Advance GIS Manual

Annex - 2

Raghunath JHA, M.E (AIT), PH. D. (University of Tokyo)

Lecturer,
IOE, Pulchowk Campus
August 2005
 2

Table of Contents
Introduction to GEOPROCESSING (Geographical Processing)..................................................................................................... 3
Exercise A1: Dissolve Features based on an Attribute Operation ................................................................................................... 7
Exercise A2: Merge Operation (Append in arcinfo)........................................................................................................................ 9
Exercise A3: Clip Operation......................................................................................................................................................... 11
Exercise A4: Union Operation....................................................................................................................................................... 12
Exercise A5: Intersection Operation.............................................................................................................................................. 13
EXCERISE 2: Creating TIN.......................................................................................................................................................... 14
Exercise 3: Creating contour from surveyed points (X, Y, Z) ....................................................................................................... 16
Exercise 4: To create surfaces from point samples ........................................................................................................................ 17
Exercise 5: To derive slope from a surface.................................................................................................................................... 19
Exercise 6: To derive aspect from a surface .................................................................................................................................. 20
Exercise 7: Determining proximity/Zonal summarization............................................................................................................. 22
Exercise 8: To compute hillshade from a surface .......................................................................................................................... 24
Exercise 9: To generate a continuous surface of distance from source features ............................................................................ 26
Exercise 10: viewshed analysis...................................................................................................................................................... 27
Exercise 12: To Generate a Linear Profile on Surface................................................................................................................... 28

2
 3

Introduction to GEOPROCESSING (Geographical Processing)

GeoProcessing is a way to create new data based on themes in your view. In most cases you will alter the
geometric properties of the features in a data set while controlling some aspects of how its attribute data is
handled.
To reduce the extent of a theme: clip one theme based on another
This process creates a new theme by using a polygon theme (or selected polygons in that theme) as a
cookie cutter on a point, line, or polygon theme. The output theme will only contain data from the theme
you're clipping--the theme used as a cookie cutter is only used to define the clipping boundary. You might
use the boundary of your study area to clip a theme of roads or customers that extends over a much larger
area.

intersect two themes

This process is similar to clipping a theme, except it preserves only those features falling within the spatial
extent common to both themes. The features of the input theme are intersected or sliced by the intersect
theme. The attribute data from both themes are included in the new theme's attribute table. You could use
of theme of flood zones to intersect a theme of land parcels.
To combine features in one theme that are alike

dissolve features based on an attribute

Dissolving features in a theme coalesces adjacent features that have the same attribute value. You might
dissolve a theme of U.S. census counties based on predominant political affiliation. This would remove
boundaries between adjacent tracts with the same predominant political affiliation.
To combine features in two or more themes
union two themes
Union creates a new theme by combining two polygon themes. The new theme has data and shapes from
both themes, including their intersection. In fact, union differs from intersect only by the fact that all the
features of both themes are included in the resultant theme, including those features that did not overlap.

merge themes together

Using merge is similar to union--a new theme is created from multiple themes but their features are not
intersected. Merge allows you to combine the features from two or more themes of the same geometric
type. When you merge themes, you specify which theme has the same fields you want the new theme to
have. If the other themes you're merging have more fields than the theme you have specified, those fields
won't be in the new theme's table. If the other themes don't have the same fields as the theme you've
specified, empty cells will be added to the new theme's table. You might merge several tiled county
themes with census data to make a metropolitan area.

To use one theme’s data in another theme

assign data by location
Assigning data by location uses a spatial relationship to join data from one theme to another theme. For
example, a travel agency concerned about client safety might assign data from a theme of hotels in a major
city to a theme of crime events. The hotel data would be added to the crime event data, along with the
distance to the hotel nearest the crime event. As a result the hotels nearest the most crimes may not be
recommended to the travel agency’s safety conscious clientele.

3
 4

GeoProcessing Wizard options

The GeoProcessing Wizard offers six geoprocessing options you can use to create or augment feature

themes.

Dissolve: This process will dissolve features in one theme based on the value of an attribute you choose.
Technically this is the same as showing the attribute table for a theme, then choosing to Summarize an
attribute where you elect to merge shapes.

