 ELASTOMERS

 And their Applications

 What is elastomer?
Elastomer are those materials that are composed of polymers and they
are joined by chemical bonds,

 Examples of Elastomers are ;

 Thermoplastic , Elastomer , Thermoset

 What is lattice?
1. a structure
consisting of strips of wood or metal crossed and
fastened together with square or diamond-shaped spaces left
between, used typically as a screen or fence or as a support for
climbing plants.

 Latticework, an ornamental criss-crossed framework, an

arrangement of crossing laths or other thin strips of material
 Lattice (music), an prepared grid model of pitch ratios
 Lattice (pastry), an decorative pattern of trip strips of pastry

 A symmetrical lattice is a two-port electrical wave filter in

which diagonally-crossed shunt elements are present – a
configuration which sets it apart from ladder networks. The
component arrangement of the lattice is shown in the
diagram below. The filter properties of this circuit were first
 developed using image impedance concept , but later the
more general techniques of network analysis were applied to
it.
 There is a replication of components in the lattice
network as the "series impedances" (instances of Za) and
"shunt impedances" (instances of Zb) both occur twice, an
arrangement that offers increased flexibility to the circuit
designer with a variety of responses achievable. It is possible for the lattice
network to have the characteristics of: a delay network,an amplitude or phase correcting
network, a dispersive network  or as a linear phase filter, according to the choice of
components for the lattice elements.

 High strength rubber:

 Currently, rubber is harvested mainly in the form of
the latex from the rubber tree or others. The latex is a sticky,
milky colloid drawn off by making incisions in the shout and
collecting the fluid in vessels in a process called "tapping".
The latex then is refined into rubber ready for commercial
processing. In major areas, latex is allowed to coagulate in
the collection cup. The coagulated lumps are collected and
processed into dry forms for marketing.
 Natural rubber is used extensively in many applications and
products, either alone or in combination with other materials.
In most of its useful forms, it has a large ratio and
high flexibility.

 Rubber exhibits unique physical and chemical properties.

Rubber's stress–strain behavior exhibits the Mullins
effect and the Payne effect and is often model as
Rubber strain crystallizes.
 Due to the presence of a double bond in each repeat unit,
natural rubber is susceptible to vulcanization and sensitive
to ozone cracking.
 The two main solvents for rubber are turpentine and naphtha
(petroleum). Because rubber does not dissolve easily, the
material is finely divided by shredding prior to its immersion.
 An ammonia solution can be used to prevent
the coagulation of raw latex.
 Rubber begins to melt at approximately 180 °C (356 °F).

 Styrene butadiene rubber:

 Styrenebutadiene
describes a family of
rubber .
 a general purpose synthetic rubber, produced from a copolymer
of styrene and butadiene. Exceeding all other synthetic rubbers
in consumption, SBR is used in great quantities in automobile and
truck tires, generally as an abrasion resistant replacement for natural
rubber produced from polyisoprene . Styrene-
butadiene or styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR)
describe families of synthetic rubbers derived
from styrene and butadiene (the version developed
by Goodyeare is called Neolit . These materials have
good abrasion resistance and good aging stability
when protected by additives. In 2012, more than 5.4
million tones of SBR were processed
worldwide. About 50% of car tires are made from
 various types of SBR. The styrene/butadiene ratio
influences the properties of the polymer: with high
styrene content, the rubbers are harder and less
rubbery. SBR is not to be confused with
a thermoplastic elastomer made from the same
monomers, styrene-butadiene block copolymer.

 Styrene-butadiene Rubber (copolymer of styrene and

butadiene, SBR)

 SBR is derived from two monomers, styrene and butadiene. The mixture of these two
monomers is polymerized by two processes: from solution (S-SBR) or as an emulsion
(E-SBR).[4] E-SBR is more widely used.

 Emulsion polymerization
 E-SBR produced by emulsion polymerization is initiated
by free radicals. Reaction vessels are typically charged with
the two monomers, a free radical generator, and a chain
transfer agent such as an alkyl mecaptain. Radical initiators
include potassium persulfate and hydro peroxides in
combination with ferrous salts. Emulsifying agents include
various soaps. By "capping" the upward organic radicals,
mercaptan (e.g. dodecylthiol), control the molecular weight,
and hence the viscosity of the product. Typically
polymerizations are allowed to proceed only to 70%, a
method called short stopping. In this way, various additives
can be removed from the polymer.
 Solution polymerization
 Solution-SBR is produced by an anionic polymerization
process. Polymerization is initiated by alkyl lithium
 compounds. Water is strictly excluded. The process is
homogeneous (all components are dissolved), which
provides greater control over the process, allowing tailoring
of the polymer. The organ lithium compound adds to one of
the monomers, generating a car anion that then adds to
another monomer, and so on. Relative to E-SBR, S-SBR is
increasingly favored because it offers improved wet grip and
rolling resistance, which translate to greater safety and
better fuel economy, respectively.

