Master Course Thesis

Insight on the 2014 Onset Eruption Products

of Mt. Kelud, Indonesia
インドネシア、ケルート火山 2014年オンセット噴火噴出物の研究

Astiti Anggorowati
6017102

Petrology Laboratory
Akita University

30 January 2019 1
Outlines

❑ Introduction
❑ Geological Setting
❑ Background Study
❑ Objectives
❑ Methods
❑ Results
❑ Discussion
❑ Conclusion

2
 Plinian Eruption
Introduction
Newhall and Shall (1982)
VEI 4 – 8

> 10 km plume

Pumice
(Walker, 1980)

> 108 - 109 m3 ejecta

Cioni et al.(2015)
Changes in:
Change magma composition and crystallinity
collapse in eruption style
the amount and nature of exsolved volatiles
and products type
in time vent and conduit geometry
access of external water to the plumbing system
(Sigurdsson et al., 1987; Bourdier et
al., 1997; Cioni et al., 2015) 3
 Location of Mt. Kelud
Geological Setting
(Zaennudin, 2008)

(Hall, 2002)

JAVA ISLAND

Mt. Kelud

1400 masl
N
1250 masl
1731 masl W

(Wikipedia) 4
 2007 lava dome forming eruption of Mt. Kelud
Background Study
Crater Condition before 2007 Lava Dome Formation 2007-2008 Lava Dome Formation

Before October 2007 (Zaennudin, 2008) (Zaennudin, 2009)

Recent Crater Condition

5 October 2017 (Personal Documentation) (Zaennudin, 2009)

5
 2014 eruption of Mt. Kelud
Background Study Satellite Imagery taken on 19 May 2014

Satellite Imagery from NASA

(Smithsonian Institution, 2014)

SUOMI and CALIPSO satellite image of the plume produced during 2014 eruption (Klemetti, 2014)(Maeno et al., 2017)
(Smithsonian Institution, 2014)
6
 Mechanism of 2014 eruption of Mt. Kelud
Background Study

Maeno et. al (2017) Goode et. al (2018)

7
 Products of 2014 eruption of Mt. Kelud
Background Study

Banded Pumice

Represent melts

Process triggering
eruption

Maeno et. al (2017) Goode et. al (2018)

8
Objectives

• Correlating the product sequences of the 2014 eruption

• Characterizing the western flank deposits

• Clarifying the western flank product deposition

• Characterizing the banded pumice

9
 Methods
• Geological Survey (17 locations)
• Petrographic Analysis
• Microscopy:
Thin Section: 14 (500µm-1mm)
Volcanic ash from Western Flank (9)
Volcanic ash from Southern Flank (1)
Volcanic ash from the crater (2)
Banded pumice from the crater (2)
• SEM-EDS Analysis (500µm)
Thin Section: 8 (of 14)
Volcanic ash from Western Flank (6)
Banded pumice (2)
• XRF Analysis
• Banded pumice: 4
Felsic part (1)
Mafic part (1)
Mix part (2)
10
 Fieldwork in 2017
Methods
K16

F
K15 E
D
C
Ki
B
B
A

11
Methods
Polarized-Light Microscope
No Sample SEM Observation XRF Analysis
Observation

1 K15A-1 √
2 K15A-2 √ √
3 K15B-1 √
4 K15B-3 √ √
5 K15C-1 √
6 K15C-2 √ √
7 K15D-2 √ √
8 K15E-3 √ √
9 K15F-1 √ √
10 K16Bp-1 √ √
11 K16Bp-2 √ √
12 K16C-1 √
13 K16C-2 √
14 K14(2)E √
15 K16Bp-f √
16 K16Bp-fm √
17 K16Bp-mf √
18 K16Bp-m √
12
RESULTS

13
 Stratigraphic Sections
Results

• Older eruption product is characterized by soil

layer
• Onset eruption product is characterized by the
presence of organic material in the deposits
• Plinian eruption product is characterized by the
abundance of pumice in the deposits
14
 Stratigraphic Sections
Results
Field descriptions

F : very fine sand matrix in yellowish brown color, rich

in pumice and lithic, contain accretionary lapilli,
massive
E : poorly sorted coarse sand matrix in grey color, rich
in pumice and lithic, massive
F
E D : medium sand matrix in yellowish color, stratified
D with grey color layer
C
Ki
B C : fine sand matrix in brown color, thin massive layer
B : poorly sorted medium sand matrix in grey color,
A
contain pumice and lithic, massive
A : very poorly sorted coarse sand grain matrix in grey
color, rich in pumice and lithic, contain carbonized
wood, pinching out deposit