Merge This process will create one theme that contains the features of two or more themes. The new
theme will contain the fields of one of the input themes. If each of the other input themes have at least the
same fields, then all cells in the new theme’s attribute table will be populated. If any of the other input
themes have additional fields, that data will not be included. If any of the other input themes are missing
the fields then no data will be added to those fields for the features of that other theme.

Clip: This process creates a new Shapefile by overlaying the features of two themes. One of these themes
must be a polygon theme (called the "overlay" theme) which will be used to define the clipping region.
The clip process uses the clipping region as a cookie cutter. Only those features in the other theme (called
the "input" theme) within the clipping region are stored in the new Shapefile. The features of the Input
theme can be polygons, lines, or points. The features in the new Shapefile will be of the same type as the
input theme’s features. The feature attribute table for the new Shapefile contains the same items as the
input theme’s attribute table.

4
 5

Intersect This process computes the geometric intersection of two themes and adds it to your view as a
new theme. The overlay theme must be a polygon theme. Its features will split the input theme. Any
features in the input theme that are not overlaid by features in the overlay theme will be ignored. Only the
areas that are in common to the overlay and input themes will be included in the output theme. The input
theme’s features can be polygons or lines. The output Shapefile’s features will be of the same type as the
input theme features. The attribute table for the output Shapefile includes the attributes from the input and
overlay theme.

Union The Union process creates a new theme by overlaying two polygon themes. The output theme
contains the combined polygons and attributes of both themes. The polygons of the input theme are split at

their intersection with polygons of the overlay theme. The feature attribute table for the output theme
contains attributes from the input and overlay themes’ attribute tables.

Assign data by location The assign data by location operation will perform a spatial join between the two
selected themes. A spatial join is similar to an attribute join; however it is based on the spatial relationship
between the features in the two themes. For each feature represented in the destination table, ArcView
looks to see if it has one of the following spatial relationships with any feature represented in the source
table, and if it does, that feature's record from the source table is joined into the destination table:

5
 6

When the spatial join is based on the 'nearest' relationship (i.e., neither of the two themes involved
contains polygons and one of them contains points), ArcView adds a Distance field to the destination
table. This field is automatically calculated by ArcView and contains the distance to the nearest feature
represented in the source table for each feature represented in the destination table. The distance is
calculated in the view’s map units.
When the spatial join is based on the 'part of' relationship (i.e., both themes involved contain line features),
the line features represented in the destination table have to be sub-strings of the line features represented
in the source table to satisfy the spatial join. In other words, the lines in one theme are part of the lines in
the other theme. For example, if you had the Rio Branco river in one theme, and all the rivers in the
Amazon basin in another theme, all the features in the first theme are considered to be 'part of' the features
in the second theme. This is because the Rio Branco is a tributary of the Amazon, and features
representing the Rio Branco are present in the second theme.

6
 7

Exercise A1: Dissolve Features based on an Attribute Operation

1. Copy kvcd folder from CD to your working directory (If it is not copied there)
2. Open Arcveiw software
3. Open a new view
4. Add EXTENSION “Geroprocessing” (File -> Extension -> geoprocessing)
5. Add themes “Lu92_ai”, kvd2_ai, lsys2_ai, merge1, merge2
6. Dissolve Features based on an Attribute Operation
This process will dissolve features in one theme based on the value of an attribute you choose. Technically
this is the same as showing the attribute table for a theme, then choosing to Summarize an attribute where
you elect to merge_shapes.

Starting Window

Second Window
Step 1 of 2

Step 1 of 2
Select a theme to dissolve: Choose from the list of themes, which includes all feature themes in your
view, the theme you want to dissolve
Select an attribute to dissolve on: Choose the attribute from the selected theme containing the values you
want to use to dissolve the theme’s features. One feature will be created in the resulting theme for each
unique value in this field.
Specify the output file: Here you browse for, or enter a shape filename to that will be used to store the
results of the dissolve operation.

Help: Opens this help topic.

7
 8

Cancel: Dismisses the GeoProcessing wizard.

