covered by the Pentateuch extends from creation to the death of
Moses; reckoning from Adam this would be about 2,500 years.
C. Genesis - the Book of Origination
1. The Significance of the Title
Genesis signifies origination or beginning and the title perfectly describes the
book because it deals with the origin of things. The key word is "beginning."
2. Genesis, the book of beginnings, shows:
a. The beginning of the world (Ge.1:1-25).
b. The beginning of the human race (Ge.1:26-31).
c. The beginning of sin in the world (Ge.3:1-7).
d. The beginning of the promise of redemption (Ge.3:8-24).
e. The beginning of family life (Ge.4:1-15).
f. The beginning of a man-made civilization (Ge.4:16-9:29).
g. The beginning of the nations of the world (Ge.chp.10).
h. The beginning of languages (Ge.chp.11).

i. The beginning of the Hebrew race (Ge.chps.12-50).
3. Explanatory note
To understand the Bible it is good to begin where God begins. Genesis is the
book of beginning and tells the beginning of everything except God. It is the
seed plot of the Word of God revealing how things began. Do not look for
completion. This book tells how things started, not how they finished. By
progressive revelation, the rest of the Word of God brings the picture to
completion.
Acknowledging this, we see how all the other books of the Word of God are
inseparably bound to it, for here we have the initial explanation of all that
follows, by implication and anticipation, all Scripture is in Genesis.
Without Genesis the rest of the Bible would be incomprehensible. a plan of
salvation for a lost world would have no significance apart from the story of
the fall, which by its very nature, reveals the need for salvation. What
happened in Eden explains and gives the only reason for what happened at
Calvary.
4. Outline
The outline of the book is readily seen. In Genesis we have four (4)
outstanding events and four (4) outstanding persons as follows:
a. Four (4) outstanding events (Ge. chps.1-11)
- The Creation
- The Fall
- The Flood
- The Babel Crisis
b. Four (4) outstanding persons (Ge. chps.12-50)
- Abraham
- Isaac
- Jacob
- Joseph
5. Biographical Outline
The following biographical outline of Genesis makes the book alive, revealing
God dealing with men.
a. Adam (Ge. chp.2:4-4:26)
- Blessed by God (Ge. chp.2)
- Blighted by sin (Ge. chp.3-4)
b. Enoch (Ge. chp.5)
- Walking with God/Translated
c. Noah (Ge. chp.6-11)
- Corruption of Man (Ge. chp.6)
- Judgment of God (Ge. chp.7)
- Security in the Ark (Ge. chp.8)
- Promise and Seal (Ge. chp.9)
- Sons and Nations (Ge. chp.10)
- Tower of Babel (Ge. chp.11)
d. Abraham (Ge. chp.12-20)
- Call and Promise (Ge. chp.12)
- Lot's Choice (Ge. chp.13-14)
- Land and Covenant (Ge. chp.15-17)
- Righteous and
Intercession (Ge. chp.18)
- Destruction of Sodom (Ge.chp.19)
- Lapse at Gerar (Ge.chp.20)
e. Issac (Ge. chps.21-28)

- Son, Sacrifice,
Substitute (Ge. chps.21-22)
- Sarah's Death/Burial (Ge. chp.23)
- Bride for Isaac (Ge. chp.24)
- Twins/Birthright (Ge. chp.25)
- Wandering and
Working (Ge. chp.26)
f. Jacob (Ge. chps.27-36)
- Stolen Blessing/Flight (Ge. chps.27-28)
- Labor of Love (Ge. chps.29-30)
- Return to Bethel (Ge. chps.31-35)
- Generations of Esau (Ge. chp.36)
g. Joseph (Ge. chps.37-50)
- Beloved of His Father (Ge. chp.37:1-7)
- Hated of Brethren (Ge. chp.37:8-19)
- Sold to the Enemy (Ge. chp.37:20-36)
- Shame of Judah (Ge. chp.38)
- Tested by Adversity (Ge. chps.39-40)
- Exalted to Rule (Ge. chp.41:1-44)
- Given a Gentile Bride (Ge. chps.41:45-57)
- Reconciled to His Own (Ge. chps.42-45)
- Reunion with Jacob (Ge.chps.46-50)
D. Exodus - the Book of Deliverance
Exodus is the record of Israel's deliverance from the land of Egypt by blood
and by power. Exodus means Athe way out@ or Agoing out,@ derived from "ex"
= Aout,@ and "odus" = Aa way.@
This book is a continuation of Genesis which closed with a people in blessing

in Egypt. When we open Exodus this same people are in bondage, the
cause being stated in the opening verses (Ex.1:6-8). Joseph died and all his
brethren and all that generation. A new king arose that knew not Joseph, a
king of a different race and dynasty. The crown had changed hands, but God
had promised deliverance. Notice where Genesis reveals that the time of
deliverance is at hand (Ge.50:24-25).
2. The Divine Purpose
In Genesis we see Israel entering Egypt as a family and in Exodus leaving

