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Construction and Building Materials 216 (2019) 314–324

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Construction and Building Materials


journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/conbuildmat

Strength and transport characteristics of volcanic pumice powder based


high strength concrete
Abdullah M. Zeyad a, Bassam A. Tayeh b, Moruf O. Yusuf c,⇑
a
Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, Jazan University, 45142 Jazan, Saudi Arabia
b
Civil Engineering Department, Islamic University of Gaza, Gaza, Palestine
c
Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Hafr Al Batin, 31991 Hafr Al Batin, Saudi Arabia

h i g h l i g h t s

 Volcanic pumice powder (VPP) could contribute to the compressive strength of concrete.
 Utilization of 10% of VPP produces the optimum high strength concrete (HSC).
 VPP contributes to pore filling (HSC) thereby lowering the permeability of HSC.
 Strength of 70 MPa or more could be achieved with VPP replacement of OPC in HSC.
 Ionic and fluid transport reduces with increase in VPP-OPC replacement in HSC.

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: In this study, the potency of volcanic pumice powder (VPP) as a supplementary cementitious material at
Received 18 February 2019 varied levels (0%, 10%, 20%, and 30%) in high strength concrete (HSC) was investigated for its pozzolanic
Received in revised form 29 April 2019 reactivity as a basis for strength and durability enhancement. Workability, transport properties and
Accepted 4 May 2019
mechanical properties were tested in addition to the characterization of the products. X-ray florescence
and strength activity index established the VPP oxides (SiO2 + Al2O3 + Fe2O3 = 76.01%) and pozzolanicity
while diffraction techniques revealed the presence of anorthite (Al2CaO8Si2), and clinopyroxene
Keywords:
(AlCaMgSiO6). Despite the paucity of calcium oxide and the excess of silica and alumina in VPP in contrast
Volcanic pumice powder
Microstructure
to OPC, yet it contributes significantly to the microstructural density and tortuosity of HSC pores thereby
Cement paste improving the strengths and transport properties as evidenced in the reduction of rapid chloride ions
Calcium hydroxide penetration (RCPT), and low initial surface (water) absorption (ISA) values. The maximum 180-day ten-
Concrete strength sile, flexural and compressive strengths of the HSC-VPP sample were 6.22, 10.5 and 78.9 MPa,
Water permeability respectively.
Ó 2019 Published by Elsevier Ltd.

1. Introduction (SCMs) in the concrete industry is important to avoid excessive


waste disposal into the landfills. There are various wastes of
Supplementary cementitious materials have been an alternative immense benefit to the production of environmental friendly con-
means of reducing the content of ordinary Portland cement (OPC) crete, and these can be categorized into industrial wastes, natural
in concrete production. This is necessary to reduce the carbon foot- minerals, agricultural wastes and aquaculture, dust and powders,
prints in construction and cement manufacturing industries. and ashes. All these groups have been successfully used as SCMs
Cement production yielded 1.46 ± 0.19 GtCO2 in 2016 (Andrew, [6–8].
2018 [1,2]. The global production of cement ranges between 2.8 Further, there have been several attempts in using supplemen-
and 4.1 billion tons annually. This amount can be further reduced tary cementitious materials (SCM) in the production of HSC. Zeyad
by increasing the content of alternative materials in the concrete et al. and others replaced cement with 60% of palm oil fuel ash
productions [3–5]. Utilizing supplementary cementitious materials agro-waste to obtain good strength and durability properties
[9–12]. In addition, other researchers also worked on natural
pozzolanic materials (NPM) emanated from volcanic eruption,
⇑ Corresponding author.
and about 40% of such material has been reported to perform
E-mail addresses: btayeh@iugaza.edu.ps (B.A. Tayeh), moruf@uhb.edu.sa
excellently well [13]. Since HSC is known to have higher content
(M.O. Yusuf).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.05.026
0950-0618/Ó 2019 Published by Elsevier Ltd.
A.M. Zeyad et al. / Construction and Building Materials 216 (2019) 314–324 315