<< Back: Goes back to the first panel of the GeoProcessing wizard.
Next >>: Continues to the next step

Step 2 of 2
Choose one or more additional fields and operations to be included in the output file: You can choose
to add one or more fields from your theme’s attribute table. These fields will be summarized as specified.
To select more than one, or a range of themes and summary operations, use the Control or Shift keys in
conjunction with your mouse click.
Third window
Step 2 of 2

Help: Opens this help topic.

Cancel: Dismisses the GeoProcessing wizard.
<< Back: Goes back to step 1 of the Dissolve features based on attributes wizard.
Finish: Starts dissolving features based on the settings you have chosen.

Check following:
a. View the dissolved theme
b. View the table of original theme and dissolved theme
c. Find out the differences

8
 9

Exercise A2: Merge Operation (Append in arcinfo)

1. Copy kvcd folder from CD to your working directory (If it is not copied there)
2. Open Arcveiw software
3. Open a new view
4. Add EXTENSION “Geroprocessing” (File -> Extension -> geoprocessing)
5. Add themes “Lu92_ai”, kvd2_ai, lsys2_ai, merge1, merge2

This process will create one theme that contains the features of two or more themes. The new theme will
contain the fields of one of the input themes. If each of the other input themes have at least the same fields,
then all cells in the new theme’s attribute table will be populated. If any of the other input themes have
additional fields, that data will not be included. If any of the other input themes are missing the fields then
no data will be added to those fields for the features of that other theme.

Starting Window

Second Window
Step 1 of 1

Select themes to merge: Choose two or more themes that are of the same geometry type. The Finish
button will not be enabled until you have two or more themes of the same type selected. You can use the
Control and Shift keys in conjunction with your mouse click to select more than one or a range of themes.
Use fields from: Choose the theme that contains the fields you want to appear in the resulting merged
theme. Only the themes you have selected above will appear in this list.

Specify the output file: Here you browse for, or enter a shape filename to that will be used to store the
results of the merge operation.

9
 10

Help: Opens this help topic.

Cancel: Dismisses the GeoProcessing wizard.
<< Back: Goes back to the first panel of the GeoProcessing wizard.
Finish: Begins merging the features of the selected themes.

Checkout following:
d. View the Merged theme
e. View the table of original themes and merged theme
f. Find out the differences

10
 11

Exercise A3: Clip Operation

1. Copy kvcd folder from CD to your working directory (If it is not copied there)
2. Open Arcveiw software
3. Open a new view
4. Add EXTENSION “Geroprocessing” (File -> Extension -> geoprocessing)
5. Add themes “Lu92_ai”, kvd2_ai, lsys2_ai, merge1, merge2

This process creates a new Shapefile by overlaying the features of two themes. One of these themes must
be a polygon theme (called the “overlay” theme), which will be used to define the clipping region. The clip
process uses the clipping region as a cookie cutter. Only those features in the other theme (called the
“input” theme) within the clipping region are stored in the new Shapefile. The features of the Input theme
can be polygons, lines, or points. The features in the new Shapefile will be of the same type as the input
theme’s features. The feature attribute table for the new
Shapefile contains the same items as the input theme’s
Select a theme to clip: Choose from the list of
attribute table.
themes, which includes all feature themes in
your view, the theme you want to use as the
input theme. The features of this theme will be
clipped by the feature of overlay theme. You
will see the number of features in this theme
displayed once you select it.
Use selected features only: If the input theme
has some selected features, you can check this
box to only use the selected features in the clip
operation.
Select the overlay theme: Choose an overlay
theme from the list of polygon themes. You will
see the number of features in this theme
displayed once you select it.

Use selected features only: If the overlay

theme has some selected features, you can
check this box to only use the selected features
as the clip region.
Specify the output file: Here you browse for,
or enter a shape filename to that will be used to
store the results of the clip operation.
Help: Opens this help topic.
Cancel: Dismisses the GeoProcessing wizard.
<< Back: Goes back to the first panel of the
GeoProcessing wizard.
Finish: Starts the clipping process based on the
settings you have chosen.

