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p=(
r, )
x
dx
r dt
3
DifferentialEquations
O V =- a2
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS–2 2
2.1 LINEAR DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS WITH CONSTANT
COEFFICIENTS
A linear differential equation is that in which the dependent variable and its
derivatives occur only in the first degree and are not multiplied together.
Thus
dny d yn1 dy n 2 dy
n
p1 n 1
p2 n2
......... pn1 pn y X
dx dx dx dx
where p1, p2, p3 ......... pn and X are functions of x only.
A differential equation of the form
d d2 d3 dn
Let D, 2
D2 , 3
D3 ........... n
Dn
dx dx dx dx
where D is a differential operator.
Then equation (1) becomes
d2y dy
)1 Solve 7 44 y 0
2 dx
dx
Solution: The given equation in symbolic form is
(D2 – 7D – 44) y = 0
Its AE is D2 – 7D – 44 = 0
(D + 4) (D – 11) = 0
D = – 4, D = 11
Its solution is
y = c1e–4x + c2 e11x
d3y d2y dy
)3 Solve 3
2 2
4 8y 0
dx dx dx
Solution: The given equation is
(D3 – 2D2 – 4D + 8) y = 0
Its A.E. is D3 – 2D2 – 4D + 8 = 0
D2 (D – 2) – 4(D – 2) = 0
(D – 2) (D – 2) (D + 2) = 0
D = 2, 2, –2 are the roots
Its solution is
y = (c1x + c2) e2x + c3 e–2x
48 Engineering Mathematics–II
d4y
)4 Solve m4 y 0
dx 4
Solution: The given equation is
(D4 – m4) y = 0
Its AE is D4 – m4 = 0
(D2 – m2) (D2 + m2) = 0
(D – m) (D + m) (D – mi) (D + mi) = 0
D = m, –m, mi and –mi
Its solution is
y = c1emx + c2e–mx + (c3 cos x + c4 sin x)
D 2 2 mD m2 0, D 2 2 mD m 2 0
2 m 2 m 2 4m 2 2m 2 m 2 4 m 2
D=– ; D =
2 2
m mi m mi
= ; =
2 2 2 2
Its solution is
mx mx
mx mx mx mx
2 2
y = e c1 cos c2 sin e c3 cos c4 sin
2 2 2 2
Differential Equations–2 49
EXERCISE
d3y d2y dy
2. 3
6 2
11 6y 0
dx dx dx
Ans.: y = c1e–x + c2 e–2x + c3 e–3x
d3y d2y dy
3. 3
3 2
3 y0
dx dx dx
Ans.: y = (c1x2 + c2 x + c3) ex
d2y dy
4. 2
4 y0
dx dx
(2 3 x x
Ans.: y = c1 e) c2e)
(2 3
1
2.3 INVERSE OPERATOR
f ( D)
1
Definition: f ( D )X is that function of x, free from arbitrary constants which
1
Thus f(D) X X .
f (D)
50 Engineering Mathematics–II
1
f(D) and are inverse operators.
f (D)
Note the following important results:
1
1. X is the particular integral of f(D) y = X.
f ( D)
1
2. X X dx .
D
1
3. X eax X e ax dx .
Da
1
PI = X
f ( D)
1 1 ax 1 ax
PI = X e e . Provided f(a) 0.
f (D
) f (D
) f (a
)
Type I(B): When X is of the form eax but f(D) = 0 has got ‘a’ as its root
(Failure case of type 1).
1 ax 1 ax
PI = e e f ( a) 0
f)
(D 0
1
PI = e ax
( D a) ( D)
Differential Equations–2 51
eax 1
= 1
(a ) ( D a a )
e ax 1
= 1
(a ) D
e ax 1
=
(a )
.x
D
Similarly, if f(D) = (D – a)p (D) then
eax 1
PI = . p 1
(a ) D
e ax x p
= .
()a p!
Rule: Put D = a in those factors of f(D) which do not vanish for D = a and
then make the question as PI of a product of eax and 1 which is calculated.
