Pathoma definitions

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1. Achondroplasia 5. Osteoporosis

Reduction in trabecular bone mass;

porous bone with an increase risk of
fracture; most common forms are senile
Impaired cartilage proliferation; and postmenopausal
common cause of dwarfism; short
extremities with normal chest and torso 6. Paget's Disease Imbalance of osteoclasts and osteoblasts;
of Bone get mosaic pattern in bone; skull most
2. Osteogenesis commonly affected
imperfecta
7. Osteoma

Cogenital bone resoption causing

structurally weak bones (collagen 1
synthesis issue)
3. OsteoPETROsis

Benign bone tumor; seen mostly on facial

bones; Garnder syndrome
8. Osteoid osteoma Benign tumor of osteoblasts surrounded
by reactive bone; bone pain can be
resolved with aspirin
9. Osteochondroma

Abnormally thick and heavy bones that

fracture easily. Poor osteoclast action
4. Rickets/OSteomaiacia Defective mineralization of bone (Low
Vitamin D levels-> low calcium and
phosphate)

Bone tumor with cartilage bone cap; most

common bone tumor; arises in metaphysis
10. Osteosarcoma 13. Chondroma

Malignant proliferation of osteoblasts; seen

Benign cartilage tumor
mostly in teens, sunburst appearance on
imaging 14. Condrosarcoma

11. Giant Cell

Tumor

Malignant caritlage tumor

15. Metastic tumor Gives punched-out lesions
16. What collagen Collagen 2
gives rise to
cartilage?
Tumor of giant cells and stronal cells; arises 17. Osteoarthritis Progressive degeneration of articular
in the epiphysis of bone, soap-bubble (DJD) cartilage; most common form of arthritis;
appearance joint stiffness in the morning that is WORSE
12. Ewing as the day goes on
Sarcoma 18. Rheumatoid
Arthritis

Malignant proliferation of cells from

Chromic and systemic; autoimmune with
neuroectoderm; onion-skin appearance,
IgG antibodies against IgG protion of Fc
round blue cells
(rheumatoid factor); swan0neck deformity,
morning stiffness that DOES get better with
movement
19. Seronegative 22. Dermatomyositis
spondyloarthropathies

PEAR

No Rheumatoid factor, HLA-B27

association; bamboo spine fusion of the
Inflammatory disorder of the skin and
vertebrae (ankylosing spondylarthrisis),
skeletal muscle; heliotrpe rash and
Rieter's syndrome, and psoriatic arthritis
Grotton lesion
20. Infectious arthritis
23. Polymyositis

N. Gonorrhea is most common in yound

adults, S. Aureas is most common in
other demographic ages Inflammatory disorder of just skeletal
muscle
21. Gout
24. X-Linked
Muscular
Dystrophy

Monosodium Urate crystals; negative

bifringent needle-shaped crystals; can
be secondary to Lesch-Hyhan syndrome
(HGPRT deficiency), leukemia, or renal
insufficiency
25.
Mutation of dystophin; Duchenne's is in
this category (deletion of dystophin, calf
is pseudihypertrophic); Becker MD is
mutated dystrophin and more mild than
Duchenne's
MG

Autoantibodies against postsynapatic

NMJ receptors; muscle weakness worsens
with use; ptosis
26. Lambert-Eaton 33. Acne
Syndrome vulgaris

Antibodies against presynaptic calcium

channels of NMJ; most common due to
small cell lung carcinoma
27. Lipoma
Due to chronic inflammation of hair follicles and
associated sebaceous glands; hormone associated
34. Psoriasis

Most common benign soft tissue tumor

in adults
28. Liposarcoma

Well-circumscribed salmon colored plaques with

silver scales, usually on extensor surfaces; excess
keratin production
35. Lichen
Planus

Most common malignant soft tissue

tumor in adults
29. Rhabdomyoma

P's Disease; pruritic, planar, polygonal, purple

papules with white lines on the surface; saw-tooth
appearance histologically; associated with Hep C
Benign tumor of skeletal muscle
infections
30. Rhabdomyosarcoma Most common malignant soft tissue
tumor in kids; have rhabdomyoblasts;
desmin postive
31. Atopic dermatitis Type 1 hypersenitivity reaction
(escema)
32. Contact dermatitis Type 4 hypersentitivity
36. Pemphigus 39. Erythemia
vulgaris Multiforme