Checkout following:
• View the Clip theme
• View the table of original themes
and clip theme
• Find out the differences

11
 12

Exercise A4: Union Operation

1. Copy kvcd folder from CD to your working directory (If it is not copied there)
2. Open Arcveiw software
3. Open a new view
4. Add EXTENSION “Geroprocessing” (File -> Extension -> geoprocessing)
5. Add themes “Lu92_ai”, kvd2_ai, lsys2_ai, merge1, merge2

The Union process creates a new theme by overlaying two polygon themes. The output theme contains the
combined polygons and attributes of both themes. The polygons of the input theme are split at their
intersection with polygons of the overlay theme. The feature attribute table for the output theme contains
attributes from the input and overlay themes’ attribute tables.

Select first theme to union: Choose the

theme you want to use as the input
theme for the union operation. You will
see the number of features in this theme
displayed when you select it.
Use selected features only: If the first
theme has some selected features, you
can check this box to only use the
selected features in the union operation.
Select second theme to union: Choose
a theme from the list of polygon themes.
You will see the number of features in
this theme displayed when you select it.

Use selected features only: If the

second theme has some selected
features, you can check this box to only
use the selected features in the union
operation.
Specify the output file: Here you
browse for, or enter a shape filename to
that will be used to store the results of
the union operation.
Help: Opens this help topic.
Cancel: Dismisses the GeoProcessing
wizard.
<< Back: Goes back to the first panel of
the GeoProcessing wizard.
Finish: Starts the union process based
on the settings you have chosen.

Checkout following:
• View the union theme
• View the table of original themes and union theme
• Find out the differences

12
 13

Exercise A5: Intersection Operation

This process computes the geometric intersection of two themes and adds it to your view as a new theme.
The overlay theme must be a polygon theme. Its features will split the input theme. Any features in the
input theme that are not overlaid by features in the overlay theme will be ignored. Only the areas that are
in common to the overlay and input themes will be included in the output theme. The input theme’s
features can be polygons or lines. The output Shapefile’s features will be of the same type as the input
theme features.. The attribute table for the output Shapefile includes the attributes
Select a theme from
to intersect: the input
Choose and
from the list
overlay theme. of themes, which includes the polygon and line
feature themes in your view, the theme you want to
use as the input theme. The features of this theme
will be intersected by the feature of overlay theme.
You will see the number of features in this theme
displayed once you select it.
Use selected features only: If the input theme has
some selected features, you can check this box to
only use the selected features in the intersect
operation.

Select the overlay theme: Choose an overlay

theme from the list of polygon themes. You will
see the number of features in this theme displayed
once you select it.
Use selected features only: If the overlay theme
has some selected features, you can check this box
to only use the selected features in the intersect
operation.
Specify the output file: Here you browse for, or
enter a shape filename to that will be used to store
the results of the intersect operation.

Help: Opens this help topic.

Cancel: Dismisses the GeoProcessing wizard.
<< Back: Goes back to the first panel of the
GeoProcessing wizard.
Finish: Starts the intersect process based on the
settings you have chosen.

Checkout following:
• View the intersection theme
• View the table of original themes and intersect theme
• Find out the differences
• Check intersection = clip + union

13
 14

EXCERISE 2: Creating TIN

7. Copy kvcd folder from CD to your working directory (If it is not copied there)
8. Open ArcView software if not open
9. Open a new view
10. Add EXTENSION “3d Analyst” (File -> Extension -> 3d Analyst)
11. Add themes “contour” and “spot”. The contour interval of contour file is “cov” (contour value) attribute.

Similarly, the height field in spot shape file is “sel” (spot elevation).
12. Activate spot.shp and contour.shp by pressing shift key
13. Click “Create TIN from feature” in “surface” menu.

14. Click the

point
coverage
(spot.shp)
put the
spot
elevation
attribute in
the Height
source combo. In this case put “sel” as Height Source.
15. Click the line coverage (contour.shp), put the contour interval attribute as the height source. In this case put
“cov” as height source and input as “mass point”. Finally click OK.

14
 15

16. The dialog box to save the “TIN” file will open. Select the
location and name the TIN file. Click OK to save the TIN file. It will take some time to create the TIN, depending
upon the extent of the map.

17. TIN cover will be added to the Table of Content of the view. The 3D view can be seen on the view window
making on the TIN coverage.