Egypt as a nation. In Genesis we see human weakness and failure and in
Exodus God's power and victory.
We must not forget the divine purpose of this deliverance from bondage to
freedom (De.6:23). God has a plan for His people. He is delivering them
from Egypt that He might bring them into Canaan, the Promised Land.
3. Exodus in the Scriptures.
Christ and the apostles quoted from Exodus twenty-five (25) times and made
allusion to it about nineteen (19) times.
Israel's bondage in Egypt and subsequent deliverance is forecast in Genesis

(Ge.15:13-14). Note also Acts 7:6-7, where the duration of the bondage is
given. The facts of the Exodus are repeated again in Psalms 105:23-45 and
106:9-12, and the summary of the book is seen in Hebrews 11:23-29. Thus,
we see how the Holy Spirit gives emphasis to the record in Exodus.
The parents of Moses are recorded among the heroes of faith (He.11:23)
because they hid him, not through fear but by faith. When Moses appeared
the first time to deliver his brethren, he supposed they would have
understood (Ac.7:25). When Christ came to His own the first time they
understood not, that is, not knowing the time of their visitation (Lk.19:44).
When Moses appeared the second (2nd) time, he was received as a
deliverer. So also will Christ be received when He comes again.
E. Leviticus, the Book of Worship
1. The Significance of the Title.
The Hebrew title to this book is "Vayich-rah", which means, "and He called."
This is in keeping with the contents of the book which tell of God's call of the
redeemed, to access, communion, and worship in His Holy Presence.
Leviticus, as the title suggests, has to do with the Levites, the priests, and
their service in the Tabernacle.
2. Key words: Holiness, Holy" (Hebrew= "Qodesh")
This word occurs over one-hundred-fifty (150) times. The next basic key
word is atonement, occurring about forty-five (45) times. The key verse is
Leviticus 19:2, with Leviticus 17:11 also being important.
3. The Message of the Book.
In Genesis we see man ruined by sin, in Exodus he is redeemed by blood

and delivered by power and given the Law; in Leviticus he is worshipping his
redeemer and deliverer. In Exodus we hear God speaking from Sinai,
sending forth the Law that condemned and separated the sinner from his
presence. However, before the book closes, the Tabernacle or Tent of
Meeting is set up, giving a basis for man's approach to God and reveals God
in the midst of His people, within the veil, which is a type of Christ's flesh
(He.10:20). Leviticus opens with the significant verse revealing Jehovah's
position (Le.1:1). From this location no less than fifty-six (56) direct
messages or instructions are given such as "the Lord spoke, said, or
commanded," and "I am Jehovah" occurs twenty-one (21) times; "I am
Jehovah, your God" twenty-one (21) times; "I AM" three (3) times; "I
Jehovah, do" four (4) times, showing how everything in the book is God-
designed. In type and figure this book abounds, and from this viewpoint is
fragrant with Christ; so, may we take to heart what Paul wrote; “Whatsoever
things were written aforetime were written for our learning..." (Ro.15:4), and
under the instruction of the Holy Spirit we will find the study of this book
profitable (2 Ti.3:16).
4. Note the significance of the five (5) offerings, burnt, meal, peace, sin,
trespass.
We must be careful to distinguish between the "sweet savor" and the "non-
sweet savor" offerings. The sweet savor offerings set forth the
acceptableness of Christ to God as He fully meets God's holy requirements,
and the sinner as being accepted in the perfect Christ. The non-sweet savor
offerings reveal the unworthiness of the sinner and Christ's full identification
with him, so that in the sinner's place, judgment falls on Christ instead of the
sinner. One (1) , two (2), and three (3) are sweet savor offerings, while four
(4) and five (5) are non-sweet savor offerings.
5. The Creatures Acceptable for Sacrifice
These symbols each present some aspect of Christ's death.
a. The ox:
Typifying Christ the servant who was obedient unto death (He.12:2-3;
Is.52:12-15; Php.2:5-8).
b. The lamb:
The unresisting Christ was led as a lamb to the slaughter (Is. 53:7;
Ac.8:32-35).
c. The goat:
Typifies Christ as being numbered with the transgressors, made sin,

and a curse (Is.53:12; Lk.23:33; Ga.3:13; 2Co.5:21).
d. The turtle dove or pigeon:
Speaks of mourning, innocence, and is associated with poverty as the