Note: In case of sinh ax and cosh ax we take
eax e ax eax e ax
)i sinh ax = ii) cosh ax =
2 2
3 9 20 3 11
D = i
2 2 2
3
x 11 11
e 2
CF = c1 cos x c2 sin x
2 2
1
And, PI = 2
e2 x
D 3D 5
Put D = 2 in f (D)
52 Engineering Mathematics–II
1 1
= e 2 x e2 x
465 15
G.S. = CF + PI
3
x 11 11 1 2 x
y = e 2 c1 cos x c2 sin x e
2 2 15
d2y dy
Example 2: Solve 2
4 4 y 2sinh 2 x.
dx dx
Solution: Given equation is
(D2 + 4D + 4) y = 2 sinh 2x
2(e 2 x e 2 x )
= e 2 x e 2 x
2
AE is D2 + 4D + 4 = 0
(D + 2)2 = 0 D = –2, –2 are the roots.
CF = (c1x + c2) e–2x
1 1 e2 x
And PI for e2x = 2
e2 x 2
e2 x ...(1)
(D 2
) )(2 2 16
1 1
Also PI for e–2x = e 2 x e 2 x
2
( D 2) 0
1
PI = e 2 x 2
1
( D 2 2)
1 x2
= e
2 x
2
1 e2 x ....(2)
D 2!
GS = CF + PI1 – PI2
e2 x x2
y = (c1x + c2) e–2x + e 2 x .
16 2!
Differential Equations–2 53
x 1
= e 3
(1)
( D 1 1)
1 x3
= e–x 3
1 e x
D 3!
G.S. = CF + PI
x3
e x e x
y = (c1 x 2 c2 x c3 )
3!
1
PI = e 3 x
( D 1) ( D 3)
put D = –3 in f(D) then
1 3 x
PI = e method fails
0
e 3 x e 3 x 1 e 3 x
PI =
1
1 x
(3 1) ( D 3 3) ( 2) D 2
G.S. = CF + PI
54 Engineering Mathematics–II
e 3 x
y = c1e x c2e 3x x
2
Type II(A): When X is of the form sin ax or cos ax.
1 1
PI = sin ax
2
or cos ax
f (D ) f ( D2 )
1 1
= 2
sin ax or sin ax
) f ( a ) f (a2
In this case put the quantity – a2 in the place of D2, we can not put any
thing for D as is imaginary. D3 on substitution shall become D2 . D = –a2D,
D4 will be D2 . D2 = (–a2) (–a2).
In otherwords f(D) shall be reduced to a linear factor of the form lD – m
or D1 + m. Then multiply both numerator and denominator by a conjugate
factor lD + m or lD – m respectively, the denominator shall be reduced to
l2 D2 – m2 in which again put D2 = –a2 and it will become a constant i.e.,
l2 (–a2) – m2 = –a2 l2 – m2.
la cos ax m sin ax
PI =
a 2l 2 m 2
Type II B: (Failure case)
When X is of the form sin ax or cos ax but f(D) becomes zero when we
put D2 = –a2.
1 1
PI = sin ax
2
or cos ax
f (D ) f ( D2 )
Put D2 = –a2
1 1
PI = sin ax or cos ax
0 0
Our method fails
1 x
2
Then PI = 2 2
sin ax sin ax dx
D a
1 x
2
and PI = 2 2
cos ax cos ax dx
D a
Differential Equations–2 55
1 1 4 1 3
D = i
2 2 2
1
x 3 3
2
CF = e c1 cos x c2 sin x
2 2
1
And PI = 2
sin 2 x
D D 1
Put D = – z2
2
1 1
= sin 2 x sin 2 x
4 D 1 D 3
( D 3)
= sin 2 x
D2 9
Put again D2 = –22
D(sin 2)x (3sin 2)x
=
4 9
2 cos 2 x 3sin 2 x
=
13
G.S. = CF + PI
1
x 3 3 1
y= e 2
c1 cos x c2 sin x (2cos 2 x 3sin 2 x )
2 2 13
1
And PI = 2
cos3 x
D 5D 6
Put D = –32
2
1
= cos3 x
9 5D 6
1
= cos3x
5D 3
(5D 3)
= cos3x
25 D 2 9
Put D2 = –32 again
5 D(cos3)x 3(cos3)x
=
25 ( )9 9
2x 3x 1
y = c1e c2e (15sin 3x 3cos x)
234
1
= cos 2 x Our method fails.