Things to do (optional)

1. See the properties of the tin layer

2. Create a 3d Scene (view -> 3d scene)
3. See the properties of 3d scene. Set different sun angle and viewers position and see its effect on 3d scene.

15
 16

Exercise 3: Creating contour from surveyed points (X, Y, Z)

1. Input the data of the surveyed point in Excel sheet (X, Y, Z)
2. Save the Excel data into DBF format.
3. Open ARCVIEW if it is not open
4. Add the Table (surveyed.dbf) file in table
5. Create a event theme by clicking view -> event theme
6. It will ask to select the table.
7. Select the surveyed.dbf
8. Select X-> X field
9. Select Y -> Y field
10. Click OK
11. A surveyed.dbf point map will be added to the table of content.
12. Convert surveyed.dbf file into survey.shp file. Now the survey.shp file has an attribute as elevation, which
contains the height of the points.
13. Convert the point map (survey.shp) into tin map (surveytin) as describe into previous exercise.
14. Activate surveytin theme and click Surface->create contours
15. Select the contour interval and also the base contour level and press OK. A contour map will be created and
added to the table of content.

16. Activate the contour map and convert to shape file from theme menu to save the contour shape file at
desired location.

16
 17

Exercise 4: To create surfaces from point samples

Visiting every location in a study area to measure the height, magnitude, or concentration of a phenomenon is
usually difficult or expensive. Instead, select strategically dispersed sample input point locations, and use Interpolate
Surface to assign an estimated value to all other locations. Input points can be either randomly or regularly spaced
points containing height, concentration, or magnitude measurements.
The resulting grid theme is the best estimate of what the quantity is on the actual surface for each location. The
surface interpolators make certain assumptions about how to determine the best estimated values. Based on the
phenomena the values represent and on how the sample points are distributed, different interpolators will produce
better estimates relative to the actual values. No matter which interpolator is selected, the more input points and the
greater their distribution, the more reliable the results.

The Inverse Distance Weighted (IDW) interpolator assumes that each input point has a local influence that
diminishes with distance. It weights the points closer to the processing cell greater than those farther away. A
specified number of points, or optionally all points within a specified radius, can be used to determine the output
value for each location. Use it, for example, to interpolate a surface of consumer purchasing. More distant locations
have less influence, because people are more likely to shop closer to home. The power parameter in the IDW
interpolation controls the significance of the surrounding points upon the interpolated value. A higher power results
in less influence from distant points. Each line in a barrier input line theme is used as a break that limits the search
for input sample points. A line can represent a cliff, ridge, or some other interruption in a landscape. A choice of No
Barriers will use all points specified in the No. of Neighbors or within the identified radius.

The Spline interpolator is a general purpose interpolation method that fits a minimum-curvature surface through
the input points. Conceptually, it is like bending a sheet of rubber to pass through the points, while minimizing the
total curvature of the surface. It fits a mathematical function to a specified number of nearest input points, while
passing through the sample points. This method is best for gently varying surfaces such as elevation, water table
heights, or pollution concentrations. It is not appropriate if there are large changes in the surface within a short
horizontal distance, because it can overshoot estimated values. The Regularized method yields a smooth surface.
The Tension method tunes the stiffness of the surface according to the character of the modeled phenomenon.
When you choose Regularized, the weight parameter defines the weight of the third derivatives of the surface in the
curvature minimization expression. If you choose Tension, the weight parameter defines the weight of tension. The
number of points parameter identifies the number of points per region used for local approximation.

Interpolate Grid works off of the selected set of the active theme. If the active theme does not have a selected set,
then all points in the theme will be used. For more information on selecting features, see Selecting features on a
view.
1. Open ArcView software if not open
2. Open a new view
3. Add EXTENSION “Spatial Analyst” (File -> Extension -> Spatial Analyst and 3d Analyst)
4. Add survey.shp layer
5. Activate a point or multipoint theme survey.shp .
6. From the Surface menu, choose Interpolate Grid.
7. If the the view's analysis properties haven't been set to a specific value, then you'll be prompted to set the extent
and cell size for the output grid theme. Do so in the Output Grid Specification dialog and press OK. For more
information on setting the analysis extent and cell size using this dialog
8. In the Interpolate Surface dialog, choose an interpolation method from the Method dropdown list, IDW or
Spline.
9. Choose the field containing the values to be used in the interpolation from the Z Value Field dropdown list. The
value of Z Value Field for a multipoint feature is used for each point in that feature.
10. Specify the parameters for the chosen interpolation method in parameter type-in boxes. With IDW, you must
specify whether it will use Nearest Neighbors or a Fixed Radius in the interpolation. If you choose Nearest
Neighbors, enter the number of neighbors (input points). If you choose Fixed Radius, enter the radius to search
for points. Specify a power, and choose a barrier theme. If you choose the Spline interpolation method from the