Scriptures denote (Is.38:14; 59:11; He.7:26; Le.5:7). It tells of Him
who for our sakes became poor (Lk.9:58; 2Co.8:9; Php.2:6-8). In
Luke, the sacrifice of the poor man is the type of Him who became the
poor man's sacrifice (Lk.2:24).
6. The Day of Atonement (Le.chp.16).
There is no more significant chapter in the Old Testament than Leviticus

chapter sixteen (16).
a. All is done by the Priest (He.1:13), by himself.
b. The slain goat represents the aspects of Christ's death, which

concerns the holiness and justice of God, and the fact of sin
expiated by blood.
c. The scapegoat typifies the work of Christ in bearing away our

sin to be remembered no more (1Pe.3:18; 2Co.5:20-21;
Ro.8:1,33).
d. The blood of the sin offering was sprinkled upon the mercy
seat of the ark (He. chps.9-10).
7. The seven feasts are found in Leviticus chapter 20.
The religious festivals given over for definite time observances are:
a. Passover (Le.23:4,5), a memorial of redemption and

deliverance.
b. Unleavened Bread (Le.23:6-8), setting forth a holy walk

(1Co.5:6-8; 2Co.7:1; Ga.5:7-9).
c. First Fruits (Le.23:10-14), typical of the resurrection, first of

Jesus Christ, then of those who are Christ=s at His coming
(1Co.15:23; 1Th.4:13-18).
d. Feast of Weeks (Le.23:15-22), which typifies Pentecost and

the outpouring of the Holy Spirit (Ex.34:22; De.10:16).
e. Trumpets (Le.23:23-25), a prophetical type that refers to the

future regathering and repentance of long-dispersed Israel
(Is.18:3; 27:13; Joel 2:1).
f. The Day of Atonement (Le.23:26-32), is the same day as

described (Le.chp.16), but now we have before us the
prophetical aspect of Israel's repentance after the regathering.
g. Tabernacles (Le.23:33-44), is a prophetic type of Millennial

glory (Zec.14:16-19).
F. Numbers, the Book of Wandering
This book is called the Book of Numbers because it records two (2)
numberings of Israel, once at the beginning of their journey at Sinai
(Nu.chp.1), and again at the close of their thirty-eight (38) years of wandering
(Nu.chp.26).
The name of this book in the Hebrew Bible is "Be-midbar" which means "in
the wilderness." It is really a better title, in that it is descriptive of Israel's
experience, recording their pilgrimage, warfare, service and failure.
2. The Message of the Book
The children of Israel were at Sinai for one year (Nu.1:1), journeyed to
Kadesh to the south border of the Promised Land just eleven (11) days
march away (De.1:2). However, by unbelief they failed to enter in. Then
came the experiences of wandering for nearly forty (40) years (De.1:3) and a
constant rebellion against Moses and God, expressing a longing to go back
to Egypt. When Canaan was finally entered, only Joshua and Caleb were
alive of the original number that started out.
Note the significant order of the messages of these first four (4) books of the
Bible:
a. In Genesis we see man ruined
b. In Exodus man is redeemed
c. In Leviticus man is worshiping
d. In Numbers, man in pilgrimage, service, and warfare
This is the Divine order, for only the saved and worshipping man is qualified
and ready for service and warfare. Another thought worthy of consideration
is the failure of Israel brought about by willful disobedience and unbelief, and
the record given in the New Testament that all these events separated from
us by centuries has definite instruction for us today. If the student will read
carefully 1 Corinthians10:1-12, Romans 15:4, and Hebrews 3:7-19; 4:1-6;
then compare these with Psalms 95:10 and Psalms chapter 78, this Book of
Numbers will yield the deeper lessons to the receptive heart, and the typical
and spiritual application will be unfolded by God's own Spirit.
G. Deuteronomy- the Book of Reviews
The title of Deuteronomy is taken from two (2) Greek words, "deuteros" which
means Asecond@ (2nd), and "nomos" which means Alaw.@ It refers to the
second giving of the Law.
This book is a transition book. The old generation that came out of Egypt
had passed away and a new generation had grown up. Deuteronomy is a
review of the Law for the benefit of this new generation, a book of
remembrance.
2. Messages of the Book
The ministry and leadership of Moses is coming to a close; Joshua has

