COMPRESSION

AND
FLEXURAL MEMBERS

Prepared by:

ENGR. DENISE T. LEGASPI, M.Eng., M.ASEP

Professor, Building Design 1
COLUMNS – COMPRESSION MEMBER
 Types of Columns
1. Plain concrete pedestal – this may be used only if
the height does not exceed three times the least
lateral dimension
2. Tied column-A column in which the longitudinal
bars are braced with a series of closed ties
3. Spiral column-a column in which the longitudinal
bars an concrete core are wrapped with a closely
spaced helix or spiral.
4. Composite column – this column may contain a
structural steel shape surrounded by longitudinal
bars with ties or spirals or it may consist of high-
strength steel tubing filled with concrete.
Rectangular tied column
Circular tied column
 Spiral column

Concrete Pedestal
Composite column
TYPES OF LATERAL BRACING ON COLUMN
 Ties – effective in increasing the column
strength. They prevent the longitudinal bars
from being displaced during construction, an they
resist the tendency of the same bars to buckle
outward under load, which would cause the outer
concrete cover to break or spall off.
 Spirals – even more effective than ties in
increasing a column’s strength. The closely
spaced spirals do a better job of holding the
longitudinal bars in place, and they also confine
the concrete inside and greatly increase its
resistance to axial compression.
NSCP 2010 CODE PROVISIONS
 Limits of Reinforcement for Tied Columns (Section
410.10)
1. Steel area (Ast) shall not be less than 0.01Ag and
shall not be more than 0.08Ag.
2. The minimum number of longitudinal bars is 4 for
bars within rectangular or circular ties, 3 for bars
within triangular ties.
 Spacing of Main bars
1. Clear distance between longitudinal bars shall not
be less than 1.5db nor 40mm (Section 407.7.3)
 Sizes and Spacing of Ties
1. Use 10mm diameter ties for 32mm bars or smaller
and at least 12mm in size for 36mm, 42mm, 58mm,
and bundled longitudinal bars (Section 407.11.5.1)
NSCP 2010 CODE PROVISIONS
2. Vertical spacing of ties shall not exceed:
(Section 407.11.5.2)
16 x db ; db=longitudinal bar diameter)
48 x ds ; ds=tie diameter
least dimension of column
3. Ties shall be arranged such that every corner
and alternate longitudinal bar shall have lateral
support provided by the corner of the tie with an
included angle of not more than 135º and no bar
shall be farther than 150mm clear on each side
along the tie from such a laterally supported
bar. Where longitudinal bars are located around
the perimeter of a circle, a complete circular tie
is allowed. (407.11.5.3)
NSCP 2010 CODE PROVISIONS
 Limits of Reinforcement for Spiral Columns
(Section 410.10)
1. Steel area (Ast) shall not be less than 0.01Ag
and shall not be more than 0.08Ag.
2. The minimum number of longitudinal bars is 6.
 Sizes and Spacing of Spiral
1. Spirals shall consist of evenly spaced continuous
bar or wire of such size and so assembled to
permit handling and placing without distortion
from designed dimensions.
2. For cast-in-place construction, size of spirals
shall not be less than 10mm diameter.
3. Clear spacing between spirals shall not exceed
75mm, nor be less than 25mm.
NSCP 2010 CODE PROVISIONS
4. Anchorage of spiral reinforcement shall be provided
by 1½ extra turns of spiral bar or wire at each end of
a spiral unit.
5. Splices of spiral reinforcement shall ne lap splice of
48db but not less than 300mm or welded.
6. The percentage of spiral steel ρs is computed from
the following equation
𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑝𝑖𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑖𝑛 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑝
𝑝𝑠 =
𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎 𝑝𝑖𝑡𝑐ℎ 𝑠

4𝑎𝑠 (𝐷𝑐 − 𝑑𝑏 )
𝑝𝑠 =
𝑠𝐷𝑐2

Where 𝑎𝑠 is the cross-sectional area of spiral bar,

𝐷𝑐 is the diameter of the core out to out of the spiral
𝑑𝑏 is the diameter of the spiral bar
NSCP 2010 CODE PROVISIONS
Minimum spiral percentage (Section 410.10.3)
𝐴𝑔 𝑓𝑐′
𝑝𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.45 −1
𝐴𝑐 𝑓𝑦ℎ
Where 𝑓𝑦ℎ is the specified yield strength of spiral reinforcement
but not more than 415 MPa.
𝑓𝑐′ is the compressive strength of concrete
BEAMS – FLEXURAL MEMBERS
EXAMPLES OF BEAMS

REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAMS

STEEL BEAM
TYPES OF REINFORCEMENT
Secondary
Reinforcement: Stirrups

Primary/Main
Reinforcement
RETROFITTING OF BEAMS
BEHAVIOR OF BEAMS
SECOND FLOOR
FRAMING PLAN
BEAM DETAILS
BEAM DETAILS
NSCP 2010-SECTION 409.
STRENGTH AND SERVICEABILITY
REQUIREMENT
 Minimum Clear Cover for Beams, Cc = 40mm
 Reinforcement for Beams (ρ > 𝑝𝑚𝑖𝑛)
 Reinforcement Ratio, ρ
𝐴𝑠
𝑝=
𝑏𝑑
 Minimum Reinforcement Ratio, ρmin
√ 𝑓𝑐 ′
Larger of 𝑝𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 4𝑓𝑦
1.4
and 𝑝𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑓𝑦
Where: As = Area of Steel bars
b= width of beam
d= effective depth of beam
fc’ = compressive strength of concrete
fy = yield strength of steel
 Spacing Limits of Shear Reinforcement
(Section 411.6.4)
 The spacing, S, of shear reinforcement placed
perpendicular to axis of members shall not exceed d/2
in nonprestressed members and 0.75h in prestressed
members, nor 600mm.

s
 Spacing Limits of Primary Reinforcement

S1 = should not be less than:

• 25mm
• bar diameter
• 4/3 maximum size of aggregate

S2 shall not be less than 25mm

S2

S1
SLABS – FLEXURAL MEMBERS

TWO-WAY ACTION
ONE-WAY ACTION

Reinforced concrete slabs are large flat plates that are supported
at its sides by reinforced concrete beams, walls, columns, steel beams,
or by the ground.
TYPES OF SLAB

ONE-WAY SLAB
TWO-WAY SLAB

One way slab – most basic and common type of slab; a structural
reinforced concrete slab supported on two opposite sides so that the
bending occurs in one direction only, that is, perpendicular to the
supported edges.

Two –way slab – slab supported on 4 sides

TYPES OF SLAB REINFORCEMENT

Primary/main reinforcement– a set of reinforcing

steel bars used to counteract the effect of bending in
slab

Secondary reinforcement – shrinkage or

temperature reinforcement
- these are reinforcing bars used to counteract
the effect of shrinkage in concrete due to concrete
hardening and the contraction of concrete due to
temperature changes.
ONE-WAY SLAB
Secondary reinforcement

Main reinforcement
TWO-WAY SLAB

Main reinforcement
STAIRS
DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS/CODE
REQUIREMENTS

A. Spacing of Reinforcement
1. Main Reinforcement
- flexural reinforcement shall not be spaced father apart than
3x the slab thickness nor 450mm.

2. Secondary Reinforcement
- temperature bar spacing shall not be spaced father apart than
5x the slab thickness nor 450mm.

B. Concrete Cover, Cc
40mm – for bar diameter equal to 45mm to 60mm
20mm – for bar diameter smaller than 36mm

C. Diameter of bars
12mm – for main reinforcing bar
10mm – for temperature/shrinkage bar
THANK YOU…