17
 18

Method dropdown list, enter a weight factor, specify the number of points to use per region, and choose

Regularized or Tension. Press OK.

11.

BY IDW
Method

By Spline
Method

Things to do:
a. Create the surfaces from different methods and different options
b. See the differences.

18
 19

Exercise 5: To derive slope from a surface

Derive Slope identifies the slope, or maximum rate of change, from each cell to its neighbors.
The output slope grid theme represents the degree of slope (e.g., 10 degree slope) for each cell
location
1. Open ArcView software if not open
2. Open a new view
3. Add EXTENSION “Spatial Analyst” (File -> Extension -> Spatial Analyst and 3d Analyst)
4. Add surveytin TIN layer
5. Activate the grid or TIN theme on which to derive slope (surveytin)
6. From the Surface menu, choose Derive Slope.
7. If the input theme is a TIN, specify the output extent in the Output Grid Extent dropdown list, the cell size in the
Output Grid Cell Size Input field, and the number of rows and columns in the Number of Rows and Number of
Columns input fields on the Output Grid Specification dialog. Press OK.

.
The output grid theme from Derive Slope is automatically named "Slope of" followed by the name
of the input theme. The grid data set associated with the output theme is written to the project's
working directory, with the name "slope" followed by a unique number. Use Properties in the
Theme menu to find out which data set is associated with which theme. Use Properties in the
Project menu to change the project's working directory. The grid data set associated with the
output theme is temporary and will be deleted when the theme is deleted. Use Save Data Set in
the Theme menu or save the project to prevent the grid data set from being deleted when the
theme is deleted.

19
 20

Exercise 6: To derive aspect from a surface

Derive Aspect identifies the steepest down-slope direction from each cell to its neighbors. The values of the output
grid theme represent the compass direction of the aspect; 0 is true north, a 90-degree aspect is to the east, and so
forth.
1. Open ArcView software if not open
2. Open a new view
3. Add EXTENSION “Spatial Analyst” (File -> Extension -> Spatial Analyst and 3d Analyst)
4. Add surveytin TIN layer
5. Activate the grid or TIN theme on which to derive slope (surveytin)
6. From the Surface menu, choose Derive Aspect.
7. f the input theme is a TIN, specify the output extent in the Output Grid Extent dropdown list, the cell size in the
Output Grid Cell Size Input field, and the number of rows and columns in the Number of Rows and Number of
Columns input fields on the Output Grid Specification dialog. Press OK.

.
The output grid theme from Derive Aspect is automatically named "Aspect of" followed by the name of
the input theme. The grid data set associated with the output theme is written to the project's working
directory, with the name "aspct" followed by a unique number. Use Properties in the Theme menu to find
out which data set is associated with which theme. Use Properties in the Project menu to change the
project's working directory. The grid data set associated with the output theme is temporary and will be
deleted when the theme is deleted. Use Save Data Set in the Theme menu or save the project to prevent the
grid data set from being deleted when the theme is deleted.

20
 21

Cells in the input grid, or faces of input TIN theme of zero slope (flat) are assigned an aspect of -1. If any
neighborhood cell surrounding the processing cell are No Data, they are assigned the value of the
processing cell, then the aspect is computed.

A legend representing the 8 cardinal directions is assigned to the output grid theme (e.g., east [67.5 - 112.5
degrees], southeast [112.5 - 157.5]).