15
 Stratigraphic Sections
Results
Field descriptions of Crater deposits

C C : Stratified very coarse sand

layer, the matrix contains
B abundant pumice and lithic

B : very coarse sand matrix

A massive layer, rich in pumice,
pinching out deposit, contain
B banded pumice

A : very coarse sand matrix

A massive layer, contain rich in
block of lithic, relatively no
pumice 16
 Stratigraphic Sections
Results Field descriptions

Post
Kp

Kp

(after Anggorowati, 2015; modified from Walker, 1971)

C : moderately sorted coarse sand matrix in brown

color, open fabric, containing altered lithics, pumice,
fresh lithics, and uncharred organic materials

B : moderately sorted coarse sand matrix in yellowish-

brown color, open fabric, contain abundant altered
lithics, pumice, fresh lithics, and uncharred organic
materials massive
A : relatively well sorted silt-size uniform grains in light
brown color, contain uncharred organic materials, close
fabric thin layer
17
 Petrographic analysis on the western flank deposits
Results Composition: pumice, scoria, fresh lithic, altered lithic, and
free crystals of plagioclase, orthopyroxene, clinopyroxene,
opaque minerals, and glomerocrysts

The pumices and scoriae have morphometry of angular with

medium to low sphericity. The fresh and altered lithics have
morphometry of angular with medium sphericity
The plagioclase crystals exhibit zoning textures.

K15D-2 K15D-1
F
E
D
C
Ki
B
Pumice Scoria
A K15A-2 K15A-2

Fresh Lithic Altered Lithic

18
 Petrographic analysis on the western flank deposits
Results
K14

K16

19
 Petrographic-SEM EDS analysis on the western flank deposits
Results

F
E
D
C
Ki
B

20
 SEM-EDS analysis on the western flank deposits: plagioclase phenocrysts
Results 95,00 K15
90,00
85,00
80,00
75,00
70,00

An Number
65,00 Layer D
60,00
Layer E
55,00
Layer F
50,00
45,00
40,00
35,00
F 0 100 200 300 400 500
µm
E Rim Core
95,00
D K15
90,00
C 85,00
Ki
B 80,00
75,00
70,00

An Number
A 65,00 Layer A
60,00
Layer B
55,00
Layer C
50,00
45,00
40,00
35,00
0 100 200 300 400
µm
21
 SEM-EDS analysis on the western flank deposits: plagioclase phenocrysts
Results

F
E
D
C
Ki
B

22
 Petrographic analysis on banded pumice: Phenocrysts
Results

Phenocrysts of Felsic Part:

Plagioclase
Orthopyroxene
Clinopyroxene
Glomerocrysts:
Pl, Opx, Cpx, Ti-Mt
Inclusion: Pl, Opx, Cpx, Ti-Mt, ±Ap
Phenocrysts of Mafic Part:
Plagioclase
Clinopyroxene
Orthopyroxene
Glomerocrysts:
Pl, Opx, Cpx, Ti-Mt
Inclusion: Pl, Opx, Cpx, Ti-Mt, ±Ap

23
 Petrographic analysis on banded pumice: Groundmass
Results
Felsic part Boundary part Mafic part

Larger vesicles Smaller vesicles

24
Few crystallinity Abundant crystallinity
 SEM EDS analysis on banded pumice: Plagioclase Phenocrysts
Results
Felsic part Mafic
K16Bppart
90,00

80,00

70,00

60,00

An Number
50,00
Felsic
40,00
Mafic

30,00

20,00
Rim Core
10,00
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
µm

25
 SEM-EDS analysis on banded pumice: Groundmass
Results
TAS Diagram (Le Maitre, 2002) Glass felsic
16
Glass mafic
Glass felsic at boundary
14
Phonolite
Glass mafic at boundary
12
Tephriphonolite
Trachyte
10
Phonotephrite
Na2O + K2O 8
Trachyandesite
Rhyolite
Basaltic-
Trachyandesite
6 Basanite Trachy-
Basalt

4 Dacite
Basaltic Andesite
Basalt andesite
2 Picro-
basalt

0
36 41 46 51 56 61 66 71 76 81

SiO2

Preliminary composition of volcanic glass groundmass

26
 XRF analysis on banded pumice
Results
SiO2 TiO2 Al2O3 Fe2O3 MnO MgO CaO Na2O K2O P2O5 (Miyashiro, 1974)
Sample
Total
Name mass mass mass mass mass mass mass mass mass mass
% % % % % % % % % %
K16Bp-f 54.74 0.62 18.25 9.71 0.21 3.73 8.90 2.78 0.69 0.14 99.77

