MATHEMATICS

PROJECT
DONE,
HARI M
XI B
K.V.PATTOM
CONIC
SECTIONS
 The four basic
conic sections are
all created by
cutting a double
cone at different
angles.
CIRCLES
©National Science Foundation
 The Standard Form of a circle with a center at (0,0) and a
radius, r, is……..

x + y =r
2 2 2

center (0,0)
radius = 2

Copyright ©1999-2004 Oswego City School District Regents Exam Prep Center
  The Standard Form of a circle with a center at (h,k)
and a radius, r, is……..

( x − h) + ( y − k ) = r 2 2 2

center (3,3)
radius = 2

Copyright ©1999-2004 Oswego City School District Regents Exam Prep Center
 A parabola is the set of all points in a plane
such that each point in the set is
equidistant from a line called the directrix
and a fixed point called the focus.
 The Standard Form of a Parabola that opens to the
right and has a vertex at (0,0) is……

y = 4 px
2
 The Parabola that opens to the right and has a vertex at
(0,0) has the following characteristics……

 p is the distance from the vertex of the parabola to the

focus or directrix
 This makes the coordinates of the focus (p,0)
 This makes the equation of the directrix x = -p
 The makes the axis of symmetry the x-axis (y = 0)
 The Standard Form of a Parabola that opens to the left
and has a vertex at (0,0) is……

y = −4 px
2
 The Parabola that opens to the left and has a vertex at
(0,0) has the following characteristics……

 p is the distance from the vertex of the parabola to the

focus or directrix
 This makes the coordinates of the focus(-p,0)
 This makes the equation of the directrix x = p
 The makes the axis of symmetry the x-axis (y = 0)
 The Standard Form of a Parabola that opens up and
has a vertex at (0,0) is……

x = 4 py
2
 The Parabola that opens up and has a vertex at (0,0)
has the following characteristics……

 p is the distance from the vertex of the parabola to the

focus or directrix
 This makes the coordinates of the focus (0,p)
 This makes the equation of the directrix y = -p
 This makes the axis of symmetry the y-axis (x = 0)
 The Standard Form of a Parabola that opens down and
has a vertex at (0,0) is……

x = −4 py
2
 The Parabola that opens down and has a vertex at (0,0)
has the following characteristics……

 p is the distance from the vertex of the parabola to the

focus or directrix
 This makes the coordinates of the focus (0,-p)
 This makes the equation of the directrix y = p
 This makes the axis of symmetry the y-axis (x = 0)
 The Standard Form of a Parabola that opens to the
right and has a vertex at (h,k) is……

( y − k ) = 4 p ( x − h)
2
 The Parabola that opens to the right and has a vertex at
(h,k) has the following characteristics……..

 p is the distance from the vertex of the parabola to the

focus or directrix
 This makes the coordinates of the focus (h+p, k)
 This makes the equation of the directrix x = h – p
 This makes the axis of symmetry
−b
y=
2a
 The Standard Form of a Parabola that opens to the left
and has a vertex at (h,k) is……

( y − k ) = −4 p ( x − h)
2
 The Parabola that opens to the left and has a vertex at
(h,k) has the following characteristics……

 p is the distance from the vertex of the parabola to the

focus or directrix
 This makes the coordinates of the focus (h – p, k)
 This makes the equation of the directrix x = h + p
 The makes the axis of symmetry
−b
y=
2a
 The Standard Form of a Parabola that opens up and has
a vertex at (h,k) is……

( x − h) = 4 p ( y − k )
2
 The Parabola that opens up and has a vertex at (h,k)
has the following characteristics……

 p is the distance from the vertex of the parabola to the

focus or directrix
 This makes the coordinates of the focus (h , k + p)
 This makes the equation of the directrix y = k – p

 The makes the axis of symmetry −b

x=
2a
 The Standard Form of a Parabola that opens down and
has a vertex at (h,k) is……

( x − h) = −4 p ( y − k )
2
 The Parabola that opens down and has a vertex at (h,k) has the
following characteristics……

 p is the distance from the vertex of the parabola to the focus or

directrix
 This makes the coordinates of the focus (h , k - p)
 This makes the equation of the directrix y = k + p

 This makes the axis of symmetry −b

x=
2a
 © Jill Britton, September 25, 2003

•Statuary Hall in the U.S. Capital building is elliptic. It was in this room that John Quincy
Adams, while a member of the House of Representatives, discovered this acoustical
phenomenon. He situated his desk at a focal point of the elliptical ceiling, easily
eavesdropping on the private conversations of other House members located near the
other focal point.
 The set of all points in the plane, the sum of whose
distances from two fixed points, called the foci, is a
constant. (“Foci” is the plural of “focus”, and is
pronounced FOH-sigh.)
 The ellipse has an important property that is used in the
reflection of light and sound waves. Any light or signal
that starts at one focus will be reflected to the other
focus. This principle is used in lithotripsy, a medical
procedure for treating kidney stones. The patient is
placed in a elliptical tank of water, with the kidney
stone at one focus. High-energy shock waves generated
at the other focus are concentrated on the stone,
pulverizing it.
 St. Paul's Cathedral in London. If a person
whispers near one focus, he can be heard at
the other focus, although he cannot be heard
at many places in between.
 General Rules
◦ x and y are both squared
◦ Equation always equals(=) 1
◦ Equation is always plus(+)
◦ a2 is always the biggest denominator
◦ c2 = a2 – b2
◦ c is the distance from the center to each foci on
the major axis
◦ The center is in the middle of the 2 vertices, the
2 covertices, and the 2 foci.
 General Rules
◦ a is the distance from the center to each vertex
on the major axis
◦ b is the distance from the center to each vertex
on the minor axis (co-vertices)
◦ Major axis has a length of 2a
◦ Minor axis has a length of 2b
◦ Eccentricity(e): e = c/a (The closer e gets to 1,
the closer it is to being circular)
 The standard form of the ellipse with a center at (0,0)
and a horizontal axis is……

