Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
REMEDIES
DISCONTINUITY
Defects in HAZ
Hydrogen Embrittlement
Grain Coarsening
Hard Phase Transformation
Typical Solidification Cracking
Carbon migration from the parent into the
weld metal, a process which starts during
post weld heat treatment and continues
with operation at service temperature
seams to be cause of cracking.
• Improper Bead Profile and Low melting Constituents
Warm Hole
Arc Craters
• Definition: A depression left at the termination of the weld where the weld pool
is left unfilled.
• Cause: Improper weld termination techniques
Hydrogen tendency to diffuse or penetrate into the steel matrix , especially HAZ
Polygonal ferrite GF
- Grain boundary ferrite (GF)
- nucleated at Grain boundaries in high heat
input welds FC AF
- poor strength & very low toughness
Spatter generation in GMAW
Definition: Small particles of weld metal expelled from the welding operation which
adhere to the base metal surface
Low choking effect
increased spattering
coarse-scaled weld surface
stable, instantaneous arc striking
lots of short-circuits
High chocking effect
little spattering
fine-scaled weld appearance
delayed arc striking, irregular globular transfer
few short-circuits
Lamellar tearing
• Definition: A localized
coalescence outside the
weld zone.
• Cause: Carelessness
Suck back or root concavity is not a serious weld discontinuity. If the metal
cross-section is the same as the thickness of the base metal, no problem!
Large weld gap and weld metal shrinks or base metal parts move while
solidification occurs?
Overlap
Overlap is measured with
a square edge such as a
6” rule. No amount of
overlap is typically
allowed.
• Lack of fusion defects
Very serious, crack-like weld defects. Occur when welding process is out of
control. Severity proportional to the projection of the defect perpendicular to the
applied stress.
Inter-bead lack of fusion. Weld metal running ahead of the electrode.
Side-wall lack of fusion. Not enough energy directed at the sides of the prepared
edges/
• Geometric causes: lack of root fusion
Radiographic images
appear like wagon-
tracks because
either side of the
root faces are un-
fused.
Burn-through
• Definition: When an undesirable open hole has been
completely melted through the base metal. The hole may or
may not be left open.
• Cause: Excessive heat input.