0
Differential Equations–2 57
1 x
2
P.I. = 2
cos 2 x cos 2 x dx
D 4
x sin 2 x x
= sin 2 x
2 2 4
G.S. = C.F. + P.I.
x
y = c1 cos 2x + c2 sin 2x + sin 2 x .
4
1 1
= (4 4) ( 4 1) cos 2 x 0 cos 2 x
1 cos 2 x
PI = (4 1)
D2 4
1 x x sin 2 x x
=
3 2 cos 2 x dx
6 2
sin 2 x
12
...(1)
1
And PI for sin x = sin x
( D 4) ( D 2 1)
2
x
= cos x ....(2)
6
58 Engineering Mathematics–II
d2y dy
Example 1: Solve 2 5 2 y 5 2x .
dx 2 dx
Solution: The given equation is
(2D2 + 5D + 2) y = 5 + 2x
AE is 2D2 + 5D + 2 = 0
1
(2D + 1) (D + 2) = 0 D=– , D = –2
2
1
x
C.F. = c1 e 2 c2 e 2 x
1
P.I. = 2
(5 2 x )
2D 5D 2
1
1 (2 D 2 5D)
= 1 (5 2 x)
2 2
1 (2 D 2 5 D)
= 2 1 ........ (5 2 x )
2
Differential Equations–2 59
1 5
=
2 5 2 x 2 . 2
= x
G.S. = CF + PI
1
x
y = c1e 2 c2 e2 x x
1 1 1
= sin x dx cos x
2 2 D
1
iv) PI for 2x = 2 2x
D 2D 1
1
= 2
e x log 2
D 2D 1
Differential Equations–2 61
1 4 24 1
y = c1e ax c2e ax c3 cos ax c4 sin ax 4
x 4 4 sin bx
a a b a4
Type IV: When X is of the form eaxV, where V is any function of x.
1 ax
e V
PI = f ( D)
ax 1
= e V
f ( D a)
Rule: It means that take out eax and in f(D) write D + a for every D so that
1
f(D) becomes f(D + a) and then operate with V alone by previous
f ( D a)
method.
1
And PI = 2
e 2 x sin 3 x
D 4D 3
2x 1
= e 2 sin 3x
( D )2 4( D )2 3
1
= e2x 2 sin 3 x
D 4D 4 4D 8 3
2x 1
= e 2 sin 3 x
D 1
put D2 = –32
2x 1
= e sin 3x
9 1
62 Engineering Mathematics–II
1 2x
= e sin 3x
10
G.S. = CF + PI
1 2x
y = c1ex + c2 e3x – e sin 3x
10
1
i) PI for x2 = 2
x2
D 5D 6
1
1 ( D 2 5D )
2
= 1 (x )
6 6
1 ( D 2 5 D) ( D 2 5D) 2
= 6 1 ........... ( x 2 )
6 6
1 D 2 5D 25 2
= 6 1 D .......... ( x 2 )
6 6 36
1 2 2 10 x 50
=
6 x 6 6 36
1 2 10 x 19
=
6 x 6 18
64 Engineering Mathematics–II
x 1
= e 2
x sin x
( D 1 1)
x 1
= e ( x sin x)
D2
x 1
= e
D x sin x dx
1
= e
x
x( cos )x ( sin )x
D
x
= e ( x cos x sin x) dx
d2y dy
Example 4: Solve 2
2 y xe x cos x
dx dx
Solution: Given equation is
(D2 _ 2D + 1) y = xex cos x
AE is D2 – 2D + 1 = 0
(D – 1)2 = 0 D = 1, 1
CF = (c1x + c2) ex
And,
1
PI = 2
xe x cos x
( D 1)
x 1 1
= e 2
x cos x e x 2 x cos x
( D 1 1)
D
x 1
D
= e . x cos x dx
Differential Equations–2 65
1
= e
x
x sin x 1 ( cos x)
D
x
= e ( x sin x cos x) dx
= ex [x (– cos x) + sin x + sin x]
= ex (–x cos x + 2 sin x)
GS = CF + PI
y = (c1x + c2) ex + ex (–x cos x + 2 sin x)
x d2y dy
Example 5: Solve e 2
2e x e x y x2
dx dx
Solution: Given equation is
d2y dy
2
2 y x 2 e x
dx dx
AE is D2 + 2D + 1 = 0
(D + 1)2 = 0 D = –1, 1
CF = (c1x + c2) e–x
1
And, PI = 2
x 2 e x
( D 1)
x 1 2
= e 2x
D
1 1 x3
= e x x 2 dx e x
D D 3
e x e x x4
= x 3dx .
