1.

Absolute pressure is zero-referenced against a perfect vacuum, so it is equal to gauge pressure plus atmospheric
pressure.

2. Archimedes' principle states that the upward buoyant force that is exerted on a body immersed in a fluid, whether
fully or partially submerged, is equal to the weight of the fluid that the body displaces and acts in the upward direction
at the center of mass of the displaced fluid. Archimedes' principle is a law of physics fundamental to fluid mechanics.

3. Atmospheric Pressure- sometimes also called barometric pressure, is the pressure within the atmosphere of Earth
(or that of another planet). In most circumstances atmospheric pressure is closely approximated by the hydrostatic
pressure caused by the weight of air above the measurement point.

4. barometer is a scientific instrument used in meteorology to measure atmospheric pressure. Pressure tendency can
forecast short term changes in the weather. Numerous measurements of air pressure are used within surface weather
analysis to help find surface troughs, high pressure systems and frontal boundaries.

5. Bernoulli’s theorem, in fluid dynamics, relation among the pressure, velocity, and elevation in a moving fluid (liquid or
gas), the compressibility and viscosity (internal friction) of which are negligible and the flow of which is steady, or
laminar.

6. Borda’s Mouthpiece- A reentrant tube in a hydraulic reservoir, whose contraction coefficient (the ratio of the cross
section of the issuing jet of liquid to that of the opening) can be calculated more simply than for other discharge
openings.

7. Bourdon Gauge- an instrument for measuring the pressure of gases or liquids, consisting of a semicircular or
coiled, flexible metal tube attached to a gauge that records the degree to which the tube is straightened by the
pressure of the gas or liquid inside.
8. Buoyant Force- is an upward force exerted by a fluid that opposes the weight of an immersed object. In a column
of fluid, pressure increases with depth as a result of the weight of the overlying fluid. Thus the pressure at the bottom of
a column of fluid is greater than at the top of the column.

9. Center of pressure is the point where the total sum of a pressure field acts on a body, causing a force to act through
that point. The total force vector acting at the center of pressure is the value of the integrated vectorial pressure field.

10. Converging Tube- A plastic converging-diverging tube was constructed to determine the separation and
reattachment points and the pressure drop across the entire stenosis. Water and blood were used in the experiments.

11. Culvert- a structure that allows water to flow under a road, railroad, trail, or similar obstruction from one side to the
other side. Typically embedded so as to be surrounded by soil, a culvert may be made from a pipe, reinforced concrete
or other material.

12. dam- is a barrier that stops or restricts the flow of water or underground streams.
13.Density- or more precisely, the volumetric mass density, of a substance is its mass per unit volume. The symbol most
often used for density is ρ (the lower case Greek letter rho), although the Latin letter D can also be used.
Mathematically, density is defined as mass divided by volume.

14. Diverging Tube- A plastic converging-diverging tube was constructed to determine the separation and reattachment
points and the pressure drop across the entire stenosis. Water and blood were used in the experiments.

15. Fluid is a substance that continually deforms (flows) under an applied shear stress. Fluids are a subset of the phases
of matter and include liquids, gases, plasmas, and to some extent, plastic solids. Fluids are substances that have zero
shear modulus, or, in simpler terms, a fluid is a substance which cannot resist any shear force applied to it.

16. Free Surface of a Liquid- is the surface of a fluid that is subject to zero parallel shear stress, such as the boundary
between two homogeneous fluids, for example liquid water and the air in the Earth's atmosphere.

17. Frictional Force refers to the force generated by two surfaces that contacts and slide against each other. These
forces are mainly affected by the surface texture and amount of force impelling them together. The angle and position
of the object affect the amount of frictional force.

18. Gauge pressure is zero-referenced against ambient air pressure, so it is equal to absolute pressure minus
atmospheric pressure. Negative signs are usually omitted.

19. Draft Gage- modified U-tube manometer used to measure draft of low gas heads, such as draft pressure in a
furnace, or small differential pressures, for example, less than 2 inches (5 centimeters) of water.
20. Hydraulics- is a technology and applied science using engineering, chemistry, and other sciences involving the
mechanical properties and use of liquids.

21. Hydraulics Gradient-a line joining the points of highest elevation of water in a series of vertical open pipes rising
from a pipeline in which water flows under pressure.

22. Hydraulic Jack- a mechanical device used as a lifting device to lift heavy loads or to apply great forces.

23. Hydraulic Jump- is a phenomenon in the science of hydraulics which is frequently observed in open channel flow
such as rivers and spillways.

24. Hydrodynamics- a branch of physics that deals with the motion of fluids and the forces acting on solid bodies
immersed in fluids and in motion relative to them.

25. Hydrostatic Uplift on Dams-The raised water level on the upstream edge or heel will also cause the water to seep
under the dam. The pressure due to this seepage is commonly called hydrostatic uplift and will reduce the stability of
the dam against sliding and against overturning.