Hypersensitivity reaction characterized by

targetoid rash and bullae; *HSV and
Autoimmune destruction of desmosomes btw mycoplasma infections; EM with oral mucosa
keratinocytes; IgG against desmoglein; Type and fever is steven-johnson syndrome
2 hypersensitivity; rupture easily becasue
40. Acanthosis
basal layer does not detach from basement
nigricans is
membrane
associated
37. Bullous with what?
pemphigoid

Insulin resistance
41. Basal cell
carcinoma
Autoimmune IgG against basement
membrane collagen; Less easily ruptured
because basal layer separates from the
basement membrane
38. Dermatitis
Herpetiformis

Malignant proliferation of basal cells; most

common cutaneous malignancy; metastasis is
rare
42. Squamous
cell
carcinoma

IgA at tips of dermal papillae; associated

with celiac disease

Malignant proliferation of squamous cells with

formation of keratinocytes
43. Impetigo 49. Metaplasia

Superficial bacterial skin infection,

honey-colored crust
44. Cellulitis Change in cell type in an organ
50. Dysplasia Disordered cell growth; size and shape
of the cells AND their nuclei are
variable; often from chronic
inflammation
51. Aplasia failure of cell production during embryo
52. Hypoplasia Decreased cell production during
embryo causing smaller organ size
53. What is the Cell swelling
Deeper skin infection (dermal and
hallmark of
subcutaneous)
reversible cell
45. Scalded skin injury?
syndrome of
54. What is the Membrane damage
staph
hallmark of
irreversible cell
injury?
55. Which cell death Necrosis (NEVER physiological-death of
has inflammation? large groups of cells)

Exfoliative A and B toxins; S. aureus 56. Necrosis

commonly found
46. Hypertrophy
in the heart, liver,
and kidney

Coagulative necrosis (Necrotic tissue

Gene activation for bigger SIZE of that remains firm-cell and organ shape
cells/increased stuff in cells are preserved)
47. Hyperplasia Increased in the NUMBER of cells
48. Atrophy Decrease in organ size due to stresses
57. Necrosis 66. Cardinal signs of
commonly found inflammation
in the brain,
bacterial abscess,
and pleural
effusion

Liquefactive necrosis (Necrotic tissue Rubor, Calor, Tumor, Fever, and Dolor
that becomes liquefied; enzymatic lysis 67. Chronic Lymphocytes and plasma cells; delayed
of cells and protein results in inflammation is response and more specific immunity
liquefaction) characterized by
58. Necrosis found in Caseous necrosis (Soft and friable 68. SLE
TB and systemic necrotic tissue with "cottage cheese-like"
fungi appearance)
59. Necrosis in the Fatty necrosis (Necrotic adipose tissue
peripancreatic fat with chalky-white appearance due to
deposition of calcium)
60. Necrosis in the
blood vessels

Antobodies against host via type 1 and

type 3 hypersentivities; butterfly "malar"
rash on face
69. Sjogren Autoimmune disease with type 4
Fibrinoid necrosis (necrotic damamge to syndrome hypersensitivity; dry eyes and mouth
BV wall, leaky proteins, characteristic oh
70. Scleroderma
malignant HTN and vasculitis)
61. Dry or wet; Gangrenous necrosis (Coagulative
common in limbs necrosis that resembles mummified
and in the GI tract tissue)
62. What cell death is Apoptosis (physiological)
programmed and
does not involve
inflammation?
63. What are the Nuclear pyknosis (nuclear
nuclear changes condensation), karyolysis (nuclear Autoimmune with collagen deposit for
in apoptotic fragmentation), karyorrhexis (nuclear repair
cells? dissolution)
64. Amyloid Misfolded protein that damages tissues
65. Acute edema and neutrophils
inflammation is
characterized by
71. Stages of wound 76. What are the
healing characteristics of
a benign tumor?