3 3 4
e x x 4
=
12
GS = CF + PI
1 x 4
y = (c1x + c2) e–x + e x
12
Differential Equations–2 67
G.S. = CF + PI
1
y = c1 cos 2x + c2 sin 2x + (3x sin x – 2 cos x)
9
d2y
Example 2: Solve 2
y x 2 sin x
dx
Solution: Given equation is
(D2 + 1) y = x2 sin x
AE is D2 + 1 = 0 D=±i
CF = c1 cos x + c2 sin x
1
PI = 2
x 2 sin x
D 1
1
= 2 imaginary part of x2 eix
D 1
1 2
= Imaginary part of eix 2 x
( D i ) 1
ix 1 2
= Imaginary part of e 2 x
D 2 Di 1 1
1
1 ix D
= Imaginary part of e 1 2i ( x2 )
2 Di
ix 1 D D2 2
= Imaginary part of e 1 2 ......... ( x )
2 Di 2i 4i
eix 2 2x 2
= Imaginary part of
2 Di x 2i 4
eix 2 1
= Imaginary part of
2 Di x ix 2
eix x3 ix 2 x
= Imaginary part of 2i 3 2 2
68 Engineering Mathematics–II
eix
= Imaginary part of (2 x3 3 x ix 2 )
12i
1
= Imaginary part of (cos x + i sin x) (2x3 – 3x + i 3x2)
12i
1
= Imaginary part of [(cos x) (2x3 – 3x) – (sin x) 3x2
12i
+ i (2x3 – 3x) sin x + 3x2 cos x]
1
= (2x3 – 3x) cos x – 3x2 sin x
12
Taking imaginary part only.
GS = CF + PI
1
y = c1 cos x + c2 sin x – (2x3 – 3x) cos x – 3x2 sin x.
12
d2y
Example 3: Solve 2
a 2 y sec ax
dx
Solution: Given equation is
(D2 + a2) y = sec ax
AE is D2 + a2 = 0 D = ± ai
CF = c1 cos ax + c2 sin ax
1
And, PI= sec ax
D a2
2
1
= ( D ai) ( D ai) sec ax
1 1 1
= sec ax
2ai D ai D ai
1 1 1
= sec ax sec ax
2ai D ai D ai
Now,
70 Engineering Mathematics–II
1 1
PI = tan ax tan ax
D2 a2 ( D ai)( D ai)
1 1 1
= tan ax, by partial fractions
2ai D ai D ai
1 1 1
= tan ax tan ax
2ai D ai D ai
1
Now tan ax eiax tan ax e iax dx
D ai
iax
= e tan ax (cos ax i sin ax) dx
iax sin 2 ax
= e sin ax i dx
cos ax
1 iax
= e (cos ax i sin )
ax i log(sec ax tan )
ax
a
1 iax iax
= e e i log (sec ax tan ax)
a
1
= 1 ieiax log (sec ax tan ax)
a
Changing i to –i we get
1 1
tan ax = 1 ieiax log(sec ax tan ax)
D ai a
PI =
1 1
1
1 ieiax log(sec x tan x 1 e iax log(sec ax tan ax )
2ai a a
1
= log (sec ax + tan ax) . cos ax
a2
Differential Equations–2 71
GS = CF + PI
1
y = c1 cos ax + c2 sin ax – cos ax log (sec ax + tan ax)
a2
d2y dy
Example 2: Solve the initial value problem 2
4 5 y 2cosh x 0
dx dx
dy
given y = 0, 1 at x = 0.
dx
Solution: Given equation is
(D2 + 4D + 5) y = –2 cosh x
2(e x e x )
= (e x e x )
2
AE is D2 + 4D + 5 = 0
4 16 20
D = 2 i
2
CF = e–2x (c1 cos x + c2 sin x)
Differential Equations–2 73
x x
= cos a
2 sin x dx sin a .
