Pipe Flow Calculations

330 Chapter 7 / Internal Flows
Fundamentals of Engineering Exam Review Problems
7.1 A parabolic profile is measured in a pipe flow. The 7.7 Water flows in an 8-cm-diameter pipe down a 30°
flow is: incline and the pressure remains constant. Estimate
I. Laminar (A) I and III the average velocity in the cast iron pipe. Use
II. Developed (B) I, II, and III n 106 m2/s.
III. Steady (C) I, II, and IV (A) 0.055 m/s
IV. Symmetric (D) I, II, III, and IV (B) 0.174 m/s
7.2 The velocity profile between parallel plates is cal- (C) 1.75 m/s
culated to be Vy/h, where y is measured from the (D) 5.5 m/s
lower plate and h is the distance between the 7.8 A liquid with a density of 900 kg/m3 flows
plates. We know that straight down in a 6-cm-diameter cast iron pipe.
I. The flow is laminar Estimate the pressure rise over 20 m of pipe
II. The lower plate is moving with velocity V if the average velocity is 4 m/s. Assume
and the other is stationary n 8
106 m2/s.
III. Lower plate is stationary and the other is (A) 250 kPa
moving with velocity V (B) 100 kPa
IV. The flow is steady (C) 77 kPa
(A) I, III, and IV (B) II and III (D) 10.2 kPa
(C) I and III (D) I and IV
7.9 The flow of water occurs in a square cast iron con-
7.3 A liquid flows in a pipe at a Reynolds number of duit, 4 cm on a side. If the horizontal conduit
4000. transports 0.02 m3/s, estimate the pressure drop
(A) The flow is laminar. over 40 m. Use n 106 m2/s.
(B) The flow is turbulent. (A) 162 Pa (B) 703 Pa
(C) The flow is transitory, osscilating between (C) 1390 Pa (D) 1590 Pa
laminar and turbulent.
7.10 A new design of a valve is to be tested. Which of
(D) The flow could be any of the above.
the following parameters is the most important if
7.4 In a turbulent flow in a pipe, the head loss: liquid benzene flows through the valve?
(A) Varies with the velocity squared (A) Froude number
(B) Is directly proportional to the flow rate (B) Reynolds number
(C) Decreases with increase with Reynolds (C) Mach number
number (D) Euler number
(D) Is directly proportional to the length of the
7.11 A water system is to be installed in a community
pipe
that is quite hilly. The design engineer must be
7.5 The curves for the friction factor f on the Moody certain that:
diagram become horizontal for sufficiently large (A) The hydraulic grade line must always be
Reynolds numbers because: above the pipe line.
(A) Wall roughness elements project through the (B) The energy grade line must always be above
Wall viscous layer. the pipe line.
(B) The wall viscous layer completely covers the (C) The stagmation pressure must remain posi-
wall roughness elements. tive in the pipe line
(C) The viscous effects become dominant in the (D) The elevation of the pipe must not be
flow. allowed to be negative.
(D) Inertial effects cease to become significant in
7.12 Water flows in a 2.4-m-wide, rectanglular, finished
the flow.
concrete channel at a depth of 80 cm. If the slope
7.6 The pressure drop over 15 m of 2-cm-diameter is 0.002, the flow rate is nearest
galvanized iron pipe is measured to be 60 Pa. If (A) 2.2 m3/s
the pipe is horizontal, estimate the flow rate of (B) 3.4 m3/s
water. Use n 106 m2/s. (C) 4.6 m3/s
(A) 6.82 L/s (B) 2.18 L/s (D) 6.2 m3/s
(C) 0.682 L/s (D) 0.218 L/s
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Problems 331
PROBLEMS
Laminar or Turbulent Flow
7.13 Calculate the maximum average velocity V with 7.15 Water at 50°F is flowing in a thin sheet in a park-
which 20°C water can flow in a pipe in the laminar ing lot at a depth of 0.2 in. with an average veloc-
state if the critical Reynolds number (Re VD/n) ity of 1.5 ft/sec. Is the flow laminar or turbulent?
at which transition occurs is 2000; the pipe diame- 7.16 Water is flowing, apparently quite placidly, in a
ter is: river that is 20 m wide and 1.4 m deep. A leaf
(a) 2 m (b) 2 cm (c) 2 mm floating in the river is observed to move 1 m in 2 s.
7.14 Water at 20°C flows in a wide river. Using a criti- Is the flow laminar or turbulent? See Problem
cal Reynolds number (Re Vh/n) at which transi- 7.14 for the definition of the Reynolds number.
tion occurs of 1500, calculate the average velocity 7.17 Flow occurs in a 2-cm-diameter pipe. What is the
V that will result in a laminar flow if the depth h maximum velocity that can occur for water at
of the river is: 20°C for a laminar flow if:
(a) 4 m (b) 1 m (c) 0.3 m (a) Re 2000? (b) Re 40 000?
Entrance and Developed Flow
7.18 Calculate the laminar entrance length in a 4-cm- 7.22 Air at 23°C is used as the working fluid in a paral-
diameter pipe if 2
104 m3/s of water is flowing lel-plate research project. If the plates are 1.2 cm
at: apart, how long is the longest possible entrance
(a) 10°C (b) 20°C length for laminar flow? What is the shortest
(c) 40°C (d) 80°C entrance length?
7.19 A laminar flow is to occur in an experimental
facility with 20°C air flowing through a 4-cm- 7.23 Air at 25°C can exist in either the laminar state or
diameter pipe. Calculate the average velocity, the the turbulent state (a trip wire near the entrance
inviscid core length, and the entrance length if the is used to make it turbulent) for flow in a 6-cm-
Reynolds number is: diameter pipe in a research lab. If the average
(a) 1000 (b) 80 000 velocity is 5 m/s, compare the length of the
7.20 A 6-cm-diameter pipe originates in a tank and entrance region for the laminar flow with that of
delivers 0.025 m3/s of water at 20°C to a receiver the turbulent flow.
50 m away. Is the assumption of developed flow
acceptable? 7.24 Water at 20°C flows with an average velocity of
0.2 m/s from a reservoir through a 4-cm-diameter
7.21 A laboratory experiment is designed to create a
pipe. Estimate the inviscid core length and the
laminar flow in a 2-mm-diameter tube shown in
entrance length if the flow is:
Fig P.7.21. Water flows from a reservoir through
(a) Laminar
the tube. If 18 L is collected in 2 hr, can the
(b) Turbulent
entrance length be neglected?
7.25 Draw an incremental control volume with length
x and radius r0 and show that for a laminar flow
Reservoir ( p/ x)entrance ( p/ x)developed.
7.26 Explain the pressure variations observed for a tur-