26. Intensity of Pressure- is a qualitative measurement. It is defined as the force acting per unit area. It is denoted by ‘p’.

27. Kinetic Energy- the kinetic energy of an object is the energy that it possesses due to its motion. It is defined as the
work needed to accelerate a body of a given mass from rest to its stated velocity.

28. Laminar Flow- occurs when a fluid flows in parallel layers, with no disruption between the layers.

29. Liquid- is a nearly incompressible fluid that conforms to the shape of its container but retains a (nearly) constant
volume independent of pressure.
30. Manometer- an instrument for measuring the pressure of a fluid, consisting of a tube filled with a liquid, the
level of the liquid being determined by the fluid pressure and the height of the liquid being indicated on a scale.

31. Metacenter- the point of intersection between a vertical line through the center of buoyancy of a floating body such
as a ship and a vertical line through the new center of buoyancy when the body is tilted, which must be above the center
of gravity to ensure stability.

32. Micro manometer- A sensitive manometer that can measure very small differences in pressure.

33. Nappe -or thrust sheet is a large sheetlike body of rock that has been moved more than 2 km (1.2 mi) or 5 km
(3.1 mi) above a thrust fault from its original position.

34. Nozzle- is a device designed to control the direction or characteristics of a fluid flow (especially to increase velocity)
as it exits (or enters) an enclosed chamber or pipe.

35. Open Channel- a branch of hydraulics and fluid mechanics, is a type of liquid flow within a conduit with a free
surface, known as a channel.

36. Orifice- is any opening, mouth, hole or vent, as in a pipe, a plate, or a body
37. Pascal’s Law- is a principle in fluid mechanics that states that a pressure change occurring anywhere in a confined
incompressible fluid is transmitted throughout the fluid such that the same change occurs everywhere.

38. Piezometer- is either a device used to measure liquid pressure in a system by measuring the height to which a
column of the liquid rises against gravity, or a device which measures the pressure (more precisely, the piezometric
head) of groundwater.

39. Pitot -is a pressure measurement instrument used to measure fluid flow velocity.

40. Power-is the rate of doing work, the amount of energy transferred per unit time. Having no direction, it is a scalar
quantity.

41. Re-entrant - is a terrain feature formed by two parallel ridges or spurs with low ground in between them. The area
of low ground itself is the draw, and it is defined by the spurs surrounding it.

42. Relative Equilibrium of Liquids- is a condition where the whole mass of liquid including the vessel in which the liquid
is contained, is moving at uniform accelerated motion with respect to the earth, but every particle of liquid have no
relative motion between each other.
43. Siphon-is used to refer to a wide variety of devices that involve the flow of liquids through tubes.

44. Sluice Gate- is traditionally a wood or metal barrier sliding in grooves that are set in the sides of the waterway. Sluice
gates commonly control water levels and flow rates in rivers and canals.

45. Specific Gravity- is the ratio of the density of a substance to the density of a reference substance; equivalently, it is
the ratio of the mass of a substance to the mass of a reference
substance for the same given volume.

46. Standard Short Tube- A liquid evaporation process unit with a

vertical bundle of tubes 2-3 inches (5-8 centimeters) in diameter and
4-6 feet (1.2-1.8 meters) long; the heating fluid is inside the tubes,
and the liquid to be evaporated is in the shell area outside the tubes
47. Steady Flow- a flow in which the velocity of the fluid at a particular fixed point does not change with time — called
also stationary flow.

48. Turbulent Flow- a fluid flow in which the velocity at a given point varies erratically in magnitude and direction.

49. Vacuum- is space devoid of matter. An approximation to such vacuum is a region with a gaseous pressure much less
than atmospheric pressure.

50. Vapor Pressure- is defined as the pressure exerted by a vapor in thermodynamic equilibrium with its condensed
phases (solid or liquid) at a given temperature in a closed system.

51. Velocity Head- the velocity of a fluid expressed in terms of the head or static pressure required to produce that
velocity. It equals ρν/2 where ρ is the density of the fluid and ν is the velocity. In hydrology the density of water can be
written 1/G where G is the gravitational constant.

52. Vena-Contracta- is the point in a fluid stream where the diameter of the stream is the least, and fluid velocity is at its
maximum, such as in the case of a stream issuing out of a nozzle.

53. Venturi Meter- are flow measurement instruments which use a converging section of pipe to give an increase in the
flow velocity and a corresponding pressure drop from which the flow rate can be deduced.

54. Viscosity- of a fluid is a measure of its resistance to gradual deformation by shear stress or tensile stress. For liquids,
it corresponds to the informal concept of "thickness"; for example, honey has a much higher viscosity than water.

55. Water Hammer- commonly occurs when a valve closes suddenly at an end of a pipeline system, and a pressure wave
propagates in the pipe.
56. Weir- is a barrier across the horizontal width of a river that alters the flow characteristics of the water and usually
results in a change in the height of the river level.

57. Wetted Perimeter- is the perimeter of the cross sectional area that is "wet".