Well demarcated
Circumscribed
Slow Growing
1) Inflammatory-plateles and neutrophils Mobile
2) Proliferation- collagen 3 collagen
77. What are the T-tumor
and angiogenesis; granulation tissue
staging of N-spreading to nodes
3) Remodeling- type 1 collagen replaces
tumors? M-metastasis (most important
type 3
prognostic factor)
72. Types of healing:
78. What are the 1) Vasoconstriction
steps in primary 2) Platelet adhesion
hemostasis (weak 3) Platelet degranulation
platelet plug) 4) Platelet aggregation
79. What is the
1) Regeneration: replacement of tissue function of
with naive tissue secondary
2) Repair- replace tissue with fibrous hemostasis?
scar
73. Hypertrophic scar

To stabilize the platelet plug, yielding a

thrombus
80. What is Virchow's
Triad of thrombi?

excess production of scar tissue that is

localized to the wound
74. Keloid excess production of scar tissue that is
out of proportion to the wound
75. What is the Metastasis
hallmark of
1) Endothelial cell damage
malignant
2) Hyper coagulable state
tumors?
3) Disruption in normal blood flow
(stasis or turbulence)
81. Vasculitis Inflammation of the blood vessel wall
82. Buerger's Disease 90. Aortic
dissection

Necrotizing vasculitis involving the digits

83. Hypertension BP is >140/90; primary has an unknown
etiology (95%) and secondary has a
known cause (5%); benign is a moderate Intimal tear with dissection of blood through
elevation in BP; malignant is a severe the media of the aortic wall; most comon
elevation in BP and can cause acute end cause is HTN; presents as sharp tearing pain
or gan damage that radiates to the back
84. Arteriosclerosis Thickened blood vessel wall 91. Aneurysm Balloon-like dilation of the thoracic aorta
85. Arterosclerosis Plaque that obstructs blood flow; 92. Angiosarcoma Aggressive malignant tumor of endothelial
usually involves large to medium sized cells
arteries; plaque is covered by a thick
93. Kaposi
fibrin cap
sarcoma
86. Arteriolosclerosis Narrowing of the small arterioles; 2
types-hyaline and hyperplastic
87. Hyaline Proteins leak into the vessel wall; can be
Arteriolosclerosis caused by benign HTN and DM (leading
to kidney issues)
88. Hyperplastic
Arteriolosclerosis
Low-grade proliferation of endothelial cells;
associated with HHV8
94. Pneumonia Infection of the lung parenchyma; productive
cough
95. COPD Group of diseases characterized by airway
Thickening of the wall due to hyperplasia
obstruction; lungs do not empty and the air
of the smooth muscle; gives an onion-
is trapped; Total lung capacity is usually
skin appearance
increased due to trapped air
89. Monckeberg
96. Chronic
medial calcific
bronchitis
sclerosis

Calcification of the media of the

Thickened mucus glands lead to a chronic
muscular arteries
productive cough lasting at least 3 months
over a minimum of 2 years

Blue Bloaters! CO2 is trapped

97. Emphysema 104. Acute
Respiratory
distress
Syndrome

Destruction of alveolar sacs and loss of Damage at the alveolar-capillary

elastic recoil; imbalance of proteases and interface; leaking of proteins causing
antiproteases; lung compliance increases edema; white-out on chest x-ray
causing barrel chest
105. Neonatal
Respiratory
Pink Puffers!
Distress
98. Asthma Syndrome

Not enough surfactant

106. Lung cancer Most common cancer in the US; seen as
coin-lesions on x-ray
107. Small cell lung Treat with chemo; can't do surgery
Reversble airway bronchoconstriction; carcinoma
dyspnea and wheezing with spiral-
108. Non-small cell Treat with surgery, 85% of cases
shaped mucus plugs in productive cough
lung carcinoma
99. Bronchiectasis Permanent dilation of the brinchioles and
109. Pneumothorax
bronchi
100. Pneumoconioses