already been appointed to succeed him. In this Book of Deuteronomy we
find the final messages of Moses to the people.
a. First Message
In the first message Moses is looking back, giving a review of Israel's

history from the divine rather than human point of view. He
emphasizes that the people forfeited their entrance into the Promised
Land because of constant rebellion and a complaining spirit.
Blessings from God are only realized by going His way according to
His Word.
b. Second Message
In the second (2nd) message Moses is looking up. Moses makes it

very plain that God's Law is foundational for a life and walk acceptable
to Him. Idolatry cannot be tolerated. Laws in religious, civil, domestic
and social realms are set forth for guidance and expression.
c. Third Message
In the final words of this book, Moses is looking forward into the
future. Before departing this life, he leaves with the people the Book
of the Law, which is to be placed in the ark and read publicly every
seven (7) years. After pronouncing a blessing upon each tribe, Moses
ascended Mt. Nebo to view the land of promise into which Israel
would go, but into which he was denied entrance. Deuteronomy
covers about two (2) months, including the thirty (30) days of
mourning for Moses.
3. Christ's Use of the Book.
The importance of this book is seen when we realize that Christ quoted from
it in His conflict with Satan. These passages were used by Him as weapons
to defeat the tempter (Mt.4:1-11; Lk.4:1-13; De.8:3; 6:16; 6:13; and 10:20.
X. JOSHUA TO RUTH, EXPLANATORY NOTES
1. Introduction to the Historical Books
The Book of Joshua begins a new division of the Old Testament. Turn to the
panoramic chart in the back of the commentary and notice that we have
twelve (12) books in this section, which in the Hebrew arrangement is known
as the “former prophets." Because of it=s nature and character, it is usually
referred to by Bible students as the "historical section." These books deal
with the beginning, rise, development, division, and downfall of the Kingdom
of Israel. Extending through this historic section we see a line of prophets,
seeking under God, to guide and mould the religious life of the people. For
this reason, note the chart showing the relationship of the prophets to the
history of Israel in order to get the books in correct historic sequence, the true
perspective, and background for the prophetic message.
This Book of Joshua bears the name of the main character in the book. The
Book of Numbers 13:8 and 16 records that Moses changed his name from
Oshea to Joshua.
Joshua means "Jehovah is Savior" and the Greek form of Joshua is "Jesus";
therefore, we can expect to find spiritual, practical and typical teaching in
connection with the one who was Israel=s leader, both civil and military, for
the realization of the purpose of God in the conquest of Canaan.
Joshua had been closely associated with Moses as servant and minister
(Ex.24:13). He was an Ephraimite, the son of Nun (Ex.33:11). In Exodus
seventeen (17), he is seen as the leader of Israel against Amelek. Under
God Joshua was appointed as Moses' successor and leader of the children
of Israel in the conquest of Canaan (Nu.24:18-23; De.31:14,23).
Biography and history are interwoven in this book of conquest, presenting to

us the battlefield of Israel for the inheritance of Canaan. In Numbers, chapter
thirteen (13) and fourteen (14), we find Joshua as one of the spies sent out to
view the land of Canaan before its possession. He, along with Caleb, had
confidence in God and His promises, exhorting the people to trust in the Lord
and go forward. Because of Israel's murmuring and unbelief, not one of the
original numbers that started out from Egypt entered into the land save
Joshua and Caleb.
In Deuteronomy 6:23, we find the words describing God's activity of bringing

out of Egypt and bringing into the promise land, based upon His promise to
the fathers. So Joshua is really the book that follows Exodus as it records
the consummation of the redemption of Israel. Except for the unbelief of
Israel there would nave been no books of Numbers and Deuteronomy;
Numbers is a record of Israel's wanderings because of disobedience and
unbelief; Deuteronomy was necessitated by the fact that the parents who
received the Law had perished in the wilderness and a restatement now was
necessary of the new generation.
4. The Cities of Refuge
The names of these six (6) cities of refuge mentioned in Deuteronomy 19:7-
8, are all highly significant and the safety that was found in the refuge
corresponds to the safety that is found in Christ (Ps.46:1; 142:5; Is.4:6;
Ro.8:1,33; Php.3:9; He.6:18-19).
The location of each city is given with great definiteness. Their distribution on
the east and west of Jordan was such as would make them accessible to all,
and for greater convenience the principal roads to these cities were always
open (Nu.35:1-34; De. 4:41-49; De.chp.19).
As the cities of refuge were so situated as to be accessible from every part of

the land, Christ is as accessible to needy sinners.
5. Outline
a. The conquest of Canaan, (Jos. chp. 1-12)
- The Command of Joshua Jos.chp.1