2 2
x y
2
+ 2
= 1
a b
 The ellipse with a center at (0,0) and a horizontal axis
has the following characteristics……

±
x2 y2
+ =1
 Vertices ( a,0) ± 16 9
 ±
Co-Vertices (0, b)
 Foci ( c,0)
 The standard form of the ellipse with a center at (0,0)
and a vertical axis is……

2 2
x y
2
+ 2
=1
b a
 The ellipse with a center at (0,0) and a vertical axis has
the following characteristics……

 Vertices (0,± a) x2 y2
 Co-Vertices ( ±b,0) + =1
9 81
 Foci (0, c)
±
 The standard form of the ellipse with a center at (h,k)
and a horizontal axis is……

( x − h) ( y − k )
2 2

2
+ 2
= 1
a b
 The ellipse with a center at (h,k) and a horizontal axis
has the following characteristics……

 Vertices (h ± a , k)
 Co-Vertices (h, k b)
±
 Foci (h c , k)
±
 The standard form of the ellipse with a
center at (h,k) and a vertical axis is……

( x − h) ( y − k )
2 2

2
+ 2
= 1
b a
  The ellipse with a center at (h,k) and a vertical axis
has the following characteristics……

±
 Vertices (h, k a)
 Co-Vertices (h b , k)
±
 Foci (h, k c)
±
 At St. Paul’s Cathedral in
London, one can find an
interesting example of an
ellipse. In the
Whispering gallery, a
person can stand on the
foci and whisper to
another person on the
other foci and they will be
heard. The Whispering
Gallery is located where at
99 feet above the ground.
 © Jill Britton, September 25, 2003

The huge chimney of a nuclear power plant has the shape of a hyperboloid, as does
the architecture of the James S. McDonnell Planetarium of the St. Louis Science Center.
 The set of all points in the plane, the
difference of whose distances from
two fixed points, called the foci,
remains constant.
 A sonic boom shock wave has
the shape of a cone, and it
intersects the ground in part of
a hyperbola. It hits every point
on this curve at the same time,
so that people in different
places along the curve on the
ground hear it at the same
time. Because the airplane is
moving forward, the hyperbolic
curve moves forward and
eventually the boom can be
heard by everyone in its path.
 General Rules
◦ x and y are both squared
◦ Equation always equals(=) 1
◦ Equation is always minus(-)
◦ a2 is always the first denominator
◦ c2 = a 2 + b2
◦ c is the distance from the center to each foci on
the major axis
◦ a is the distance from the center to each vertex
on the major axis
 General Rules
◦ b is the distance from the center to each
midpoint of the rectangle used to draw the
asymptotes. This distance runs perpendicular to
the distance (a).
◦ Major axis has a length of 2a
◦ Eccentricity(e): e = c/a (The closer e gets to 1,
the closer it is to being circular
◦ If x2 is first then the hyperbola is horizontal
◦ If y2 is first then the hyperbola is vertical.
 General Rules
◦ The center is in the middle of the 2 vertices
and the 2 foci.
◦ The vertices and the covertices are used to
draw the rectangles that form the
asymptotes.
◦ The vertices and the covertices are the
midpoints of the rectangle
◦ The covertices are not labeled on the
hyperbola because they are not actually part
of the graph
 The standard form of the Hyperbola with a center at
(0,0) and a horizontal axis is……

2 2
x y
2
− 2
=1
a b
 The Hyperbola with a center at (0,0) and a horizontal
axis has the following characteristics……

 Vertices (± a,0)
 Foci (± c,0)
b
 Asymptotes: y=± x
a
 The standard form of the Hyperbola with a center at
(0,0) and a vertical axis is……

2 2
y x
2
− 2
=1
a b
 The Hyperbola with a center at (0,0) and a vertical
axis has the following characteristics……

 Vertices (0, ±a)

 Foci ( 0, ±c)

Asymptotes: a

y=± x
b
 The standard form of the Hyperbola with a center at
(h,k) and a horizontal axis is……

( x − h) ( y − k )
2 2

2
− 2
= 1
a b
 The Hyperbola with a center at (h,k) and a horizontal
axis has the following characteristics……

 Vertices (h ±a, k)
 Foci (h ± c, k )

 Asymptotes:

b
y = k ± ( x − h)
a
 The standard form of the Hyperbola with a center at
(h,k) and a vertical axis is……

( y − k ) ( x − h)
2 2

2
− 2
= 1
a b
 The Hyperbola with a center at (h,k) and a vertical
axis has the following characteristics……

 Vertices (h, k± a)
 Foci (h, k± c)


a
Asymptotes: y = k ± ( x − h)
b