Electronic Components

Mr.S.Rakesh Sharma HOD/ECE SCE/DPI R.Arun, R.
Raguraman
Expt.NO:1 STUDY OF ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS
Date:
AIM:
To study about the various electronic components and equipments.
DESCRIPTION:
An electronic component is a basic electronic element usually packaged in a discrete
form with two or more connecting leads or metallic pads.
Electronic components are of two types.
1. Active components and
2. Passive components.
ACTIVE COMPONENTS:
Active components exhibit non linear input output characteristics. The character of the
signal changes when they pass through these components.
Ex: Diode, Transistor, SCR, FET.
PASSIVE COMPONENTS:
Passive components exhibit linear input output characteristics. The character of the signal
does not change when they pass through these components.
Ex: Resistor, Capacitor, Inductor.
RESISTOR:
Resistor is an electronic passive component which resists the flow of current in an
electric circuit. It is used to control the flow of current and to get required voltage drops in
required places.
Unit of resistance is OHM (Ω).
CAPACITOR:
Capacitor is a passive electronic component consisting of a pair of conductors separated
by a dielectric (insulator). When there is a potential difference (voltage) across the conductors, a
static electric field develops in the dielectric that stores energy and produces a mechanical force
between the conductors. It will allow AC signals only and blocks the DC signal.
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Mr.S.Rakesh Sharma HOD/ECE SCE/DPI R.Arun, R.Raguraman
Unit of capacitance is farad (F).
INDUCTOR:
An inductor or a reactor is a passive electrical component that can store energy in a
magnetic field created by the electric current passing through it. It will allow the DC current only
and blocks the AC current.
Unit of inductance is henry (H).
CURRENT:
The rate of flow of electrons in a conductor is called as current.
I=Q/T
Where I is current in ampere, Q is charge in coulombs and T is time in seconds.
VOLTAGE:
Voltage is defined as the potential difference between two points.
V=W/Q
Where v is voltage in volts, Q is charge in coulombs and W is energy in joules.
POWER:
Power is defined as the amount of energy spent in one second.
P=V X I
Unit of power is watts.
DIODE:
A diode is a semi conductor device which has two layer and one junction. Diode will
allow the current to flow in one direction only (forward bias) and not in another direction
ZENER DIODE:
A zener diode is a active component which is a properly doped crystal diode which has
sharp break down voltage under reverse biased condition.
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TRANSISTOR:
A transistor is a active component used to amplify and switch electronic signals. It is
made of a solid piece of semiconductor material, with at least three terminals for connection to
an external circuit. A voltage or current applied to one pair of the transistor's terminals changes
the current flowing through another pair of terminals.
CRO:
An oscilloscope (also known as a scope, CRO, DSO or, an O-scope) is a type of
electronic test instrument that allows observation of constantly varying signal voltages, usually
as a two-dimensional graph of one or more electrical potential differences using the vertical or
'Y' axis, plotted as a function of time, (horizontal or 'x' axis).
AC SOURCE:
AC source is one which supplies electrical energy in form of AC which is continuously
changing in direction.
DC SOURCE:
DC source is an equipment which supplies electrical energy in form DC, which always
flowing in one direction.
BREADBOARD:
The breadboard consists of two terminal strips and two bus strips (often broken in the
centre). Each bus strip has two rows of contacts. Each of the two rows of contacts are a node.
That is, each contact along a row on a bus strip is connected together (inside the breadboard).
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Bus strips are used primarily for power supply connections, but are also used for any node
requiring a large number of connections. Each terminal strip has 60 rows and 5 columns of
contacts on each side of the centre gap. Each row of 5 contacts is a node.
RESULT:
Thus the various electronic components and equipments are studied.
Expt.NO:2 RESISTOR COLOUR CODING.
Date:
AIM:
To find the value of the given resistors.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
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Resistors – few
DESCRIPTION:
RESISTOR:
Resistor is an electronic passive component which resists the flow of current in an
electric circuit. It is used to control the flow of current and to get required voltage drops in
electronic circuits.
Unit of resistance is OHM (Ω).
COLOUR VALUE:
COLOURS DIGITS
BLACK 0
BROWN 1
RED 2
ORANGE 3
YELLOW 4
GREEN 5
BLUE 6
VIOLET 7
GREY 8
WHITE 9
TOLERANCE VALUE:
COLOURS VALUE
RED 2%
GOLD 5%
SILVER 10%
NO COLOUR 20%
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PROCEDURE:
1. Observe the colours in the given resistor.
2. Find the tolerance colour first and then write values for the colours in opposite direction.
3. Then write the multiplier value and find the value of the resistor.
4. Then calculate the tolerance value.
RESULT:
Thus the values of the given resistors are
1. _________ to __________,
2. _________ to __________.
Expt.NO:3 MEASUREMENT OF AC SIGNAL PARAMETER USING CRO.