2 cos x dx
x cos x x sin x
= cos a . sin a
2 2
GS = CF + PI
1 1
y = c1 cos x + c2 sin x – cos a x cos x sin a x sin x
2 2
1 1
and y = c1 sin x c2 cos x cos a cos x cos a . x sin x
2 2
1 1
sin a sin x sin a . x cos x
2 2
Given y = 0, y = 0 when x=0
0 = c1 c1 = 0
1 1
and 0 = c2 cos a c2 cos a .
2 2
The complete solution is
1 1 1
y = cos a sin x cos ax cos x sin a x sin x
2 2 2
1 1
= cos a (sin x x cos
)x sin a x sin x
2 2
d2y dy
Example 4: Solve the initial value problem 2
5 6 y 0 given
dx dx
dy
y (0) = 0, (0
) 15 .
dx
Solution: Given equation is
(D2 + 5D + 6) y = 0
AE is D2 + 5D + 6 = 0
(D + 2) (D + 3) = 0 D = –2, –3
CF is y = c1e–2x + c2 e–3x
dy
and = – 2c1e–2x – 3c2 e–3x
dx
74 Engineering Mathematics–II
dy
At x = 0, y = 0 and 15
dx
0 = c1 + c2
15 = –2c1 – 3c2 Solving c2 = –15 and c1 = 15
The complete solution is
y = 15e–2x – 15e–3x
= 15 (e–2x – e–3x)
dx dy
Example 1: Solve y sin t ; x cos t
dt dt
Solution: The simultaneous equation are
Dx + y = sin t ....(1)
d
Dy + x = cos t )....(2 where D
dt
Multiply (1) by D
D2x + Dy = cos t ....(3)
Dy + x = cos t ....(4)
Subtracting (4) from (3) we get
D2x – x = 0
AE is (D2 – 1) = 0 D = 1, –1
x = c1 et + c2 e–t ....(1)
And Dx + y = sin t
y = sin t –
d
dt
c1et c2 e t
y = sin t – c1et – c2 e–t
Differential Equations–2 77
d4y
3. Solve y cos x cosh x
dx 4
1
Ans.: y = c1ex + c2 c–x + c3 cos x + c4 sin x – cos x cosh x .
5
d2y
4. Solve y cosec x
dx 2
Ans.: y = c1 cos x + c2 sin x + sin x log sin x – x cos x.
5. Solve (D2 – 4D + 3) y = sin 3x cos 2x
1
= sin 5x sin x
2
1 1
Ans.: y = c1ex + c2 e3x + (10cos 5 x 11sin
) 5 x (sin x 2cos
)x
884 20
6. Solve (D2 – 3D + 2) y = 6 e–3x + sin 2x.
3 3 x 1
Ans.: y = c1 ex + c2 e2x + e (3cos 2 x sin 2 x )
10 20
7. Solve (D2 – 4) y = (1 + ex)2
1 2 x 1 2x
Ans.: y = c1 e2x + c2e–2x e xe
4 3 4
d2y dy
8. Solve 2
3 2 y xe3 x sin 2 x
dx dx
1 3x 1
Ans.: y = c1ex + c2 e2x + e (2)
x 3 (3cos 2 x sin
) 2x
4 20
d2y
9. Solve 4 y 4 tan 2 x
dx 2
Ans.: y = c1 cos 2x + c2 sin 2x – cos 2x log (sec 2x + tan 2x)
Differential Equations–2 79
Case VII: If X = eax (a0 + a1x + a2x2 + .......... + an xn) sin bx or cos bx then
the particular integral is of the form.
y = eax {(A0 + A1x + ........ + Anxn) sin bx + (B0 + B1x + .... + Bnxn)
cos bx}
Note: However, when X = tan x or sec x, this method fails, since the
number of terms obtained by differentiating X = tan x or sec x is
infinite.