 Isoprene rubber


Isoprene rubber is a synthetic rubber produced using complex
catalysts of stereo specific polymerization in solvents.
 Isoprene rubber is highly resistant to fracture and abrasion. It has
electro insulating resistance. The operating temperature range of
isoprene rubber is from −55 °C up to +80 °C.
 Cis -isoprene synthetic rubber with a minimum content of 1to 4 -
bonds amounting to 96% is essentially a product of isoprene
polymerization in solution in the presence of catalyst based on
titanium compounds. It contains darkling antioxidant.
 Properties
 Release form
 Bales of gray or dark-gray color
 Container
 Corrugated containers on wooden pallet (540 kg net weight) or
plastic containers (540 kg net weight)
 Storage conditions
 IR rubber kept indoors at maximal temperature +30 ºС. In storage
rubber shall be protected from dirt, direct sun rays and atmospheric
precipitation.
 Shelf life
 2 years after the manufacture date
 Transportation
 Transportation by any mode of transport.
 Applications
 Tire production: tread
 Tire production: breaker
 Tire production: sidewall
 Hoses (hose products)
 Cable insulation
 Tire production: carcass
 Conveyor belts
 Driving belts
 Synthetic rubber is essentially a product of isoprene
polymerization in solution in the presence of catalyst on the basis
of titanium compounds and stabilized with light antioxidant

 Poly chloroprene rubber

 Polychloroprene Rubber

 a light-
yellow synthetic rubber that is a polymer of chloroprene, with
the general formula [—CH2—CCl=CH—CH2—
]n. Thedensity of polychloroprene rubbers varies from 1.20 to
1.24 g/cm3, and the molecular weight ranges from 100 × 103
 to 200 ×103. The glass-transition temperature is –
40°C, the volume electrical resistivity, 4.4 × 106 ohm· m, the
electric strength, 23megavolts/m, and the dielectric constant,
6.4 to 6.7.
 Polychloroprene rubbers are characterized by a number of s
pecific properties, determined by the presence of chlorine at
omsin the macromolecules. These properties include resista
nce to oil, gasoline, ozone, and heat; incombustibility; and th
e abilityto vulcanize through the addition of metallic oxides, f
or which purpose mixtures of ZnO and MgO are used in indu
stry.Polychloroprene rubbers crystallize upon stretching, and
consequently those that are uncompounded are most durabl
e.When polychloroprene rubbers are compounded, their dur
ability decreases in certain cases, but other valuable properti
es,such as tear strength and resistance to gasoline, usually i
mprove.
 Polychloroprene rubbers are synthesized industrially by poly
merization in an aqueous emulsion. They are mainly used in
theproduction of industrial rubber products, primarily convey
or and other types of belts and various hoses. They are also
used inthe production of wire and cable insulation and protec
tive coatings. Polychloroprene rubber adhesives and chlorop
renelatexes are also important in industry.
 The annual world production of polychloroprene rubbers am
ounts to approximately 400,000 tons. The most common trad
enames are Nairit in the USSR and Neoprene in the USA.

o lATEX
 
 Extraction of latex from a tree, for use in rubber production
 Latex is a stable dispersion emulsion of polymer micro
particles in an aqueous medium. It is found in nature, but
synthetic latexes can be made
by polymerizing a monomer such as styrene that has
been emulsified with surfactants.
 Latex as found in nature is a milky found in 10% of all
flowering plants angiosperms. It is a complex emulsion
consisting
of proteins, alkaloids, starches, sugars, oils, tannins, resins,
and gums that coagulate on exposure to air. It is usually
exuded after tissue injury. In most plants, latex is white, but
some have yellow, orange, or scarlet latex. Since the 17th
century, latex has been used as a term for the fluid
substance in plants. It serves mainly
as defense against herbivorous insects .Latex is not to be
confused with plant sap; it is a separate substance,
separately produced, and with separate functions.
 The word latex is also used to refer to natural latex rubber,
particularly non-vulcanized rubber. Such is the case in
products like latex gloves, latex condoms and latex clothing.
 Originally, the name given to latex by indigenous Equator
tribes who cultivated the plant was “caoutchouc”, from the
words “caa” (tear) and ochu (tree), because of the way it is
collect.