K16Bp-fm 54.17 0.63 18.55 9.67 0.21 3.85 9.11 2.76 0.65 0.14 99.74

K16Bp-mf 53.98 0.64 18.42 9.78 0.21 3.86 9.2 2.72 0.65 0.14 99.62

K16Bp-m 53.83 0.64 18.39 10.21 0.21 3.96 9.15 2.71 0.64 0.14 99.89

27
DISCUSSION

28
 Correlating the product sequences of the 2014 eruption
Discussion K11
K10
K17
K15

NE vs S-W flanks
Deposited in different stage

29
 Characterizing the western flank deposits
Discussion Intralayer similarities:
• consist of pumice, scoria, fresh lithic, altered lithic, free
crystals of plagioclase, orthopyroxene, clinopyroxene,
titanomagnetite, and glomerocrysts, apatite
• crystal rich deposits
• Plagioclase exhibit oscillatory zoning and sieved-
texture
• Vitric materials morphometry of which angular with
relatively medium sphericity
K15
F
E Occurred in same stage
D
C Interlayer similarities:
Ki
B • layer K15A has vitric materials with angular shape with
low to medium sphericity, also found in deposit of layer
A K16C at lower part (crater) and top layer of K14E
(southern flank)
• layer K15A W flank exhibits pinching out deposit as
well as layer K16 C crater deposit
• layer K15 D W flank exhibits stratification as well as
layer K16 C crater deposit
30
 Clarifying the western flank product deposition
Discussion

Satellite Imagery taken on 19 May 2014

Ilustration is adapted from Maeno et. al (2017) and Goode et. al (2018)
(Maeno et al., 2017)
31
 Characterizing the banded pumice
Discussion
Felsic Similarities: Differences:
❑ Phenocryst minerals assemblage: ❑ Groundmass:
pl, opx, cpx, ti-mt, glomerocrysts, ±ap vesicularity & crystallinity
❑ Textures of plagioclase phenocrysts: ❑ Composition of plagioclase
oscillatory zoning phenocrysts
sieved-texture ❑ Groundmass: composition of glass
❑ Whole rock composition:
basaltic andesite

Both melts maintain their

Mafic physical properties

32
 Characterizing the banded pumice
Discussion
Felsic Microphenocrysts: Plagioclase Phenocrysts of K15 and
K15
relatively more stable Banded Pumice
condition of magma, allowing Albite Oligoclase
Albite Oligoclase Andesine
Andesine Bytownite Anorthite
Labradorite Bytownite
Labradorite Anorthite
the melt to cool down
F
Less evolved magma got injected
into Kelud erupted magma
E
chamber consist of more felsic D

Layer
magma, supported by the sieved- C
texture plagioclase
Mafic B
Microlites:
supercooling melt or increase in
0
A 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

An Number
liquidus temperatureMAGMA
COMMINGLED by volatile 0 20 40 60 80 100
exsolution or magma vesiculation K15 Core
An Number
K16Bp Felsic C K16Bp Mafic C
(Cashman and Blundy, 2000; Core Rim
Toramaru et al., 2008) K15 Rim K16Bp Felsic R K16Bp Mafic R

Triggering 2014 eruption

RISING MAGMA 33
Conclusion
1. 2014 onset eruption products is localized in the western-southern flanks and north
eastern flank with different aspect in organic materials condition and the abundance of
altered lithics. Hence, NE and western-southern flanks deposits were settled in different
stage.

2. All layers of onset product in western flank were deposited in same stage in which Ki-3.

3. The deposition of onset eruption products are classified into 3 stage: Ki-1, Ki-2, and Ki-3
Ki-1 and Ki-2 products correspond to A0 and A1 layers of Maeno et al. (2017), respectively.
Ki-3 products correspond to 2-PDC layer of Goode et al. (2018)

4. Felsic and mafic parts of banded pumice show similarity in preliminary mineral contents,
type of Plagioclase and Pyroxene zonings, and whole rock composition of basaltic
andesite. However, the difference is found in vesicularity, crystallinity, and composition in
the groundmass, and An number in which showing different trend on the rim of
Plagioclase. The sieved texture also supports that less evolved melt was ejected into
already settled more felsic melt in Kelud erupting magma chamber, triggering the
eruption. 34
 Thank you
ありがとうございます
Terima kasih