Date:
AIM:
To measure the various parameters (peak to peak, Vrms and frequency) using CRO.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.No. APPARATUS QUANTITY
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1. CRO 1
2. SIGNAL GENERATOR 1
3. PROBE 1
DESCRIPTION:
SIGNAL GENERATOR:
A signal generator, also known variously as function generator, pitch generator, arbitrary
waveform generator, digital pattern generator or frequency generator is an electronic device that
generates repeating or non-repeating electronic signals (in either the analog or digital domains).
They are generally used in designing, testing, troubleshooting, and repairing electronic or electro
acoustic devices.
CRO:
The cathode ray oscilloscope is an extremely useful and versatile laboratory instrument
used for studying wave shapes of alternating currents and voltages as well as for measurement of
voltage, current, power and frequency, in fact, almost any quantity that involves amplitude and
waveform. It allows the user to see the amplitude of electrical signals as a function of time on the
screen. It is widely used for trouble shooting radio and TV receivers as well as laboratory work
involving research and” design. It can also be employed for studying the wave shape of a signal
with respect to amplitude distortion and deviation from the normal. In true sense the cathode ray
oscilloscope has been one of the most important tools in the design and development of modern
electronics.
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The instrument employs a cathode ray tube (CRT), which is the heart of the oscilloscope.
It generates the electron beam, accelerates the beam to a high velocity, deflects the beam to
create the image, and contains a phosphor screen where the electron beam eventually becomes
visible. For accomplishing these tasks various electrical signals and voltages are required, which
are provided by the power supply circuit of the oscilloscope. Low voltage supply is required for
the heater of the electron gun for generation of electron beam and high voltage, of the order of
few thousand volts, is required for cathode ray tube to accelerate the beam. Normal voltage
supply, say a few hundred volts, is required for other control circuits of the oscilloscope.
Horizontal and vertical deflection plates are fitted between electron gun and screen to
deflect the beam according to input signal. Electron beam strikes the screen and creates a visible
spot. This spot is deflected on the screen in horizontal direction (X-axis) with constant time
dependent rate. This is accomplished by a time base circuit provided in the oscilloscope. The
signal to be viewed is supplied to the vertical deflection plates through the vertical amplifier,
which raises the potential of the input signal to a level that will provide usable deflection of the
electron beam. Now electron beam deflects in two directions, horizontal on X-axis and vertical
on Y-axis. A triggering circuit is provided for synchronizing two types of deflections so that
horizontal deflection starts at the same point of the input vertical signal each time it sweeps.
PARAMETERS:
AMPLITUDE:
It is the maximum voltage reached by the signal. It is measured in volts, V.
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PEAK TO PEAK:
Maximum value of positive half cycle to maximum value of negative half cycle.
Vrms:
Voltage root mean square value = Vmax/√2
FREQUENCY:
Frequency is the number of cycles per second. It is measured in hertz (Hz).