3m
bulent flow in Fig. 7.3 for:
Water 15°C
(a) A high-Re flow (Re 300 000)
(b) A low-Re flow (Re � 10 000)
Fig. P7.21 (c) An intermediate-Re flow
Laminar Flow in a Pipe
7.27 Define pk p g h as the kinetic pressure and

write Eq. 7.3.5 or 7.3.11 in terms of pk. Can we let Water
20°C 4m
dpx/dx pk/L, where L is the length over which
5 mm dia.
pk is measured? If so, express u(r) in terms of
pk/L.
7.28 Verify that Eq. 7.3.13 is, in fact, correct. 40 m
7.29 A pressure drop of 0.07 psi occurs over a section
of 0.8-in.-diameter pipe transporting water at 70°F. Fig. P7.34
Determine the length of the horizontal section if
the Reynolds number is 1600. Also, find the shear
stress at the wall and the friction factor. 7.35 A manufacturer of small-diameter tubes wishes to
7.30 Find the angle u of the 10-mm-diameter pipe of know if the diameters are, in fact, accurate. An
Fig. P7.30 in which water at 40°C is flowing with experimental setup, like that in Fig. P7.34, is used
Re 1500 such that no pressure drop occurs. with a 4-m-long horizontal tube transporting 20°C
Also, find the flow rate. water with a head of 4 m. If 3.4 L of water is col-
lected in 60 min, what is the inside diameter of the
tube, neglecting the effect of the entrance
p1 region? Is the effect of entrance region actually
negligible?
Wa 7.36 Air at 70°F flows in a horizontal 0.8-in.-diameter
ter
pipe. Calculate the maximum pressure drop in a
p2 = p1
30-ft section for a laminar flow. Assume that
θ r 0.0024 slug/ft3.
7.37 Water at 20°C flows in the 4-mm-diameter pipe
of Fig. P7.37. The pressure rise over the 10-m
Fig. P7.30 section is 6 kPa. Find the Reynolds number of
the flow and the wall shear stress. Assume lami-
7.31 A liquid is pumped through a 2-cm-diameter pipe nar flow.
at a flow rate of 12 L/min. Calculate the pressure
drop in a 10-m horizontal section if the liquid is:
(a) SAE-10W oil at 20°C
(b) Water at 20°C
10 m
(c) Glycerine at 40°C t 20°C
Water a
Is the assumption of laminar flow acceptable?
7.32 A liquid flows with no pressure drop in a vertical 10°
?
2-cm-diameter pipe. Find the flow rate if, assuming
a laminar flow, the liquid is: Fig. P7.37
(a) Water at 5°C
(b) SAE-30W oil at 25°C
(c) Glycerine at 20°C 7.38 A research experiment requires a laminar flow of
Is the assumption of laminar flow acceptable? air at 20°C through a 10-cm-diameter pipe at a
7.33 A laminar flow is to exist in a pipe transporting Reynolds number of 40 000. What maximum
0.12 ft3/sec of SAE-10W oil at 70°F. What is the velocity is to be expected? What would be the
maximum allowable diameter? What is the pres- pressure drop over a 10-m horizontal length of
sure drop over 30 ft of horizontal pipe for this developed flow? How long would the entrance
diameter? region be? Use r 1.2 kg/m3.
7.34 Estimate the flow rate through the smooth pipe 7.39 Calculate the radius where a pitot probe must be
shown in Fig. P7.34. How long is the entrance placed in the laminar liquid flow of Fig. P7.39 so
region? Assume a laminar flow. that the flow rate is given by pR 2�2gH
�.
Problems 333
horizontal pipes of Fig. P7.45 with diameters of

