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Through the conducted experiment, main aim is to observe the frictional forces that are
generated on the objects at different stages of the motion. Here two frictional coefficients are
observed which is kinetic friction coefficient related with moving objects. Other one is the
static friction coefficient which is related with the objects that are at rest where a force is
added on the object. For the conducted experiment, a force measuring sensor is used for
observing the force added on the object and using this value, it was obtained the frictional
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2 THEORY:
Case 1
When there is a force acting on an object while the object is at rest, there will be a frictional
force generated on the object which is identified as the static friction. This value increases
with the acting force on the object where at a certain stage of increasing the applied force,
maximum value of the kinetic force reaches. Here static frictional force is equal and opposite
Case 2
When object is at motion due to an applied force, there will be a frictional force acting on the
object which is known as the kinetic frictional force. Kinetic frictional force is little lower
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3 APPARATUS
For the experimental apparatus, it was used disc where masses can be loaded on the disk for
each trial. Two strings are used where disc is attached with the force sensor and another
string is attached with the force sensor for pulling the system. A vernier motion detector and
vernier computer interface is used within the apparatus for recording the data collected
through the sensors. A balance is used for measuring the weights that are loaded on the disc.
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4 PROCEDURE:
Part 1
At the beginning of the experiment, masses used are measured using the weight balance.
Secondly used force sensor and the disc is connected using a string that is attached
Part 2
At the beginning of the experiment, masses used are measured using the weight balance.
Secondly used force sensor and the disc is connected using a string that is attached
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5 RESULTS
Mass on disc (g) Static friction value (N) Normal force (N) Average static force (N)
Mass on disc (g) Static friction value (N) Normal force (N) Average static force (N)
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5.1 Graphs
3.5
y = 0.2617x + 0.3578
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Static friction force
2.5
1.5
0.5
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Normal force
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Kinetic frictional force
2.5
1.5
0.5
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Normal Force
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6 DATA ANALYSIS & DISCUSSION
Summarized results
Within the obtained experimental results, initially it was observed the value of static
frictional coefficient. Through the calculations, it was obtained an average value of 0.31 as
the static frictional coefficient where obtained value through the graph was taken as 0.26.
Between the two values, it was obtained a percentage discrepancy value of 15.8 % which can
error limits. Since obtained percentage discrepancy has a much larger value and not within
the expected error margin, obtained results for the experimental static frictional coefficient
Secondly it was observed the value of kinetic frictional coefficient. Through the calculations,
it was obtained an average value of 0.29 as the kinetic frictional coefficient where obtained
value through the graph was taken as 0.26. Between the two values, it was obtained a
percentage discrepancy value of 9.5 % which can be observed as smaller than the 10 %
margin which is defined as the experimental error limits. Since obtained percentage
discrepancy has a much smaller value and within the expected error margin, obtained results
When observing the obtained graph between the kinetic friction and normal force, it can be seen
that there is a linear relation between the kinetic friction and normal force. Here normal force is
obtained from the weight of the masses added on the disc. Therefore here it can be said that
kinetic frictional force obtained is proportional with the applied weight on the disc where
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this can be validated from the equation of “ = µ ∗ " where kinetic frictional force can be observed as proportional to the normal force acting
on the object.
Through the conducted experiment, it was observed several errors that belonged to two
sources of errors. A random intrinsic type error was generated through the results when
measuring the weight of the masses where used weight scale was not calibrated and this gave
less precise readings. Surface profile of the table was not constant at every location and this
affected the generated experimental results through varying the acted frictional force on the
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7 APPENDIX
Percentage discrepancy for the measured and calculated values of static frictional coefficient.
% = |µ2 − µ1| x 100 %
µ1
Percentage discrepancy for the measured and calculated values of k frictional coefficient.
% = |µ2 − µ1| x 100 %
µ1
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8 REFERENCES
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