F=1/T
Where t is the time period, i.e. time taken to complete one cycle.
S.No Peak to peak Vmax Vrms Time period Frequency
1.
2.
3.
PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the CRO and signal generator using probe.
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2. Switch on the power supply.
3. Set sine wave as input signal in signal generator.
4. Measure the parameters using CRO.
RESULT:
Thus the various parameters of AC signal are measured.
Expt.NO:4 STUDY OF LOGIC GATES.
Date:
AIM:
To verify the truth table of AND, OR, NOT and EX-OR.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1. AND gate IC 7408 1
2. OR gate IC 7432 1
3. NOT gate IC 7404 1
4. EX-OR gate IC 7486 1
5. IC Trainer kit 1
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6. Connecting wires Few
DESCRIPTION:
A logic gate is a circuit that performs a logical operation on one or more logic inputs and
produces a single logic output. It is the basic element of the digital system.
A truth table is a table that describes the behavior of a logic gate or any combination of
logic gates. It lists the value of the output for every possible combination of the inputs and can be
used to simplify the number of logic gates and level of nesting in an electronic circuit.
AND gate:
The AND gate performs logical multiplication. The operation of AND gate is such that the output
is HIGH only when all of the inputs are high. When any one of the inputs is LOW the output will be low.
A B Y=A.B
0 0 0
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 1
IC 7408
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OR gate:
The OR gate performs logical addition. An OR gate produces a HIGH output when any of the
input is high. The output is LOW when both the inputs are low.
A B Y=A+B
0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 1
IC 7432
Ex-OR gate:
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The Ex-OR gate is an abbreviation for Exclusive-OR gate. It recognizes the words that have an
odd number of ones.
A B
0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 0
IC 7486
NOT gate:
It is also called as inverter which performs the logic function called inversion or
complementation. It changes one logic level to opposite logic level. It changes logic ’1’ to logic
‘0’ and logic ’0’ to logic ‘1’.
A
0 1
1 0
IC 7404
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PROCEDURE:
1. Fix the IC in the trainer kit.
2. Make the connections as per the circuit diagram.
3. Switch on VCC and apply various combinations of input and verify the truth table
RESULT:
Thus the truth tables for various gates are verified.
Expt.NO:5 GENERATION OF CLOCK SIGNALS.

Date:
AIM:
To generate the clock signal using 555timer IC.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1. Timer IC 555 1
2. RPS(0-30v) 1
3. Resistors 6.8 & 3.3 kΩ 1
4. Capacitor 0.01&0.1µf 1
5. CRO 30MHz 1
6. Bread board 1
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DESCRIPTION:
An Astable multivibrator, often called a free-running multivibrator, is a rectangular-
wave-generating circuit. These circuits do not require an external trigger to change the state of
the output. The time during which the output is either high or low is determined by two resistors
and a capacitor, which are connected externally to the 555 timer. The time during which the
capacitor charges from 1/3 Vcc to 2/3 Vcc is equal to the time the output is high and is given by,
Tc = 0.69 (R1 + R2) C
Similarly the time during which the capacitor discharges from 2/3 Vcc to 1/3 Vcc is equal
to the time the output is low and is given by,
Td = 0.69 (R2) C
Thus the total time period of the output waveform is,
T = tc + td = 0.69 (R1 + 2 R2) C
PROCEDURE:
1. Connections are given as per the circuit diagram.
2. + 5V supply is given to the + Vcc terminal of the timer IC.
3. At pin 3 the output waveform is observed with the help of a CRO
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RESULT:
Thus the clock signal has been generated using 555 timer IC.
Expt.NO:6 SOLDERING PRACTICE.