Fibrosis due to occupational exposures

101. Sarcoidosis Systemic disease of noncaseating
granulomas in multiple organs; asteroid
Air in the pleural space; tension
bodies
pneumothorax arises with penetrating
102. Primary Unknown etiology; seen in young females chest wound
pulmonary HTN
110. Anaplasia Permanent modified malignant change
103. Secondary Due to hypoxemia or increased volume
pulmonary HTN in the circuit
111. Multiple Myeloma 117. smooth muscle benign tumor Leiomyoma
118. Most important form is amyloidosis in Beta amyloid
Alzheimer's due to the deposition of protein cleaved
_____________ protein from APP
119. in the remodeling phase of wound Type I replaces
healing, this type of collagen replaces type III for
Type III for increase/decrease tensile increase tensile
strength strength
Cancer of the plasma cells; Rouleaux 120. how much tensil strength returns in the 3-5%
formations on blood smears; multiple first 2 weeks? 3rd week? 4th week? All 20%
"punched-out" lytic bone lesions and done? 50%
monoclonal gammopathy 80% all done
112. Hodgkin's Disease 121. A cancer cell that is resistant to the (C) Increased
effects of both vincristine and expression of a
methotrexate probably has developed P-gycoprotein
the resistance as a result of which of the transporter
following mechanisms?

(A) Changes in the properties of a target

Reed-Sternberg cells (multilobed B enzyme
cells), nodular sclerosis
(B) Decreased activity of an activating
Owl Eye enzyme

113. From Path USMLE It will cause cancer in the Bladder, (C) Increased expression of a P-
PDF and old test Cervix, Esophagus, Kidney, Larynx, glycoprotein transporter
questions Lung, Pancreas
(D) Increased production of drug-
Cigarette Smoke it doesn't cause cancer in the Skin, Liver, trapping molecules
is most like to the Stomach, Spleen, thyroid
cause cancer in (E) Increase in proteins that are involved
which of the in DNA repair
following parts of
the body? 122. sarcomas spread via blood

Skin hematogenously
Liver 123. Carcinomas spread via lymphatics
Stomach
Bladder
Spleen
Thyroid
114. Patient goes in a Schistosoma Haematobium
river for a swim
and the get a UTI.
What causes this?
115. All hepatitis Hepatitis B [hepaDNA group]
viruses are RNA
except
116. Lambert-Eaton small cell lung
myasthenic
syndrome is most Doug's friend lambert was a small guy
like to cause what with a calcium problem
type of cancer
124. Tetralogy of 130. Eisenmenger
Fallot syndrome

-Uncorrected left-to-right shunt (VSD,

ASD, PDA)pulmonary blood flow
pathologic remodeling of vasculature
a congenital malformation of the heart pulmonary arterial hypertension. RVH
involving four distinct defects occurs to compensate shunt becomes
right to left.
Pulmonary stenosis -Causes late cyanosis, clubbing (see
Boot-shaped heart on CXR picture), and polycythemia.
Overriding Aorta -Age of onset varies
VSD 131. The first line of D. Thiazide Diuretics
125. Early Cyanonsis eaRLy cyanosis Right to left shunts treatment of
diseases have 5 T's uncomplicated
hypertension is:
1. Truncus arteriosus (1 vessel)
2. Transposition (2 switched vessels A. Ace inhibitors
3. Tricuspid atresia B. Calcium
4. Tetralogy of Fallot (4 Tetra Channel
5. TAPVR (5 letters) Blockers
C. Loop
126. Later cyanosis LateR left to right shunts
Diuretics
occurs in what
D. Thiazide
type of shunts?
Diuretics
127. Most common ventricular septal defect
132. This type of Tendinous Xanthoma
congenital heart
hyperlipidemia
defect
deposit is likely
128. What drug ends Endomethacin ends PDA to manifest on
the patency of the achilles
the Patent Ductus PGE keeps it Going tendon?
Arteriosus
133. ST elevation transmural ischemia (AMI), pericarditis,
129. What heart PDA indicates and ventricular aneurysm.
defect gives a
134. What is the Gold MRI
machinery
standard
murmur?
diagnostic for a
stroke?
135. What causes hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
sudden death in
young athletes?
136. Loffler syndrome 144. rheumatic
fever

JONES
145. Syphilitic heart -3° syphilis disrupts the vasa vasorum of
disease the aorta with consequent atrophy of
endomyocardial fibrosis with a vessel wall and dilatation of aorta and
prominent eosinophilic infiltrate valve ring.
-May see calcification of aortic root and
137. Isolated right Cor Pulmonale ascending aortic arch. Leads to "tree
heart failure due bark" appearance of aorta.
to pulmonary -Can result in aneurysm of ascending aorta
cause or aortic arch, aortic insufficiency.
138. Left or right heart Left HF 146. Giant cell granulomatous large vessel vasculitis
failure (temporal) involving superficial temporal and
Shortness of breath when supine arteritis opthalmic arteries; adults > 50 yo
Orthopnea
139. Left or Right HF Left HF treat with corticosteroids
147. Takayasu Granulomatous vasculitis that classically
Pulmonary arteritis involves the aortic arch at branch points
Edema
140. Left or Right HF Right HF treat with corticosteriods