H 2 cm and 3 cm. A pressure drop of 100 Pa is mea-
sured over a 10-m section of developed laminar
flow. Find the flow rate and the shear stress on the
R inner pipe.
r
p1 p2
10 m
Water at 20°C
Fig. P7.39
7.40 A laminar flow of water at 20°C occurs in a verti-

cal 2-mm-diameter pipe. Calculate the flow rate if
the pressure is constant. Is it reasonable to assume
a laminar flow?
7.41 Water flows downward at a rate of 4.0 liters/min
Fig. P7.45
in a 40-mm-diameter vertical pipe. (a) Determine
the pressure drop over a distance of 10 meters. 7.46 Air at 20°C is to flow in the annulus between
(b) Calculate the friction head loss per unit length.
two concentric, horizontal pipes, with respective
(c) What is the shear stress at the pipe wall? Use
m 1.14
10–6 N # s/m2. diameters of 2 cm and 3 cm, such that a pres-
sure drop of 10 Pa occurs over a 10-m length.
7.42 Find the radius in a developed laminar flow in a
Find the average velocity and the shear stress
pipe where:
at the inner pipe. Assume a developed
(a) The velocity is equal to the average velocity.
laminar flow.
(b) The shear stress is equal to one-half the wall
shear stress. 7.47 Fluid flows in the annulus between two concentric
horizontal pipes. The inner pipe is maintained at a
7.43 Find the ratio of the total flow rate through a pipe
higher temperature than the outer pipe so that the
of radius r0 to the flow rate through an annulus with
viscosity in the annulus cannot be assumed to be
inner and outer radii of r0/2 and r0. Assume devel-
constant but m m(T). What differential equation
oped laminar flow with the same pressure gradient.
would be solved to yield u(r) assuming a devel-
7.44 A laminar flow of water at 60°F is obtained in a oped laminar flow?
research lab at Re 20 000 in a horizontal 2-in.-
7.48 Show that the velocity distribution of Example 7.2
diameter pipe. Calculate the head loss in a 30-ft
approaches that of pipe flow as r1 � 0 and
section of developed flow, the wall shear stress,
approaches that of parallel-plate flow as r1 � r2.
and the length of the entrance region.
7.45 Water at 20°C flows between the two concentric
Laminar Flow Between Parallel Plates
7.49 A flow occurs in a horizontal channel 12 in.

20 in.
with Re 2000. Calculate the flow rate if the V
fluid is: 0.4 mm
(a) Water at 60°F θ
(b) Atmospheric air at 60°F
7.50 A board 1 m
1 m that weighs 40 N moves down
the incline shown in Fig. P7.50 with a velocity of
V 0.2 m/s. Estimate the viscosity of the fluid Fig. P7.50
if u is:
(a) 20°
(b) 30°
7.51 Water at 20°C exists between the plate and the y

surface of Problem 7.50. Calculate the velocity of A very long plate
the plate for an angle u of: U = 6 m/s
(a) 20°
4 mm Air at 20°C u(y)
(b) 30°
x
7.52 Water at 20°C flows down a 20° incline at a depth of
6 mm and a width of 50 m. Calculate the flow rate
Fig. P7.57
and the Reynolds number assuming laminar flow.
Also, find the maximum velocity and the wall shear. 7.58 A pressure gradient of 20 Pa/m exists in 50°C air flow-
7.53 Water at 20°C flows down a 100-m-wide parking ing between horizontal parallel plates spaced 6 mm
lot on a slope of 0.00015 at a depth of 10 mm. apart. Find the velocity of the upper plate so that:
Determine the flow rate and the Reynolds num- (a) The shear stress at the upper plate is zero.
ber assuming laminar flow. Also, calculate the fric- (b) The shear stress at the lower plate is zero.
tion factor and the wall shear. (c) The flow rate is zero.
(d) The velocity at y 2 mm is 2 m/s.
7.54 A pressure drop of 50 Pa is measured over a 60-m
length of a 90 cm
2 cm rectangular horizontal 7.59 Using the Navier–Stokes equations (a) determine an
channel transporting 20°C air. Calculate the maxi- expression for the velocity profile of a pressure driv-
mum flow rate and the associated Reynolds num- en flow between two parallel horizontal plates placed
ber. Use r 1.2 kg/m3. 10-mm apart. The lower plate is fixed, and the upper
plate is moving with a constant velocity of 2 m/s.
7.55 In Fig. P7.55, a pressure difference pA pB is Assume steady, laminar incompressible flow of oil
measured to be 96 kPa. Find the friction factor for with viscosity of 0.4 Ns/m2. (b) Based on your answer
the wide channel assuming laminar flow. The flow in part (a), determine the pressure gradient needed to
direction is unknown. cause a zero velocity midway between the plates.
7.60 Consider steady, laminar, fully developed, incom-
B pressible flow between two inclined parallel plates
separated by a distance h. The upper plate of
Fig. P7.60 is moving upward with a constant veloc-
ity U, and the lower plate is fixed. Starting with
A 20 m
30°
the Navier–Stokes equations, obtain an expression
for the velocity in the fluid between the two
plates. Consider that dp/dx constant with the
Water @ 20°C fluid flowing downward.
8 mm U
θ y
Fig. P7.55
x
Fig. P7.60
7.56 A slit with dimensions 0.02 in.
4 in. exists in the 7.61 Oil with m 10 lb-sec/ft2 fills the concentric
4
2-in.-thick side of a pressure vessel containing space between the rod and the surface shown in
SAE-10W oil at 80°F and 600 psi. What is the Fig. P7.61. Find the force F if V 45 ft/sec.
maximum flow rate that can exist from the slit? Assume that dp/dx 0.
Assume developed laminar flow.
10 in. 0.008 in.
7.57 Air flows between the parallel plates as shown in
Fig. P7.57. Find the pressure gradient such that: F V 2 in.
(a) The shear stress at the upper surface is zero.
(b) The shear stress at the lower surface is zero.
(c) The flow rate is zero.
(d) The velocity at y 2 mm is 4 m/s. Fig. P7.61
Problems 335
7.62 Calculate the torque T necessary to rotate the rod 7.65 Find the torque needed to rotate the cone
shown in Fig. P7.62 at 30 rad/s if the fluid filling shown in Fig. P7.65 if oil with m 0.01 Ns/m2
the gap is SAE-10W oil at 20°C. Assume a linear fills the gap as shown. Assume a linear velocity
velocity profile. profile.
80 cm 0.8 mm
ω = 50 rad/s
40 cm
T
90∞
10 cm 2 mm
Fig. P7.62
7.63 Oil with m 0.01 Ns/m2 fills the gap shown in

