Chapter 4

📍 Aqueous solution - solution that is water is the dissolving medium

solution
� solvent - the substance present in greatest quantity
� solute - to be dissolved

📍 electrolytic property
- ability of solution to conduct electricity depends on the number of ions it contains
� electrolyte - substance whose aqueous solution contains ion (ionic)
� nonelectrolyte - substance that does not form ions in the solution (molecular)

📍 ionic solid- dissociates into its component ions as it dissolves

✏ water is very effective solvent for ionic compounds

📍 solvation process - helps stabilize the ions in solution and prevents cations and anions from
recombining

📍molecular compounds - when dissolves in water, the solution consist of intact molecules
dispersed throughout the solution ; mostly are nonelectrolytes

📍 strong electrolytes - solutes that exist in solution completely or nearly completely as ions
� all soluble ionic compounds and few molecular compounds

📍 weak electroytes - solutes that exist in solution mostly in the form of molecules with only a
small fraction in the form of ions

☝Chemical equilibrium - relative numbers of each type of molecule in the reaction are constant
over time

📍Precipitation reaction - reactions that result in the formation of an insoluble product

☝ occurs when certain pairs of oppositely charged ions attract each other so strongly that they
formed insoluble ionic solid
� precipitate - an insoluble solid formed by a reaction in solution
� cations and anions come together to form insoluble compounds

📍 solubility- amount of substance that can be dissolved in a given quantity of solvent

� insoluble - solubility is less than 0.01 mol/L
📍 all common ionic compounds of the alkali metal ions and of the ammonium ion are soluble in
water

📍Exchange reactions (metathesis reactions)

 - reactions in which positive ions and negative ions appear to exchange partners
E.g. acid base reactions

📍 molecular equation
- complete chemical formulas of products and reactants without indicating their ionic character
📍 complete ionic equation
- chemical equation indicating the ions that are in the solution
spectator ions - ions that appear in identical form both in reactants and products; only present
in bthe reaction but no direct role in the reaction
net ionic equation- results when spectator ions are ommitted or cancelled out; includes only
ions and molecules directly involved in the reaction

✏ ccharge is conserved therefore charged on the left must be the same to charge in the right
✏ if every ion in a complete ionic equation is a spectator then no reactions occurs
.
Procedures for writing net ionic equations
1. Write balance molecular equation for the reaction
2. Rewrite equation, show ions that form in the solution. Only strong electrolytes dissolved in
aqueous solution are written in ionic form
3. Identify then cancel spectator ions

📍 Acids and bases (common electrolytes)

acids- substance that ionize in aqueous solutions to form hydrogen ions

� often times called as proton donors
� monoprotic acids- yield one H+ per molecule of acid
� diprotic acid- yields 2 H+ per molecule acid

base- accept H+ ions ; produce OH- when dissolved in water

📍 strong and weak acids and bases

strong acids and bases- strong electrolytes, completely ionized in solution
weak acids and bases- weak electrolytes, partially ionized in solutions

📍📍 neutralization reaction- solution of an acid and base are mixed

� H+ and OH- come together to form H2O

✏ salt- any ionic compound whose cation comes from a base and whose anion comes from acid

Neutralization reaction between an acid and a metal hydroxide produces water and a salt.
☝ acid base reaction withngas formation
- carbonates and bicarbonates react with acid to form CO2 gas.
📍 oxidation-reduction reaction or redox equation
� electrons are transferred between reactants.

☝ corrosion- conversion of metal into a metal compound by a reaction between the metal and
some substances in the environment
� rusting- involves the reaction of oxygen with iron in the presence of water

📍 oxidation - loss of electron; become more positive, therefore oxidized

📍 reduction- gaining of electron; become more negative , therefore reduced

✏ when 1 losses electron 1 must also gain electrons

📍 oxidation number (oxidation states) - actual ccharge for monoatomic ion

☝ oxidation occurs when oxidation number increases and reduction when it decreases

(See page 137 for rules)

📍oxidation of metals by acids and salts

📍 displacement reaction
� ion in the solution is displaced or replaced through oxidation of element

📍 activity series - list of metals arranged in order or decreasing ease of oxidation (see 141)
☝ any metals can be oxidized by the ions of elements below it

�active metals- easily oxidized; react most readily to form compounds

� noble metals- low reactivity; very stable and form compounds less readily

Concentration - amount of solute dissolved in a given quantity of solvent or quantity of solution

📍 molarity (M)
M= ( moles solute) / (vol of solution in L)

📍 stock solutions - purchased/prepared solutions

📍 dilution - adding water to solution to obtain lower concentrations

Moles solute before dilution = moles solkute after dilution

Moles solute in conc soln = moles solute in dil soln
Mconc × Vconc = Mdil × Vdil
Grams of A ⬅ molar mass of A ➡ moles of A ⬅ M= mol/ L ➡ volume /molarity of A
⬆
Stoichiometric coefficients
⬇
Grams of B ⬅ molar mass of B ➡ moles of B ⬅ M= mol/ L ➡ volume / molarity of B

📍 titration - to determine the concentration of a particular solute in a solution, which involves

combining a sample of the solution with a reagent concentration of known solution ( standard
solution)
📍 equivalence point- point of titration at which stoichiometrically equivalent quantities are
brought together
📍 indicators - way to determine the equivalence point of titration has been reached.