1
Solving, A2 = , A1 = 2, A0 = 3
2
1 2
PI = 3 + 2x + x
2
GS = CF + PI
1 2
y = c1ex + c2e2x + 3 2 x x
2
80 Engineering Mathematics–II
1 1 3 1
PI = x sin x cos x
4 2 10 10
G.S. = CF + PI
1 1 3 1
y = c1ex + c2 e–2x – x sin x cos x
4 2 10 10
1
4A1 = 0 A0 = – , A1 = 0
8
1 1
4A2 = 1 A2 = , B
4 5
1 1 1
PI = x 2 e x
8 4 5
G.S. = CF + PI
1 1 1 x
y = c1 cos 2x + c2 sin 2x – x e .
8 4 5
Differential Equations–2 83
1 1 16 1 17
D =
2 2
)(1 17 )(1 17
x x
CF = c1 e 2 c2 e 2
1 1
–4 A1 = 1 A0 , A1
16 4
2 1
–8B0 – 2B1 = 1 B0 , B1
17 34
2B0 – 8B1 = 0
1 1 2 1
PI = x cos 2 x sin 2 x
16 4 17 34
G.S. = CF + PI
)(1 17 x )(1 17 x
1 1 2 1
y = c1e 2 c2 e 2 x cos 2 x sin 2 x
16 4 17 34
84 Engineering Mathematics–II
d2y
y sin x .
dx 2
Solution: Given differential equation is
y + y = sin x ...(1)
AE is D2 + 1 = 0 D+±i
CF = c1 cos x + c2 sin x
Note that ‘sin x’ is common in CF and RHS of the equation and
therefore particular integral is of the form
y = x (A cos x + B sin x)
y = x (–A sin x + B cos x) + (A cos x + B sin x)
y = x (–A cos x – B sin x) + (–A sin x + B cos x)
+ (– A sin x + B cos x)
Substituting in (1)
–2A sin x + 2B cos x = sin x
Equating the coefficients
–2A = 2 and 2B = 0
1
A= and B=0
2
1
PI = x cos x
2
GS = CF + PI
1
y = c1 cos x + c2 sin x – x cos x
2
7 3
2A2 – 3 A1 + 2A0 = 0 A0 = , A1
4 2
1
2A2 = 1 A2 B=–1
2
7 3 1
PI = x x 2 xe x
4 2 2
G.S. = CF + PI
x 2x 7 3 1
y = c1e c2e x x 2 xe x
4 2 2
iv
) (D3 – D) y = 3ex + sin x ....(1)
Hint: D(D2 – 1) = 0 D = 0, D=1 D = –1
CF = c1 + c2 ex + c3 e–x
Differential Equations–2 87
A O x P A
a
Let O be the fixed point in the line AA. Let P be the position of the
particle at any time t where
OP = x
Since the acceleration is always directed towards O i.e., the acceleration
is in the direction opposite to that in which x increases, the equation of
motion of the particle is
d 2x d
= – 2x or (D2 + 2)x = 0 where D ...(1)
dt 2 dt
which is the linear differential equation with constant coefficient.
88 Engineering Mathematics–II
dx
= – c1 sin t + c2 cos t....(3)
dt
If the particle starts from rest at A, where OA = a then from (2) at t = 0,
x = 0. c1 = a.
dx
and from (3), at t = 0, 0 c2 0
dt
x = –a sin t ...(4)
dx 2 x2
and = a 1 cos t a 1 2 ...(5)
dt a
dx
= a 2 x 2 ...(6)
dt
Hence equation (4) gives the displacement of the particle from the fixed
point O at any time t.
Equation (6) gives the velocity of the particle at any time t. Equation (6)
also shows that the velocity is directed towards O and decreases as x
increases.
mg ( s l )
For the elongation (s – l), tension =
e
Since tension is the only horizontal force acting on the particle, its
equation of motion is
d 2s
m = –T
dt 2
d 2s mg ( s l )
m 2 =
dt e
d 2s g gl
or 2 =
s
dt e e
d 2s g gl 2 g gl d
s = or D s ....(1) when D
dt 2
e e e e dt
Which is the linear differential equation
g g
Its AE is D 2 0 D i
e e
g g
CF = c1 cos t c2 sin t .