Hepatomegaly Increase central venous flow, increase Asian females <40 yrs old
resistance to portal flow "Pulseless disease"
141. Left or Right HF Right HF 148. polyarthritis involves renal and visceral vessels
nodosa usually middle aged men
Jugular Vein 149. Kawasaki (inflammation of blood vessles, hence the
distension disease strawberry tongue) causes coronary artery
142. Left or Right HF Right HF aneurysms.

Peripherial CRASH and burn (fever)

Edema 150. Wegener's c-ANCA, attacks ENT (sinusitis),lungs,
143. Bacteria FROM Bacterial Endocarditis granulomatosis kidney (RPGN)
JANE 151. Microscopic palpable purpura; crescentic GN;
Fever polyangiitis association with p-ANCA
Roth spots
Osler nodes 152. Churg-Strauss Eosinophilic granulomatosis with
Murmur Syndrome polyangitis with increase of IgE
Janeway lesions involve heart, GI, kidneys
Anemia 153. Henoch- Vasculitis due to IgA immune complex
Nail-bed hemorrhage Schonlein deposition; most common vasculitis in
Emboli Purpura children

palpable purpura on buttocks/legs,

arthralgias, GI:abdominal pain
154. Neuroblastoma -Signs and symptoms reflect the 159. Diabetes
presentation tumor site in the body Diagnostic
-Sweating and HTN can occur Criteria

most common tumor of the adrenal

gland in children
155. Pheochromocytoma Rule of 10%- malignant, bilateral,
extra-adrenal, calcify, kids - hba1c > 6.5 OR
- fasting (no caloric intake for at least 8
Most common tumor in Adults hours) plasma glucose >126 OR
156. Pheochromocytoma α-antagonists (e.g., - 2 hour plasma glucose >200 during an
treatment phenoxybenzamine) oral glucose tolerane test following a
glucose load of 75 g glucose OR
16 letters is given for 16 letters! - patent with symptoms of
hyperglycemia, a random plasma
157. Hyperthyroidism vs.
glucose >200
hypothryoidism
160. autoimmune Type 1
diabetes
161. DKA is Deadly Delirium (psychosis)
Frightening Kussmaul respirations (hyperventilation -
(symptoms of > compensatory resp alkalosis)
DKA) Abdominal pain/nausea/vomiting
Dehydration
Fruity breath (exhaled acetone)
162. Zollinger-Ellison hypersecretion of gastric acid that
syndrome produces peptic ulcers as a result of a
non-beta-cell tumor of the pancreatic
Hyper-heat intolerance, weight loss islets
(incr in appetite), hyperactivity, Warm,
163. MEN 1 (autosomal Pancreatic, pituitary, parathyroid tumors
moist skin, fine hair, diarrhea
dominant )

Hypo- cold intolerance, weight gain 164. MEN 2A parathryoidhyperplasia, medullary

(decr in appetite), constipation, thyroid cancer, pheochromocytoma
lethargic, fatigue 165. MEN 2B medullary thyroid cancer,
158. "stone, bones and primary hyperPTH pheochromocytoma,
psychiatric -kidney stones (hypercalcuria) 166. Budd-Chiari
overtones" -weakness and constipation syndrome is a
-depression rare disorder
-osteitis fibrosa cystica ((cystic BONE caused by
spaces w/ brown fibrous tissues) obstruction of
hemosiderin + bone pain the:

Portal vein
167. Reye's syndrome potentially serious or deadly disorder in
children that is characterized by
vomiting and confusion

Avoid Aspirin use with Children

168. to make a toAST with alcohol AST > ALT 2:1 in liver function
169. ALT > AST Metabolic syndrome, insulin resistant
170. Fat, forty, female, fertile w/ RUQ pain Cholelithiasis or Cholecystitis

Gall Stones