- The Spies of Jericho and
the Faith of Rahab Jos. chp.2
- The Crossing of Jordan Jos. chp.3
- Memorial Stones Jos. chp.4
- At Gilgal Jos. chp.5
- Conquest of Jericho Jos. chp.6
- Conquest of Ai Jos. chps.7-8
-- Sin of Achan and Defeat Jos. chp.7
-- Cleansing & Victory Jos. chp.8
-- Conquest of the South Jos. chps.9-10
-- Conquest of the North Jos. chp.11
-- Review of the Conquest,
Thirty-one (31) Kings Conquered Jos.chp.12
b. The Division of Canaan,, Jos. chp.13-22
- Portion of Two & Half Tribes Jos. chp.13
- Portion of Judah Jos. chps.14-15
- Portion of Ephraim & Manasseh Jos. chps.16-17
- Portion of the Remaining Tribes Jos. chps.18-19
- Cities of Refuge & Levites Jos. chps.20-21
- Altar of the Two & Half Tribes Jos. chp.22
c. The Final Charge of Joshua & His Death Jos. chps.23-24
I. Judges, the Book of National Decay
Judges is the title of the seventh (7) book of the Old Testament which
describes the agents whom God raised up to save Israel in times of great
humiliation, distress, and oppression. The Hebrew expression really conveys
more than the English word Ajudge@ denotes. Israel's judges were men of
war and not of peace; military chieftains that acted as liberators or deliverers
for the people to restore peace.
2. The Times
Joshua led the children of Israel into the Promised Land, and in a measure
they continued to recognize the dealings of Jehovah; but after Joshua's death
there was no successor, and thus begin national decay and religious
apostasy. The Tabernacle is in the background, the priest's name is
mentioned but once. The condition of the nation is tragic as we view Israel's
repeated departure from God, but the cause is easily seen, (Jg.17:6; 21:25).
Palestine had not yet been fully conquered, and the division of the land
among the tribes was only partial; there remained still a lot of land to be
possessed (Jg.13:1). In Judges we find each tribe is engaged in its own
conflict with the enemy of closest proximity.
From this we see that the nation of Israel as a whole was not in captivity to
these various nations round about, and the Judges did not follow
successively, but that rather, the different judges were leading the people in
different sections of the country in this tribal warfare. Thus we find that
some judges could have been contemporaneous, and some oppressions
going on in different locations at the same time. Judges 10:7 gives this idea
as we read that God was angry against Israel and he sold them into the
hands of the Philistines and the children of Ammon. From this passage it
may safely be inferred that there were two (2) oppressions at the same time:
one (1) by the Philistines in the southwest, and the other by the Ammonites
on the east of Jordan; so we must remember that during the whole period,
the tribes, rather than the nation, are in view.
Six (6) definite oppressions and a civil war is the sad record in this book; the
oppressions are clearly marked by the phrase that "Israel did evil in the sight
of the Lord" (Jg.3:7; 3:12; 4:1; 6:1 10:6; 13:1). Here was the root of failure
and distress. Over and over again we find this order prevailing, sin,
servitude, repentance, deliverance. In the civil war, Judges chapters 20-21,
the Tribe of Benjamin was reduced from twenty-six-thousand (26,000)
(Jg.20:15), to just six-hundred (600) (Jg.20:47).
The outstanding message of the book is that blessing and prosperity come
from obedience to the will of God, while distress and defeat are the outcome
of rebellion against the Lord. The oasis in the desert that gives relief to this
sad state of things is the Book of Ruth, for it is introduced as belonging to
the days when the judges ruled (Ruth 1:1).
There are twelve (12) judges named in this book, leaving to one side
Abimelech who really was a conspirator and usurper. He is not usually
counted as a judge because he did not receive office by divine appointment.
Barak is really associated with Deborah and the honor of the judgeship goes
to her rather than to him, except for the mention of his name in Hebrews
(He.11:32).
This book does not contain the full history of this period of Judges; the
balance is found in the Book of Ruth and the first eight (8) chapters of
Samuel.
These ancient warriors were heroes of faith and are to be reckoned by us as

among the great cloud of witnesses, whose example is to encourage us to
run with patience the race that is set before us (He.11:32-34; 12:1).
4. Outline
a. Introductory Jg. chps.1-3:4
- Failure Due to Mixing with

Heathen Nations Jg. chp.1
- Summary of the Book, Sin,

Servitude, Repentance,
Deliverance Jg. chps.2-3:4
b. History of the Judges and

Oppressions Jg. chp.3:5-16:20
- Othniel vs. Mesopotamians (NE) Jg.c hps.3:5-11
- Ehud, Shamgar vs. Moabites (SE) Jg.3:12-31
- Deborah and Barak vs.