Fig. P7.63. Estimate the torque necessary to rotate
Fig. P7.65
the disk shown, assuming a linear velocity profile. Is
the assumption of laminar flow valid? Use S 0.86.
7.66 To create a high-Reynolds-number flow, the
ω = 60 rad/s
channel setup shown in Fig. P7.66 was proposed
by Prof. John Foss of Michigan State University.
T It is a pressurized channel, thereby avoiding
fatal leaks that always are present in a suction
1.2 mm channel. (An upstream fan would produce blade
vortices that make a high Re impossible to
attain.) Estimate the power requirement of the
70%-efficient fan if the channel is 1.2 m wide
40 cm and Re 7000.
Fig. P7.63
7.64 Approximate the torque necessary to rotate the
inner 20-cm-diameter cylinder shown in Fig. P7.64. Screens
SAE-30W oil at 20°C fills the gap. Assume a
linear velocity profile.
8m Air
ω = 30 rad/s
1.2 cm
Straws
Fan
1.0 mm 10 cm
Fig. P7.66
Fig. P7.64
Laminar Flow Between Rotating Cylinders
7.67 A long cylinder of radius R rotates in a large con- rotate a 40-in.-long, 2-in.-diameter cylinder at 1000
tainer of liquid. What is the velocity distribution in rpm if the liquid is water at 60°F. Assume a lami-
the laminar flow? Calculate the torque needed to nar flow.
7.68 SAE-10W oil at 40°C fills the gap between two

long. Calculate the viscosity of the fluid. Use S 0.9.
concentric, 40-cm-long cylinders with respective
Verify that Eq. 7.5.17 is, in fact, the velocity profile.
radii of 2 cm and 3 cm. What torque is necessary
to rotate the inner cylinder at 3000 rpm if the outer 7.70 Find an expression for the torque necessary to
cylinder is fixed? What power is required? Verify rotate the outer cylinder if the inner cylinder of
that Eq. 7.5.17 is, in fact, the velocity profile. Fig. 7.6 is fixed.
7.69 A torque of 0.015 Nm is required to rotate a 7.71 Rework Problem 7.62 using the velocity distribu-
4-cm-radius cylinder inside a fixed 5-cm-radius cylin- tion of Eq. 7.5.17 and calculate the percent error
der at 40 rad/s. The concentric cylinders are 50 cm assuming the linear velocity profile.
Turbulent Flow
Table 1
7.72 Time average the differential continuity equation
for an incompressible flow and show that two con- t (s) u (m/s) v (m/s) t (s) u (m/s) v (m/s)
tinuity equations result: the instantaneous continu- 0.00 16.1 1.6 0.06 17.1 1.4
ity equation 0.01 25.7 5.4 0.07 28.6 6.7
0.02 10.6 8.6 0.08 6.7 5.2
u v „ 0.03 17.3 3.5 0.09 19.2
0 8.2
x y z 0.04 5.2 4.1 0.10 21.6 1.5
0.05 10.2 6.0
and the time-average continuity equation
u v� „ 7.77 Over a small radial distance in a developed turbu-

�
� 0
x y z lent flow, the time-average velocity is as given in
the following table. The pressure drop in a 30-ft
7.73 Find an expression for the difference between the horizontal section is measured to be 8 psf. Find
time-average acceleration � ��Dt and the quantity
Du u�v�� at r 0.69 ft. Air with r 0.0035 slug/ft3 and
�
�
� u�Dt using the fact that
D n 1.6
104 ft2/sec is flowing.
u u u 2 r (ft) 0.60 0.63 0.69 0.72

u v „ u
�� u ��„
��v�� u �� (ft/sec)
u 81.4 76.9 70.2 60.7
x y z x y z
7.74 Prove that the equation written in Problem 7.73 is 7.78 If at r 0.69 ft for the data of Problem 7.77, we
indeed a fact. (Hint: Use the instantaneous conti- measure � u�2� 316 ft2/sec2 and v��2� 156 ft2/sec2,
nuity equation.) what are the magnitudes of the eddy viscosity, the
correlation coefficient, and the mixing length?
7.75 Show that the time-averaged x-component
7.79 The velocity components are measured at a point
Navier–Stokes equation results in
in a laminar flow to be as shown in Fig. P7.79. Find
p
� 2u
� �
u�v��, h, lm, and Kuv if du 1
�/dy 10 s at the point.
��v�� m
r u
y x y2 1
1 u′ = – sin 10π t
u (m/s) – 2
for developed flow in a wide horizontal channel. 2
Using �t lam m(u ��v��, write
t turb ru
� /y) and �
the time-averaged Navier–Stokes equation in
terms of stresses.
2
7.76 The velocity components at a point in a turbulent 0.2
t( s )
flow are given in Table 1. Find �u, v�,
� 2 √2 and u√ at that point.
u��, ��, �� (a)
(continued on next page)
Problems 337
υ (m/s) 7.86 Water at 20°C flows in a 10-cm-diameter pipe

