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Review of Related Literature

Staying up late

The people who have committed to staying up past bedtime and have deprived

themselves of sleep made them achieve the task or tasks they have stayed up late for. Having

more time in the evening makes them more productive, since there is no time pressure. It is also

meditative to stay up late, since almost everyone is in a deep slumber, which gives them an

opportunity to channel their peace of mind. It has always been easy to wake up early just like the

morning larks due to sleep cycle flexibility (8 Health Benefits, n.d).

Everyone sleeps, but many people wish they could sleep better. Many people are

experiencing difficulties in sleeping. Around 15 percent complain of insomnia and anxiety as the

main reasons why they find it hard to sleep. Many use bedtime food drinks and even drink more

alcohol with the expectation that it would help improve their sleep. There are also people who

are saying that they didn’t feel refresh even after sleeping, and the possible cause of this are the

problems a person is facing; a person is being prevented of having a good sleep due to noises,

shift-work, wakeful babies, breathing difficulties, and so forth; as you grow older you find it

more difficult to sleep. If a person have a little sleep at night, the following day they are more

likely to drop off in the afternoon or early in the evening. If they are very short of sleep then they

would tend be unwise to take on tasks. Loss of sleep can cause someone to acquire memory

lapses or worse, loss. Other possible effects are they would likely experience feeling irritable,

stress, and depressed. (Oswald and Kirsten Adam (1983), Get a better night’s sleep)

Many people enjoy single period of sleeping starting late in the evening lasting until

morning. It is a must for everyone to sleep for sleep conserves energy and restores the body. A
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lot of people experience an occasional inability to fall asleep. The reason behind this is they

experience time zone change, shift work, nighttime arousal, environmental condition, and

insomnia. Because of these, they would commonly stay up late until the time that they would feel

sleepy. Going through a bed time routine may also affect a person’s sleep. If a person’s body is

calling her/him to wake up already, then she/he might as well wake up. If a person wakes up at 6

in the morning, and it happens continuously, then it might mean that her/his body clock is

already set, and stuck with the time of waking up at 6 a.m. Many people would stay up late due

to several reasons and it would affect them in different ways. (Mark Breedlove, Mark R.

Rosenzweig & Neil V. Watson (2007), Biological Psychology)

Everyone’s body needs rest, because it has to replenish its energy to allow our body to

resume to a precise functioning. When we have rest and sleep, we have enough energy to

perform activities in our daily living, but ta person who does not have enough sleep may be tired,

depressed, and irritable. Sleep is considered an altered state of consciousness in which an

individual’s perception and the person’s body’s responsiveness are decreased. There are 4 to 6

cycles of sleep during the normal hours of sleep of the usual sleeper which is 8 hours. Sleep may

change the body’s functional level. There has some factors that includes fatigue, environment,

illness, emotional stress, lifestyle and medications. (Kozier; Fundamentals of Nursing 7th

Edition)

One of the 2 types of sleep is the Paradoxical Sleep, which is the deepest part of the sleep

stages, since it is hard to wake the sleepers from this stage or the lightest sleep are the most

appropriate to awaken on their own during these stage. There are several observations to support

the contention of the deepest part of sleeping. The first one is normal sleep cycle where a person

goes through slow-wave sleep before entering the paradoxical sleep. The second one is
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individuals who require less total sleeping time than in normal it spend more time in paradoxical

while the 4 stage sleeps and less time in the lighter stage of slow-wave sleep. (L. Sherwood

1989)

As we get old, our body sleep-wake cycle changes and many people requires less sleep.

Almost individuals would sleep from 6 to 8 hours every night. Under the condition that removes

environmental cues is the body that adjusts to a 25 hours or longer. (Shier, Butler, Lewis 2000)

Students need to sleep for 8 hours to have good health and to participate during the

discussion of the teachers, but few students does not sleep for 8 hours, because of the pressure

from the school, their family, and their social life. Lack of sleep causes problems such as

decreased brain function and it is causes a damage to the immune system and to the motor skills.

Lack of sleep is said to cause negative moods such as pessimism, stress, fatigue and

anger. Sleep deprivation leads to increased errors in task requiring alertness, quick decision-

making and vigilance. One of the causes of sleep deprivation is a long work hours that results in

decreased ability to think clearly and feelings of stress, irritability and depression. Chronic sleep

loss is also associated with a general increase in health complaints and also poses a greater risk

of obstructive sleep apnea, and a heightened level of cardiovascular disease and cancer. Being

deprived in sleep weakens the immune system and may cause diseases and disorders such as

cancer, diabetes, or even a cold. (Diane LH, from the OHSU Division of Health Promotion and

Sports Medicine in Reports Executive Summary)