Canaanites (N) Jg. chps.4-5
- Gideon vs. Midianites (SE) Jg. chps.6-8
(Abimelech the Usurper) Jg. chp.9
- Tolar and Jair Jg.10:1-5
- Jephthah, Ibzam
Elon, Abdon vs. Ammonites (E) Jg. chps.10:6-12:15
- Samson vs. Philistines (SW) Jg. chps.13-16
c. Conditions in the Life of the Period Jg. chps.17-21
- Micah's Idolatry Jg. chps.17-18
- The Levite Jg. chps.19-20:11
- Civil War, with Benjamin

Almost Extinguished Jg. chps.20:12-21:25
J. Ruth, the Book of the Kinsman Redeemer, and Bride.
1. The Time
The story in this book stands out in its beauty on the dark background of the
period covered by the Book of Judges (Ruth 1:1).
In Judges we see confusion and apostasy, idolatrous departures from God,

corruption, and civil war. It is thoroughly refreshing to come upon this story of
Ruth at this time; it is one of the sweetest, tenderest stories ever told, a story
of love and of grace.
2. The Message of the Book.
This sacred love story is simple. Famine in Bethlehem causes Elimelech and
Naomi with two sons Mahlan and Chilion to go to Moab, a heathen country.
Sadness comes into the family with the death of Elimelech. Down in Moab
the two boys married, with Chilion marrying Orpah, and Mahlan marrying
Ruth. Sadness visits the home again by the death of both of these sons.
Hearing that God had visited His children with harvests, Naomi decides to
return home. Orpah and Ruth decide to go also, but Orpah decides not to
continue and returns to Moab, while Ruth cleaves to Naomi. In a beautiful
expression, she makes known her decision to be a part of the family of God
(Ruth 1:16-17).
Back in Bethlehem, guided by providence, Ruth gleans in the fields of Boaz,

and finding favor in his eyes, marries him. Thus, we see a Moabitess, shut
out by the Law (De.23:3), admitted by grace, not only into the family life of
Israel and the congregation of the Lord, but even into the genealogical table
of the Savior, Jesus Christ (Mt.1:5). Ruth was the mother of Obed, the father
of Jesse, who in turn was the father of David the King, of which line came
David's greater Son, the Lord Jesus Christ.
This book is one of two bearing the name of a woman in the Bible. Ruth was
a Gentile accepted by the Jews in marriage to one of their own. The other
was Esther, a Jewish woman accepted by Gentiles by becoming their queen.
XI. THE PROPHETS IN RELATION TO THE HISTORY OF ISRAEL

The Kingdom, one-hundred-twenty (120) Years, 1051-931 B.C.
Saul forty (40) years
David forty (40) years, Samuel, Nathan,
Solomon forty (40) years Gad, Ahijah
Judah/ # years The Kingdom Divided 931-721 B.C. Israel/ # years Failed Dynasties
Rehoboam (17) Abijah Jeroboam (22)
Abijam (3) Shemaiah

I
Iddo
Asa (41) Nadab (2)
Azariah Baasha (24)
Hanani II
Jehu
Elah (2)
Zimri (7d)- III
Jehoshaphat (25) Elijah Omri (12)
Eliezer Micaiah Ahab (22) IV
Elisha Ahaziah (2)
Jehoram (8) Jehoram (12)
Amaziah (1) Jehoiada
Athaliah (6) Jehu (28)
Joash (40) Zechariah Jehoahaz (17) V
Amaziah (29) JOEL JONAH Jehoash (16)
Uzziah (52) AMOS Jeroboam II (41)
HOSEA
Zechariah (6m) VI
Shallum (1m)
Menahem (10) VII
Pekahiah (2)
Obed Pekah (20) VIII