1
– with an average velocity of 10 m/s. Using
2
u umax(y/r0)1/n with n 7, plot the viscous shear
and the turbulent shear as a function of r. Also,
t( s ) find dp
�/dx.
0.2 7.87 SAE-10W oil at 10°C is transported in a smooth

(b) 80-cm-diameter pipe at the rate of 1.2 m3/s.
(a) Find the Reynolds number.
Fig. P7.79 (b) Find the friction factor.
(c) Find the maximum velocity using Eq. 7.6.20.
(d) Find the viscous wall layer thickness.
7.80 A 20-cm-diameter pipe with e 0.26 mm trans-
(e) Compare part (c) with the solution using the
ports water at 20°C. Determine if the pipe is
logarithmic velocity profile.
smooth or rough if the average velocity is:
(a) 0.02 m/s (b) 0.2 m/s (c) 2 m/s 7.88 Let the pipe in Problem 7.87 be a cast iron pipe
(Fig. 7.13 provides a value for e). Estimate the
7.81 SAE-30 oil at 40°C is transported in a 10-cm- maximum velocity using the logarithmic velocity
diameter pipe at an average velocity of 6 m/s. profile.
What is the largest size allowed for the roughness
element if the pipe is hydraulically smooth? 7.89 A pressure drop of 1.5 psi is measured with gages
placed 15 ft apart on a smooth horizontal 4-in.-
7.82 Calculate the maximum velocity in the pipe of: diameter pipe transporting water at 100°F.
(a) Problem 7.80a Estimate:
(b) Problem 7.80c (a) The wall shear
(b) The maximum velocity
7.83 The velocity profile for water at 20°C in a turbu- (c) The average velocity
lent flow in a 10-cm-diameter smooth pipe is (d) The Reynolds number
approximated by u 1/7 (e) The flow rate
� 9.2y m/s. Find:
(a) The wall shear
7.90 A 12-cm-diameter horizontal pipe transports
(b) The velocity gradient du �/dy at the wall SAE-10 oil at 10°C. Calculate the wall shear, the
(c) The pressure gradient
average velocity, and the flow rate if the pressure
(d) The value of h at r 2.5 cm
drop over a 10-m section of pipe is measured
7.84 Water at 70°F flows in a 5-in.-diameter horizontal to be:
pipe at the rate of 2.5 ft3/sec. Find the constant n (a) 5 kPa (b) 20 kPa (c) 200 kPa
in the exponent of Eq. 7.6.19. What is the maxi-
mum velocity? 7.91 Make a linear plot (not a semilog plot) of the
7.85 Show that the kinetic-energy correction factor velocity profile of the flow in Problem 7.89 using:
is 1.10 for n 5 and 1.03 for n 10 using (a) The log profile
u umax(y/r0)1/n in a circular pipe. (b) The power-law profile
Turbulent Flow in Pipes and Conduits
7.92 Water at 20°C flows in an 8-cm-diameter plastic pipe 7.94 Water at 20°C flows in a 4-cm-diameter cast iron
with a flow rate of 20 L/s. Determine the friction fac- pipe. Determine the friction factor, using the
tor using (a) the Moody diagram, and (b) Eq. 7.6.26. Moody diagram, if the average velocity is:
(a) 0.025 m/s (b) 0.25 m/s
7.93 A flow rate of 0.03 m3/s of 15°C water occurs in a
(c) 2.5 m/s (d) 25 m/s
10-cm-diameter cast iron pipe. Determine the fric-
tion factor using (a) the Moody diagram, and
(b) one of the equations (7.6.26) through (7.6.28).
7.95 A flow rate of 0.02 m3/s occurs in a 10-cm-diameter 7.102 An 80-cm-diameter concrete pipe is to transport
wrought iron pipe. Using the Moody diagram, storm water at 20°C at a rate of 5 m3/s. What
calculate the pressure drop over a 100-m horizontal pressure drop is to be expected over a 100-m
section if the pipe transports: section of horizontal pipe?
(a) Water at 20°C 7.103 A pressure drop of 500 kPa is not to be exceeded
(b) Glycerine at 60°C over a 200-m length of horizontal 10-cm-diameter
(c) SAE-30W at 30°C cast iron pipe. Calculate the maximum flow rate if
(d) Kerosene at 10°C the fluid is:
Compare each answer with that using Eq. 7.6.29. (a) Water at 20°C
(b) Glycerine at 20°C
7.96 Water at 60°F flows in a 1.5-in.-diameter pipe with
(c) SAE-10W oil at 20°C
a flow rate of 0.06 ft3/sec. Using the Moody dia-
(d) Kerosene at 20°C
gram, determine the head loss in a 600-ft section if
the pipe is: 7.104 A pressure drop of 200 kPa is not to be exceeded
(a) Cast iron (b) Galvanized iron over a 100-m length of horizontal 4-cm-diameter
(c) Wrought iron (d) Plastic pipe. Estimate the maximum flow rate if water at
20°C is transported and the pipe is:
7.97 A mass flux of 1.2 kg/s occurs in a 10-cm-diameter (a) Cast iron
plastic pipe at 20°C and 500 kPa absolute. Assume (b) Wrought iron
an incompressible flow and, using the Moody dia- (c) Plastic
gram, find the pressure drop in a 100-m section of
7.105 Neglecting all losses except that due to wall fric-
pipe if the fluid flowing is:
tion, estimate the flow rate through the pipe
(a) Air
shown in Fig. P7.105 if the diameter is:
(b) Carbon dioxide
(a) 4 cm
(c) Hydrogen
(b) 8 cm
Compare each answer with that using Eq. 7.6.29. (c) 12 cm
(d) 16 cm
7.98 SAE-30W oil flows at the rate of 0.08 m3/s in a
15-cm-diameter horizontal galvanized iron pipe.
Find the pressure drop in 100 m if the tempera- el. 40 m
ture of the oil is:
Water el. 10 m
(a) 0°C (b) 30°C 10°C
(c) 60°C (d) 90°C
Compare each answer with that using Eq. 7.6.29.
200 m
7.99 Select the material, listed in Fig. 7.13, from which galvanized
each of the following pipes is probably construc- iron pipe
ted. Each 5-cm-diameter pipe is tested with water Fig. P7.105
at 20°C using a flow rate of 400 L/min. The follow-
ing pressure drops are measured over a 10-m
length of horizontal pipe: 7.106 A pressure drop of 400 Pa is allowable in gas flow
(a) Pipe 1: 36 kPa in a 400-m horizontal section of 12-cm-diameter
(b) Pipe 2: 24 kPa wrought iron pipe. If the temperature and pres-
(c) Pipe 3: 19 kPa sure are 40°C and 200 kPa absolute, find the maxi-
mum mass flux if the gas is:
7.100 Water at 50°F flows up a 30° incline in a 212-in.- (a) Air (b) Carbon dioxide
diameter plastic pipe with a flow rate of (c) Hydrogen
0.3 ft3/sec. Find the pressure change over a 300-ft
7.107 A pressure drop of 30 psi is not to be exceeded
length of pipe.
over a 600-ft length of horizontal 4-ft-diameter
7.101 Water at 40°C flows in a horizontal section of concrete pipe transporting water at 60°F. What
5-cm-diameter wrought iron pipe with a flow rate flow rate can be accommodated? Use:
of 0.02 m3/s. Does the pipe behave as a smooth (a) The Moody diagram
pipe, or is the roughness significant? (b) Equation 7.6.30
Problems 339
7.108 Estimate the size of plastic tubing that should be 7.111 Atmospheric air at 30°C is to be transported
selected if 0.002 m3/s of fluid is to be transported through a square sheet metal (smooth) conduit at
such that the pressure drop does not exceed the rate of 4 m3/s. What should be the conduit
200 kPa in a 100-m horizontal section. The fluid is: dimensions so that the head loss does not exceed
(a) Water at 20°C 10 m over a horizontal length of 200 m?
(b) Glycerine at 60°C 7.112 Water at 20°C is transported through a 2 cm
4 cm
(c) Kerosene at 20°C smooth conduit and experiences a pressure drop of
(d) SAE-10W oil at 40°C 80 Pa over a 2-m horizontal length. What is the flow
7.109 Select a concrete pipe size that will transport 5 m3/s rate?
of 20°C water so that the head loss does not exceed 7.113 A plastic conduit 4 cm
10 cm transports water
20 m in a 300-m horizontal pipe section. Use: at 20°C. If a pressure drop of 100 Pa is measured
(a) The Moody diagram by gages spaced 5 m apart on a horizontal section,
(b) Equation 7.6.31 find the flow rate.
7.110 A farmer wishes to siphon 10°C water from a lake 7.114 An open rectangular 1.2-m-wide concrete (use
1200 m from a field positioned a distance of 3 m e 1.5 mm) channel transports 20°C water from a
below the surface of the lake. What size of drawn reservoir to a location 10 000 m away. Using the
tubing should be selected if 400 L of water is Moody diagram, estimate the flow rate if the chan-
desired each minute? Use: nel is on a slope of 0.0015 and the water depth is:
(a) The Moody diagram (a) 0.3 m (b) 0.6 m
(b) Equation 7.6.31 (c) 0.9 m
Neglect all losses except that due to wall friction.
Is the exiting kinetic energy also negligible?
Minor Losses
7.115 If the loss coefficient for a sudden expansion is 6 cm dia.
based on the exit velocity V2, determined the loss 2 cm dia.
coefficient in terms of A1 and A2. V1
7.116 Explain, with reference to Eq. 3.4.15, why the high- p1