e e
1 gl gl 1 gl 1
And, PI = e 0t . l
g e e D2 g e g
D2 e
e e
The complete solution of (1) is
g g
s = c1 cos e t c2 sin e t l ...(2)
b) Damped Oscillations O
d2x dx
m 2 =
mg k (e x)
r
dt dt damper
mg
dx
= kx r
dt
r k
Taking = 2 and 2 .
m m
We get
d 2x dx
2
2 2 x 0 ....(3) O
dt dt
Which is the linear differential equation
with constant coefficient.
c) Forced Oscillations A
(Without dumping) e
If the point of the support of the spring is also B mp cos nt
vibrating with some external periodic force,
then the resulting motion is called the forced
oscillatory motion. x
Taking the external periodic force to be k (e + x)
mp cos nt the equation of the motion is P
2
d x
m mg k ()
e x mp cos nt
dt 2
= – kx + mp cos nt mg
92 Engineering Mathematics–II
k
Taking 2 the equation becomes
m
d 2x
2
2 x = p cos nt ....(4)
dt
Which is linear differential equation.
The solution of equation (4) is
p cos nt
x = c1 cos t + c2 sin t +
n2 2
dx
If in addition, there is a damping force proportional to velocity say: r
dt
then the above equation becomes.
O
A
e
dx mp cos nt
r B
dt
x
k (e + x)
damper
mg
d2x dx
m 2 = mg – k (e + x) + mp cos nt – r
dt dt
dx
= – k x + mp cos nt – r
dt
Differential Equations–2 93
r k
Taking 2 and 2 then the equation becomes
m m
d2x dx
2
2 2 x p cos nt
dt dt
Which is a linear differential equation and its solution is
With the increase of time, the free oscillations die away while the
forced oscillations continue giving the steady state motion.
a) L – C Circuit
Consider an electrical circuit containing an inductance L and capacitance C.
C V
Let i be the current and q be the charge in the condenser plate at any
time t then the voltage drop across
di d 2q
L = L L 2
dt dt
q
and voltage drop across C
C
As there is no applied e.m.f. in the circuit, therefore by Kirchooff’s first
law, we have
d 2q q
L 0
dt 2 C
94 Engineering Mathematics–II
1
Dividing by L and taking 2 we get
LC
d 2q
2 q 0 ...(1)
dt 2
Which is linear differential equation and it reprsents free electrical
2
oscillations of the current having period 2 Lc .
b) L – C – R Circuit
Consider the discharge of a condenser through an inductance L and the
resistance R. Since the voltage drop across L, C and R are respectively.
C V
R L
d 2q q dq
L 2
, and R
dt C dt
By Kirchhoff’s law, we have
d 2q dq q
L 2
R + =0
dt dt C
R 1
Taking 2 and 2 we get
L LC
d 2q dq
2
2 2 q 0 ....(2)
dt dt
Which is the linear differential equation.
96 Engineering Mathematics–II
d 2q dq q
L 2
R p cos nt
dt dt C
Dividing by L
d 2 q R dq q p
2
cos nt
dt L dt LC L
R 1
Taking 2 and 2 , we have
L LC
d 2q dq p
2
2 2 q cos nt
dt dt L
Which is the linear differential equation.
Note: The L – C – R circuit with a source of alternating e.m.f. is an
electrical equivalent of the mechanical phenomena of forced oscillations with
resistance.
d 2q dq q
L 2
R E sin pt
dt dt C
2 1
The circuit is tunned to resource so that p . If initially the
LC
R
current i and the charge q be zero, show that for small values of . The
L
Et
current in the circuit at time t is given by sin pt .
2L
Solution: Given differential equation is
2 1
LD RD q E sin pt ....(1)
C
2 1
AE is LD RD 0
C
Differential Equations–2 97
4L
R R2
C R R2 1
D = 2
2L 2L 4 L LC
R
As is small, we have
L
R 1 R
D = i ip
2L LC 2L
Rt
CF = e 2 L (c cos
1 pt c2 sin pt )
Rt
= 1 (c1 cos pt c2 sin pt )
2L
2
R
rejecting the terms in etc.