Jotham (16) ISAIAH
Ahaz (16) Hosea (9) IX
JUDAH ALONE (115 YEARS) ASSYRIAN CAPTIVITY (721 B.C.)
Hezekiah (29) MICAH
Manasseh (55)
Amon (2) NAHUM
Josiah (31) ZEPHANIAH
JEREMIAH
Huldah
HABAKKUK
Jehoahaz (3m)
BEGINNING OF BABYLONIAN CAPTIVITY, 606 B.C. - SEVENTY (70) YEARS OF CAPTIVITY
Jehoiakim (11) DANIEL
Jehoiachin (3m) EZEKIEL

Zedekiah (11) OBADIAH (?)
JERUSALEM DESTROYED, 586 B.C. - RETURN AND RESTORATION, 536 B.C.
Leaders:
Zerubbabel HAGGAI
Ezra ZECHARIAH
Nehemiah MALACHI
XII. BOOKS OF SAMUEL - EXPLANATORY NOTES
A. I Samuel
1. Significance of the Title
The book is named for its most prominent figure. The name Samuel means
Aasked for,@ and Samuel was so named because he was given in answer to
prayer. Hannah, his mother, was childless, but vowed that if God would give
her a son in answer to her petition she would dedicate him to the Lord for life
(1Sa.1:11). Her prayer was answered and as soon as the child was old
enough she gave him over unto the custody of Eli, the high priest at Shiloh,
to be trained for the service of the sanctuary.
a. Samuel=s Call as a Prophet
One of the first secrets God entrusted to Samuel was the approaching
doom of Eli's house, and the story of how the tender heart of this boy
responded to the divine voice is one of the most beautiful in the
Scriptures (1Sa.3:4-10). It was not long before all Israel knew that
Samuel was established to be a prophet of the Lord (1Sa.3:20).
b. Connecting Judges and Kings
This book forms the connecting link between the period of the Judges
and the Kings. Eli and Samuel were the last of the Judges, but
Samuel was also a prophet, and with the call of Samuel, prophecy
became the channel through which God revealed His will to the
people. We shall find that the prophets were raised up to be God's
spokesmen in times of great moral and spiritual decline.
c. The Request for a King
Israel had the great privilege of being under the direct guidance and
protection of Almighty God, but despised this distinction which should
have been their glory. They asked for an earthly king that they might
be ruled over like other nations. Samuel was grieved and protested,
but God allowed them to have their way (1Sa.8:6-9).
d. Special work.
Samuel was the first to institute a school for the training of prophets
beginning at Ramah (1Sa.19:19,20). Other schools followed at Bethel
(2Ki.2:3), Jericho (2Ki.2:5), Gilgal (2Ki.4:38), and other places
(2Ki.6:1). The main instruction and teaching was in the interpretation
of the Law. This was really the work of the priests, but when this
office was corrupted by Eli's sons (1Sa.3:13), Samuel established the
School of the Prophets to do a work in which others had failed.
B. 2 Samuel
1. Introduction
First) and Second Samuel was originally a single book, being both history
and biography. Continuing the story of 1 Samuel, this book is concerned with
the forty (40) years reign of King David who succeeded Saul to the throne of
Israel.
2. David, the Prospective King
Thrice anointed, David was God's choice of a king to work out His purpose.
After Saul's sin and rejection, Samuel was instructed to anoint David as the
prospective new king (1Sa.16:1-2). Until the death of Saul, David was in
exile, driven from place to place under the persecution of Saul.
3. David, the Tribal King
After the death of Saul, David was anointed king in Hebron (2Sa.2:4), but
only over the House of Judah. Abner, Saul's captain, proclaimed Ishbosheth,
son of Saul, King over the rest of Israel (2Sa.2:8-9). For seven and one-half
(7-1/2) years, David's reign was limited to Judah (2Sa.2:11) during which
time the friction of the two thrones is evident (2Sa.3:1).
4. David, the King Over All Israel
The northern tribes of Israel soon made it known that they desired David to
be king over the united kingdom. Coming to him in a great national assembly
at Hebron, they pleaded a common ancestry (2Sa. 5:1) and vowed to be his
loyal subjects (1Ch.12:38; 2Sa.5:3-4). So the kingdom was again united and
Jerusalem became the royal city (2Sa.5:12).
Concerning the details of David's life, we know more of him than of any other
Old Testament character. We see him as shepherd, musician, soldier, poet
and king. He is called a Aman after God's own heart@ (Ac.13:22). With him
God made a covenant, that of his seed, He would raise unto Israel a Saviour
to sit on his throne and establish his kingdom forever (2Sa.7:16).
THANK YOU
Information for AMT/IAS Bible courses has been researched and compiled by many
members in the Body of Christ. We have been blessed by gifted brothers and sisters from
many areas of ministry.
We thank those who have helped to write and compile courses for our curriculum. We
gratefully thank all those in five-fold ministry, helps and lay ministry that have labored with
us. A special thank you is extended to authors of various books, and leadership of other
Bible Colleges that have been so very giving and gracious to us. It is not possible to name
everyone by name. Laborers with us have compiled over one-hundred (100) courses. Let
us all say "to God be the glory."
CHRISTIANS ARE CO-LABORERS
"Who then is Paul, and who is Apollos, but ministers by whom ye believed, even as the
Lord gave to every man? I have planted, Apollos watered; but God gave the increase. So
then neither is he that planteth any thing, neither he that watereth; but God that giveth the
increase. Now he that planteth and he that watereth are one: and every man shall receive
his own reward according to his own labor. For we are laborers together with God: ye are
God's husbandry, ye are God's building. According to the grace of God which is given unto
me, as a wise masterbuilder, I have laid the foundation, and another buildeth thereon. But
let every man take heed how he buildeth thereupon. For other foundation can no man lay
than that is laid, which is Jesus Christ."
I Corinthians 3:5-11