Date:
AIM:
To solder the given components in PCB.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1. PCB board 1
2. Soldering iron 1
3. Solder 1
4. Flux 1
5. Components (R,C) 1
6. Bread board 1
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DESCRIPTION:
SOLDERING:
Soldering is the process of joining electrical parts together to form an electrical
connection, using a molten mixture of lead and tin with a soldering iron. The melting point of
solder should be lower than that of metals to be soldered, so that the electrical parts won’t get
damaged.
SOLDERING IRON:
A soldering iron is a hand tool most commonly used in soldering. It supplies heat to melt
the solder so that it can flow into the joint between two work pieces.
A soldering iron is composed of a heated metal tip and an insulated handle. Heating is
often achieved electrically, by passing an electric current (supplied through an electrical cord )
through the resistive material of a heating element.
SOLDER:
Solder is alloy of low melting metals like tin, lead, cadmium, bismuth, silver. The most
commonly used alloy combination is 63% tin and 37% lead. Solders are available in various
diameters from 0.038 cm to 0.318 cm.
FLUX:
Flux is a resin specially designed to flow over the job and prevents contact with
atmosphere. Metals like copper tends to oxidize when heated. Flux can stop this oxidation
process.
PROCEDURE:
1. Study the given electronic circuit.
2. Clean the board, tip of the soldering iron and also clean the given components.
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3. Heat the soldering iron and apply solder to the tip as soon as it is hot.
4. Fix the components into the holes on the board.
5. Apply the hot tip to the joints and apply solder.
6. Remove the iron and hold the component tightly until the solder has cooled.
7. Repeat the above steps for all components that has to be soldered.
RESULT:
Thus the given components are soldered on the given PCB.
Expt.NO:7 HALF AND FULL WAVE RECTIFIERS.

Date:
AIM:
To construct the half and full wave rectifier.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1. Transformer 230v/6a 1
2. Diode IN 4007 2
3. Resistor 1KΩ 1
4. CRO 30MHz 1
5. Bread board 1
DESCRIPTION:
A rectifier is a device that converts alternating current (AC), which periodically reverses
direction, to direct current (DC), current that flows in only one direction.
HALF WAVE RECTIFIER:
In this rectifier during the positive half cycle of the A.C input voltage, the diode is
forward biased and conducts for all voltages greater than the offset voltage of the semiconductor
material used. The voltage produced across the load resistor has same shape as that of the
positive input half cycle of A.C input voltage.
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During the negative half cycle, the diode is reverse biased and it does not conduct. So
there is no current flow or voltage drop across load resistor. The net result is that only the
positive half cycle of the input voltage appears at the output.
FULL WAVE RECTIFIER:
The full wave rectifier conducts for both the positive and negative half cycles of
the input ac supply. In order to rectify both the half cycles of the ac input, two diodes are used in
this circuit. The diodes feed a common load RL with the help of a centre tapped transformer. The
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ac voltage is applied through a suitable power transformer with proper turn’s ratio. The
rectifier’s dc output is obtained across the load.
The dc load current for the full wave rectifier is twice that of the half wave rectifier. The
lowest ripple factor is twice that of the full wave rectifier. The efficiency of full wave
rectification is twice that of half wave rectification. The ripple factor also for the full wave
rectifier is less compared to the half wave rectifier.
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PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Apply A.C input using transformer.
3. Measure the amplitude and time period for the input and output waveforms
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RESULT:
Thus the half wave and full wave rectifiers are constructed.
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Mr.S.Rakesh Sharma HOD/ECE SCE/DPI R.Arun, R.

1. Observe the colours in the given resistor.

4. Then calculate the tolerance value.

Thus the values of the given resistors are

Expt.NO:3 MEASUREMENT OF AC SIGNAL PARAMETER USING CRO.

S.No. APPARATUS QUANTITY

Voltage root mean square value = Vmax/√2

Frequency is the number of cycles per second. It is measured in hertz (Hz).

S.No Peak to peak Vmax Vrms Time period Frequency

1. AND gate IC 7408 1

3. NOT gate IC 7404 1

4. EX-OR gate IC 7486 1

6. Connecting wires Few

Thus the truth tables for various gates are verified.

Expt.NO:5 GENERATION OF CLOCK SIGNALS.

Expt.NO:6 SOLDERING PRACTICE.

Thus the given components are soldered on the given PCB.

Expt.NO:7 HALF AND FULL WAVE RECTIFIERS.

FULL WAVE RECTIFIER:

2. Apply A.C input using transformer.

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