21
 22

Exercise 7: Determining proximity/Zonal summarization

To do proximity analysis with the Spatial Analyst you start by using Assign Proximity in the Analysis menu to create
a grid theme that stores for each cell the id, or value, of the nearest feature. The features used to assign proximity
can be points, lines, polygons, or non-null cells. Each cell in the output grid theme is given the value found in a
specified field for each feature. This proximity theme can be used to define the space allocated to each feature or to
identify the closest feature in another theme.

1. Open ArcView software if not open

2. Open a new view
3. Add EXTENSION “Spatial Analyst” (File -> Extension -> Spatial Analyst and 3d Analyst)
4. Add distancept layer
5. Click on a theme to make it active.
6. From the Analysis menu, choose Assign Proximity.
7. If the active theme isn't a grid theme, and the view's analysis properties haven't been set to a specific value,
then you'll be prompted to set the extent and cell size for the output grid theme. Do so in the Output Grid
Specification dialog and press OK. For more information on setting the analysis extent and cell size using this
dialog

8. What type of proximity analysis would you like to perform?

a. To define the area of space allocated to each feature
b. To find the closest feature in another theme (zonal summarize of the grid features)

9. To find the closest feature in another theme (zonal summarize of the grid features)
10. Add grid theme dem from Data folder
11. Click on the first theme (proximity to distacept) make it active.
12. From the Analysis menu, choose Summarize Zones.
13. If you want to group the features in the active theme, then choose a field that defines the
group as the zone field, and press OK. If you don’t want to group the features, then choose a
field that has a unique value for each feature.

22
 23

23
 24

Exercise 8: To compute hillshade from a surface

Compute Hillshade is used to determine the hypothetical illumination of a surface as part of an analysis step or for
graphical display. For analysis, Compute Hillshade can be used to determine the length of time and intensity of the
sun in a given location. For a graphical display, Compute Hillshade can greatly enhance the relief of a surface when
the output is used as the brightness theme for the display of another grid theme. This can be done with the Advance
button in the Legend Editor.

1. Open ArcView software if not open

2. Open a new view
3. Add EXTENSION “Spatial Analyst” (File -> Extension -> Spatial Analyst and 3d Analyst)
4. Add surveytin TIN layer
5. Activate the grid or TIN theme on which to derive slope (surveytin)
6. From the Surface menu, choose Derive Hillshade
7. Enter where the illumination source is in relation to the input grid or TIN theme in the Azimuth type-in box.
8. Enter the slope or angle of the illumination source above the horizon in the Altitude type-in box. Press OK.
Various features in the input grid or TIN theme can be accentuated, and different effects achieved, by altering
the azimuth and altitude parameters. The azimuth is expressed in positive degrees from 0 to 360, measured
clockwise from north. The altitude is expressed in positive degrees, with 0 degrees at the horizon and 90
degrees directly overhead.

9. If the input theme is a TIN, specify the output extent in the Output Grid Extent dropdown list, the cell size in the
Output Grid Cell Size Input field, and the number of rows and columns in the Number of Rows and Number of
Columns input fields on the Output Grid Specification dialog. Press OK..

.
The output grid theme from Compute Hillshade is automatically named "Hillshade of" followed by the name of the
input theme. The grid data set associated with the output theme is written to the project's working directory, with the
name "hlshd" followed by a unique number. Use Properties in the Theme menu to find out which data set is
associated with which theme. Use Properties in the Project menu to change the project's working directory. The grid
data set associated with the output theme is temporary and will be deleted when the theme is deleted. Use Save
Data Set in the Theme menu or save the project to prevent the grid data set from being deleted when the theme is
deleted.

24
 25

25
 26

Exercise 9: To generate a continuous surface of distance from source features

Find Distance in the Analysis menu to create a grid theme containing the distance to the nearest feature for each
cell. Features used to find distance can be points, lines, polygons, or non-null cells. Euclidean distance is calculated
between each of the output cells that doesn't contain a feature, to the closest feature. Output cells that contain
features are given a value of zero. Use this continuous distance grid theme to create discrete distance buffers or find
features within certain distances of other features.