Old Testament Survey I Commentary

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BOT - 111 Old Testament Survey I

5th Revision, June, 2008

OLD TESTAMENT SURVEY I

American Mission Teams

ARE YOU BORN AGAIN?

I John 5:13 gives an example in which to base your faith.

rightly dividing the word of truth.

AMT/IAS Directors and Staff

4) GO YE - To go wherever there is a need; to rich or poor, to majorities and minorities, to

7) APPLICATION - To make available to students the opportunity for education, as well as

I. Introduction - Why Study the Old Testament

II. Old Testament - From God to Us

III. Life in Old Testament Times

IV. The Hebrew Old Testament Arrangement

V. The Protestant Old Testament Arrangement

VI. How to Approach the Old Testament

VII. Extensive Survey of the Old Testament

VIII. Old Testament Synopsis - Creation through II Samuel

IX. The Pentateuch - Explanatory Notes

X. Joshua to Ruth - Explanatory Notes

XI. The Prophets in Relation to the History of Israel

XII. Books of Samuel - Explanatory Notes

I. INTRODUCTION - WHY STUDY THE OLD TESTAMENT?

A. The Bible is Incomplete without the Old Testament.

1. The Old Testament prophesied of the coming of Jesus.

B. The Ministry of Christ Would be a Puzzle Without the Old Testament.

C. The Historical Setting of Christianity is Furnished by the Old Testament.

D. Key Revelations of God are to be Found in the Old Testament.

1. God is the Sovereign Creator.

2. Man is a sinner in need of Salvation.

3. God is holy and He judges sin.

4. God is love and He offers salvation to sinful man.

5. A Savior would be born to die for the sins of man.

6. Man is saved by faith, not by works.

7. Israel was sovereignly chosen to be God's channel of the redemptive

8. All history will culminate at the throne of the Sovereign Lord.

The Old Testament reaches the reader in various ways, because:

1. It brings conviction of sin (Je.chp.2).

2. Its counsel shows the way to please God (Ex.chp.20).

3. Its Psalms encourage praise and prayer (Ps.chp.107).

4. Its testimonies inspire the reader to walk in paths of righteousness

6. Its prophecies warn of danger and plant hope in the hearts of

7. Its story of Israel's kingdom gives background for our understanding of

II. OLD TESTAMENT - FROM GOD TO US

A. The Starting Point is Divine Revelation.

Revelation is God's communication of truth to man, without which man

3. The original autographs

Transmission is the process by which the Biblical manuscripts have been

Canonization is the identification of writing as being one of the Divinely

a. It spoke of God and His guidance

c. It did not contradict other writings

III. LIFE IN OLD TESTAMENT TIMES

A. An Oriental Town or City:

Wells, cisterns, streams and reservoirs provided a water supply.

I. Trades and Professions:

IV. THE HEBREW OLD TESTAMENT ARRANGEMENT

LAW PROPHETS WRITINGS

Former Latter Poetical Five Rolls Historical

3. Leviticus 8. Samuel 12. Ezekiel 16. Job 19. Lamentations 24.

4. Numbers 9. Kings 13. The 20. Ecclesiastes

5. Deuteronomy 21. Esther

V. THE PROTESTANT OLD TESTAMENT ARRANGEMENT

THE PROTESTANT OLD TESTAMENT ARRANGEMENT