and low-pressure regions of Fig. 7.14 exist. Also, p2
sketch a velocity profile from the inside corner of
(b)
the bend to the outside of the bend along a line
from B to C as sketched in Fig. P7.116. Explain why Fig. P7.117
a secondary flow results after the bend.
7.118 Replace the sudden enlargement of Problem 7.117
C with a 20° expansion angle and rework the problem.
7.119 For each system shown in Fig. P7.119, estimate the
loss coefficient based on V2 using the data of Fig. 7.16.
B 4 cm dia. 4 cm dia.
2 cm dia.
V1 V1
2 cm dia.
(a) (b)
Fig. P7.116
7.117 For each system shown in Fig. P7.117, find p2 if 6 cm dia.
4 cm dia.
Q 0.02 m3/s of air at 20°C and p1 50 kPa. 2 cm dia.
4 cm dia. V1
2 cm dia.
V1
p1 (c)
p2
(a) Fig. P7.119
7.120 The flow rate is measured to be 0.12 ft3/sec from 7.121 The flow rate is measured to be 6 L/s in the pipe
the pipe shown in Fig. P7.120. Find the loss coeffi- shown in Fig. P7.121. Find the loss coefficient of
cient of the valve. Neglect wall friction. the valve if H is:
(a) 4 cm (b) 8 cm
4 cm dia.
Water
Water
60°F 6'
2" dia.
H
Hg
6'
Fig. P7.120 Fig. P7.121
Simple Piping Systems