1. Open ArcView software if not open

2. Open a new view
3. Add EXTENSION “Spatial Analyst” (File -> Extension -> Spatial Analyst and 3d Analyst)
4. Add distancept layer
5. Click on a theme to make it active.
6. From the Analysis menu, choose Find Distance.
7. If the active theme isn't a grid theme, and the view's analysis properties haven't been set to a specific value,
then you'll be prompted to set the extent and cell size for the output grid theme. Do so in the Output Grid
Specification dialog and press OK. For more information on setting the analysis extent and cell size using this
dialog

How do you want to use distance? (See the help menu)

1. To generate a continuous surface of distance from source features
2. To find a single discrete distance buffer from source features
3. To create a set of discrete distance buffers from source features
4. To find features with locations more than a certain distance from their closest feature in another theme

26
 27

Exercise 10: viewshed analysis

Viewshed analysis indicates not only what areas of a surface can be seen by one or more observers, but also, for
any visible position, how many observers can see the position. The result is a grid theme with visibility attributes
assigned to every cell. The assigned values are the number of observation points from which a particular location
can be seen.

1. Open ArcView software if not open

2. Open a new view
3. Add EXTENSION “Spatial Analyst” (File -> Extension -> Spatial Analyst and 3d Analyst)
4. Add surveytin TIN and viewpoint.shp
5. Activate a grid or TIN theme that will serve as the elevation surface on which the viewshed will be
determined in a view or 3D scene.
6. Also, activate a point or line theme viewpoint.shp, which will be used to supply the observation points.
7. Choose the Calculate Viewshed option under the Surface menu.
8. If the input elevation surface is a TIN, specify the output grid extent on the Output Grid Extent dropdown list,
the cell size in the Output Grid Cell Size input field, and the number of rows and columns in the Number of
Rows and Number of Columns input fields on the Output Grid Specification dialog. Press OK.

27
 28

Exercise 12: To Generate a Linear Profile on Surface

A 3D shape stores xy and z coordinates for all points defining a feature. The support for a z coordinate is what gives
us that third dimension. 3D shapes are created by some surface analysis functions and are viewable in perspective.
They can be used to create surface models.
The Convert to 3D Shapefile option is designed to convert 2D data into 3D, or to replace existing height values for a
3D theme with new heights. If you already have a 3D theme and simply want to write out the selected features to a
shapefile, while maintaining the existing heights, use the Theme menu Convert To Shapefile option instead.

1. Open ArcView software if not open

2. Open a new view
3. Add EXTENSION “Spatial Analyst” (File -> Extension -> Spatial Analyst and 3d Analyst)
4. Add surveytin TIN layer
5. Activate the grid or TIN theme on which to derive slope (surveytin)
6. Activate the theme (profileLine.shp) you wish to convert to 3D in a view or 3D scene by clicking its legend
in the Table of Contents.
7. Under the Theme menu choose Convert to 3D Shapefile.
8. On the Convert dialog, choose Surface, Attribute, or Constant from the Get Z values from: dropdown list
to specify the appropriate source for height information. Press OK.
9. If you specified the height source as Surface you’ll need to choose a grid or TIN (surveytin) from the list of
all grid and TIN themes currently in your view or 3D scene. If you don’t have any grid or TIN themes a file
dialog that allows you to add one will be brought up. If you specified the height source as Attribute you’ll
need to choose from a list of numeric fields for your theme. If you specified the height source as Constant
you’ll need to provide the value.
10. Specify an output name (profile3d.shp) for the new theme on the Output Shapefile Name dialog and press
OK.
11. In a view, select the 3D lines (profile3d.shp) you want to place in a graph. The lines can come from either a
feature theme or from graphics. If you want the lines to come from a theme, you must first activate its legend
by clicking on its Table of Contents. If you want the lines to come from graphics, you must first select the
line graphics.

12.
13. In the project, select Layouts from the documents scrolling list. Double click on the Layouts icon or press
New to open a new layout, or double click on an already existing layout in the scrolling list to open it.
14. Select the Profile Graph tool .
15. Using the cursor, define the area on the page you want the graph by moving the mouse to the upper left
corner of the area, pressing the left mouse button, and, while holding the button down, moving the cursor to
the lower right. Then release the mouse button.
16. In the Profile Graph dialog, choose the view containing the selected 3D lines you want to graph.
17. Modify the axis labeling and vertical scaling as desired and press OK.

28
 29

Profile Tool

29