L
1
And PI = E sin pt
1
LD 2 RD
C
E sin pt E 1
= sin pt dt p2
1 R LC
Lp 2 RD
C
E
= cos pt
Rp
Thus the complete solution is
Rt E
q = 1 c1 cos pt c2 sin pt cos pt ...(ii)
L Rp
dq Rt
i= = 1 ( c1 sin pt p c2 cos pt p )
dt L
R E
(c1 cos pt c2 sin)
pt sin pt ....(iii)
L R
98 Engineering Mathematics–II
When t = 0, q = 0, i = 0
E E
From (ii) 0 = c1 c1
Rp Rp
R Rc1 E
and from (iii) 0 = c2 p c1 c2
2L 2 Lp 2 Lp 2
Rt E
i = 1 sin pt c2 cos pt p
L Rp
R E E E
cos pt 2
sin pt sin pt
2L Rp 2 Lp R
Et R
= sin pt is small
2L L
D. Deflection of Beams
d2y 2 a2R
a y (l x)
dx 2 p
R sin ax
Prove that the deflection curve is y l cos ax l x and
p a
al = tan al.
Solution: Given differential equation is
a2R
(D2 + a2)y = (l x) ....(1)
p
Its AE is D2 + a2 = 0 D= ± ai
CF = c1 cos ax + c2 sin ax
1 a2 R
And PI = (l x)
D2 a 2 p
Differential Equations–2 101
1
w D2 2
= 1 2 ( x lx)
2 EIa a
w 2 2
= x lx 2 where p = EIa2
2p a
Thus the complete solution of (1) is
w 2 2
y = c1 cosh ax + c2 sinh ax – x lx 2 ...(ii)
2p a
At the end O, t = 0 when x = 0
w w
(ii) gives O = c1 c1
pa 2 pa 2
At the end A, y = 0 when x = l
w
(ii) gives, O = c1 cosh al + c2 sinh al –
pa 2
w w
c2 sinh al = (1 cosh al ) c1
pa 2 pa 2
w al
c1 = 2
tanh
pa 2
Substituting in (ii)
w al w 2 2
y = cosh ax tanh sinh ax x lx 2
pa 2 2 2p a
Which is the deflection of the beam at N.
l
Thus the central deflection = y at x
2
w al al al wl 2
y = cosh tanh sinh 1
pa 2 2 2 2 8p
w al wl 2
= sec h 1
pa 2 2 8p
102 Engineering Mathematics–II
d2y l w l
EI 2
at x = py ( x 2 lx ) at x
dx 2 2 2
w al
= sech 1
a 2
EXERCISES
d2y dy
2. The solution of the differential equation 2
3 0 is
dx dx
d2y dy
4. The solution of the differential equation 2
2 y 0 is
dx dx
ex ex ex
(a) ex (b) (c) (d)
12 30 6
7. Particular integral of the differential equation (D2 + 4) y = sin 2x is
x x x x
(a) sin 2 x (b) cos 2 x (c) cos 2 x (d) cos 2 x
2 4 2 4
8. When X = eaxV where V is any function of x then particular integral is
106 Engineering Mathematics–II
d3y d2y dy
18. Solve 3
3 2
3 y0
dx dx dx
d3y
19. Solve y 0
dx3
d2y dy
20. Solve 2
2 10 y 0, y (0) 4, y (0) 1
dx dx
d2y dy
22. Solve 2
x2 2x 4
dx dx
d2y
26. Solve a 2 y sec ax
dx 2
d2y dy
27. Solve 2
4 4 y 8 x 2 e2 x sin 2 x
dx dx
dx dy
7 x y, 2x 5 y .
dt dt
dx dy
29. Solve y sin t ; x cos t given x = 2, y = 0 when t = 0.
dt dt
dx dy
30. Solve 5 x 2 y 5, 2 x y 0 given x = 0, y = 0, when
dt dx
t = 0.
108 Engineering Mathematics–II
1 1
(26) y = c1 cos ax + c2 sin ax + x sin ax 2 cos ax log cos ax
a a
(27) y = (c1 + c2x) e2x – e2x [4x cos 2x + (2x2 – 3) sin 2x]
1 1
(30) x) (1 6t e3t ) (1 3t
27 27
2 2
y= (2 3t e 3t )
) (2 3t
27 27
_________