7.122 Find the flow rate from the pipe shown in 7.125 For the cast-iron piping shown in Fig. P7.125,
Fig. P7.122. Sketch the EGL and the HGL. calculate the flow rate and minimum pressure and
sketch the HGL and the EGL if:
(a) H 10 m
(b) H 20 m
Water 4-cm-dia. (c) H 30 m
20°C wrought iron pipe
20 m
Screwed 2m
Water H
elbows 20°C 20 m 40 m
50 m 40 m 2 cm dia. 4 cm dia.
20 m Angle valve
(wide open)
Fig. P7.125
Fig. P7.122
7.126 Water at 35°C flows from a bathtub through a
7.123 Water at 70°F flows from a 4-in.-diameter 1200-ft 2.5-cm-diameter plastic pipe to a large air-filled
length of cast iron horizontal pipe that is attached drain pipe. There are two screwed elbows in the
to a reservoir with a square-edged entrance. A 10 m of pipe. If the drain pipe is 0.8 m below the
screwed globe valve that controls the flow is half water level in the tub, estimate how long it will
open. Find the flow rate if the reservoir elevation take to drain 10 L of water.
above the pipe exit is:
7.127 A 3-cm-diameter plastic tube with screwed elbows
(a) 15 ft (b) 30 ft (c) 60 ft
is used to siphon the water as shown in
7.124 Estimate the flow rate to be expected through the Fig. P7.127. Estimate the maximum height H for
plastic siphon shown in Fig. P7.124 if the diameter is: which the siphon will operate.
(a) 4 cm (b) 8 cm (c) 12 cm
0.8 m
20 m Screwed elbows
H
2m
1.2 m 6m
Water 2m 4m
15°C Water at 10°C
Fig. P7.124 Fig. P7.127
Problems 341
7.128 A 12-L lawn sprayer is filled with 8 L of 7.130 A 9.4-mm-diameter 60-m-long plastic pipe trans-
20°C water. It is 1.2 m high and has an ports 20°C water from a spring to a pond 3 m
8-mm-diameter copper tube (e � 0) that below, similar to the situation shown in
reaches the bottom (it is a little short). A Problem 7.129. It is observed that the water alter-
1.2-m-long 5-mm-diameter smooth hose is nates between a relatively fast moving stream to a
attached to the copper tube. The hose ends with relatively slow moving stream. Explain this phe-
a 2-mm-diameter nozzle. If the sprayer is pres- nomenon with supporting calculations.
surized to 100 kPa, estimate the initial velocity 7.131 Water at 60°F is to be pumped through 900 ft of cast
exiting the nozzle. iron pipe from a reservoir to a device that is 30 ft
7.129 What is the maximum flow rate through the pipe above the reservoir surface. It is to enter the device at
shown in Fig. P7.129 if the elevation difference of 30 psi. Screwed components include two elbows, a
the reservoir surfaces is: square-edged entrance, and an angle valve. If the flow
(a) 80 m rate is to be 0.6 ft3/sec, what pump power is needed
(b) 150 m (assume 80% efficiency) if the pipe diameter is:
(c) 200 m (a) 1.5 in. (b) 3 in. (c) 4.5 in.
Valve (K = 1.0)
Water 15°C
2000 m
80-cm-dia.
concrete pipe
Fig. P7.129
7.132 What pump power (85% efficient) is needed for

a flow rate of 0.01 m3/s in the pipe shown in Water
Fig. P7.132? What is the greatest distance 15°C
from the left reservoir that the pump can be 400 m
located?
T
el 80 m 90-cm-dia.
cast iron pipe
el 10 m 4-cm-dia.
Water drawn tubing Fig. P7.133
15°C
P 7.134 What pump power (75% efficient) is needed in
the piping system shown in Fig. P7.134? What is
the greatest distance from the reservoir that the
800 m
pump can be located?
Fig. P7.132 2-in.-dia.

Water
70°F wrought iron pipe 1 in.-dia.
60 ft
3
7.133 A flow rate of 2 m /s exists in the pipe shown
P
in Fig. P7.133. What is the expected power
output of the turbine (85% efficient) if the 100 psi
1200 ft
elevation difference of the reservoir
surfaces is:
(a) 20 m (b) 60 m (c) 100 m Fig. P7.134
7.135 The pump shown in Fig. P7.135 has the character- 7.139 Reverse the flow direction in Problem 7.138 and
istic curves shown in Example 7.18. redo the problem.
(a) Estimate the flow rate and the power 7.140 In the filtration system shown in Fig. P7. 140, water is
required by the pump. circulated steadily through a filter using a pump. The
(b) Sketch the EGL and the HGL. pump characteristic curve is given by Hp
(c) If cavitation is possible, determine the maxi- 10 12Q 150Q2, where Hp is in meters and Q is in
mum distance from the reservoir to locate m3/s. A 10-cm-diameter pipe is used in the system.
the pump. The total length of pipe used is 60 m, and the friction
factor of the pipe is f 0.04. Determine the flow rate
and power input to the pump. All bends are 90 miter
bend without vanes.
Water
20°C 20 m
20-cm-dia.
cast iron pipe
Water Globe Valve
15°C (fully open)
P
300 m
Filter (k = 12)
Fig. P7.135
Pump
7.136 Reverse the flow direction in Problem 7.135 and
redo the problem. Fig. P7.140
7.137 A turbine replaces the pump of Problem 7.135.
Estimate the power output if hT 0.88. The 7.141 A turbine with a characteristic curve shown in
turbine’s characteristic curve is HT 0.8Q, Fig. P7.141 is inserted in the pipeline. Calculate
where HT is measured in meters and Q in L/s. the turbine power output. Assume that hT 0.90.
7.138 The pump shown in Fig. P7.138 has characteristic
curves shown in Example 7.18. Estimate the flow Water
rate and 20°C 60 m
1000 m
(a) Calculate the pump power requirement.
1.2-m-dia.
(b) Calculate the pressure at the pump inlet. concrete pipe T
(c) Calculate the pressure at the pump outlet.
(d) Sketch the EGL and the HGL. (a)
2
Water
15°C
W T (MW)
1
25 m
•
20 m
10 m 1 2 3 4
16-cm-dia. 8m Water
20°C Q (m3/s)
wrought iron pipe
P (b)
10 m 10 m
Fig. P7.141
FIG. P7.138
Problems 343
Open-Channel Flow
7.142 Using a control volume surrounding a finite 7.148 The cross section of a straight river is approxi-
length of the liquid in a channel flowing at con- mated as shown in Fig. P7.148. At what depth will
stant depth, find the average shear stress on the 100 m3/s of water flow? The slope is 0.001.
walls if water flows in a 10-ft-wide rectangular
channel at a depth of 6 ft on a 0.001 slope.
3m
7.143 Using the approach mentioned in Problem 7.142, 5m 5m
determine the average shear stress on the portion 3m
of the wall of a 40-cm-diameter circular conduit in 10 m
contact with the water, which is flowing at a con-
stant depth of 10 cm. The slope is 0.0016. Fig. P7.148
7.144 Calculate the flow rate in a 2-m-wide rectangular,
7.149 For the channel shown in Fig. P7.149, if
planed wood channel on a slope of 0.001 if the
S 0.0016, find the flow depth if Q 10 m3/s and
depth is 60 cm. Use:
the channel is constructed with:
(a) The Chezy–Manning equation
(a) Planed wood
(b) The Darcy–Weisbach equation
(b) Brick
7.145 Water flows in a 6-ft-diameter finished concrete
conduit on a 0.0012 slope. Predict the flow rate if
the depth of flow is: 1 1
(a) 6 ft minus a little 1 2m 1
(b) 5.7 ft
(c) 3 ft
(d) 1.5 ft
Fig. P7.149
(e) 0.5 ft
7.146 For the channel shown in Fig. P7.146, find the flow 7.150 Water flows in a 4-ft-diameter sewer pipe at a flow
rate and average velocity if S 0.001 using: rate of 24 ft3/sec. Estimate the depth if the slope is
(a) The Chezy–Manning equation 0.001.
(b) The Darcy–Weisbach equation 7.151 Water flows in a 80-cm-diameter sewer pipe at a
flow rate of 0.2 m3/s. Determine the depth if the
slope is 0.001.
1 1
1 1.2 m 1 0.5 m
Brick
Fig. P7.146
7.147 At what depth will 5 m3/s of water flow in a
2-m-wide rectangular brick channel with
S 0.001? Use:
(a) The Chezy–Manning equation
(b) The Darcy–Weisbach equation

Pipe Flow Calculations

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330 Chapter 7 / Internal Flows

Fundamentals of Engineering Exam Review Problems

Entrance and Developed Flow

7.26 Explain the pressure variations observed for a tur-

Laminar Flow in a Pipe

7.27 Define pk p  g h as the kinetic pressure and

horizontal pipes of Fig. P7.45 with diameters of

7.40 A laminar flow of water at 20°C occurs in a verti-

Laminar Flow Between Parallel Plates

7.49 A flow occurs in a horizontal channel 12 in.

7.51 Water at 20°C exists between the plate and the y

7.63 Oil with m 0.01 N s/m2 fills the gap shown in

Laminar Flow Between Rotating Cylinders

7.68 SAE-10W oil at 40°C fills the gap between two

u v� „ 7.77 Over a small radial distance in a developed turbu-

u u u  2   r (ft) 0.60 0.63 0.69 0.72

υ (m/s) 7.86 Water at 20°C flows in a 10-cm-diameter pipe

0.2 7.87 SAE-10W oil at 10°C is transported in a smooth

Turbulent Flow in Pipes and Conduits

7.116 Explain, with reference to Eq. 3.4.15, why the high- p1

Fig. P7.120 Fig. P7.121

Simple Piping Systems

Fig. P7.124 Fig. P7.127

7.132 What pump power (85% efficient) is needed for

Fig. P7.132 2-in.-dia.

S-ar putea să vă placă și

7.27 Define pk p g h as the kinetic pressure and

7.63 Oil with m 0.01 Ns/m2 fills the gap shown in

u v� „ 7.77 Over a small radial distance in a developed turbu-

u u u 2 r (ft) 0.60 0.63 0.69 0.72