of cement (>500 kg/m3), the use of pozzolanic materials in such hydrates (CASAH), and gypsum-based compound (CASAAAH).
type of concrete will enhance strength, durability and cost saving More specifically, the decomposition of C-S-H and Ca(OH)2 were
[14]. noted on the TGA curve at 100 °C–390 °C and 410 °C–520 °C,
Previous studies reported that strength of concrete containing respectively [23–25].
volcanic ash (VA) might not be significant due to slow hydration
process [15–17], however, it had also been established that chem- 2.4. Concrete mix proportions and sample preparation
ical composition of volcanic pumice powder (VPP) could vary
widely with its sources or location thereby enhancing different The proportions for the control HSC mixtures were derived
outcomes or performances due to mineralogical components, par- based on the method proposed by ACI 363R, as shown in Table 2.
ticle size characteristics, and the circumstance of its ash formation Mixing of concrete was done using a pan-type mixer, with small
[18–20]. Southwestern Arabian Peninsula has abundant volcanic quantity of water, followed by VPP and cement, sand and coarse
ashes (VA) which have been classified as NPM [21,22]. Their chem- aggregates [26]. The homogenously mixed samples were then cast
ical and physical characteristics suggest the possibility of being in three layers such that each layer was compacted using a vibrat-
able to be used as supplementary cementitious materials (SCM’s). ing table to achieve maximum compaction. The cast samples were
The purpose of this study is to investigate the usability of demolded 24 h and then cured by ponding that was maintained at
ground VPP in different proportions to produce HSC with good room temperature of 25 ± 3 °C prior to testing.
transport and mechanical properties such that its 180-day tensile,
flexural and compressive strength could have values beyond 6, 10 2.5. Concrete properties
and 70 MPa, respectively. This research will provide the opportu-
nity to understand the performance of VPP in the development of The workability of VPP-based fresh concrete was evaluated
high structural strength concrete thereby opening a better under- through measuring a slump test in accordance with ASTM C143
standing of the utilization of this material for infrastructural devel- [27]. The mechanical properties of the same sample were evalu-
opment in the locations of its abundance. It will also reduce the ated in terms of indirect tensile, flexural and compressive strengths
cost of production of high strength concrete due to reduction in in accordance with ASTM C496, ASTM C78 and ASTM C39, with
the amount of ordinary Portland cement required to produce the sample sizes: 100  100  400 mm prisms, 100x200 mm height
concrete of similar strength. cylinders and 100 mm cubes, respectively. All tests were con-
ducted at 7, 14, 28, 90, and 180 days. The average values of the
2. Materials and methods three specimens for each test age were determined and recorded

2.1. Volcanic pumice powder 2.6. Pozzolanic activity index

Volcanic pumice powder (VPP) collected from volcanic wastes The strength activity of the VPP was prepared and assessed
are abundantly available in Southwestern area of the Arabian according to the ASTM C311 standard method [28]. Strength activ-
Peninsula. The material was ground in a ball mill to obtain a speci- ity index (SAI) for the sample can be calculated using Eq. (1).
fic surface area of 4298 cm2/g using the Blaine test. The helium A
pycnometer method (Micromeritics AccuPyc1330) was used to SAI ¼  100 ð1Þ
B
measure the specific gravity. The pozzolanic activity index (%), that
is, the strength activity index of VPP, was assessed according to where,
ASTM C 311 (ASTM 2016). A: average compressive strength of control mortar OPC;
B: average compressive strength of VPP.
2.2. Aggregate
2.7. Sample transport properties
Aggregates comprise fine and coarse materials of the physical
properties as shown in Table 1. 2.7.1. Water absorption and porosity
The vacuum saturation method was used to determine the
characteristics of water absorption of concrete according to the
2.3. Material characterizations
method of RILEM (1984). The tests were performed using cubes
of 50 mm while the results were obtained using Eqn (2).
XRF was used to determine the oxide compositions of the mate-
rials and ordinary Portland cement (OPC) and volcanic pumice
powder (VPP). The mineral phase components of VPP were deter- Table 2
mined by X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, using a Bruker AXS Mix proportions of high-strength concretes (kg/m3).
D8. In addition, scanning electron microscopy in combination with Materials HSC VPP 10% VPP 20% VPP 30%
energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM/EDX) model Zeiss
Cement 550 495 440 385
Supra 35VP was used to study the morphology of the product Coarse aggregate 966 966 966 966
obtained by varying VPP compositions by using the treatment pro- Fine aggregate 749 741 733 725
cess suggested by [3]. Thermogravimetric and differential thermal Water 176 176 176 176
analyses (TGA/DTA) were used to determine the material weight Superplasticizer 9.9 9.9 9.9 9.9
VPP 0 55 110 165
loss and the quantities of portlandite (Ca(OH)2), calcium silicate

Table 1
Properties of aggregate.

Type Specific gravity Water absorption Bulk density (kg/m3) Fineness (%) Modulus ACV (%)
Coarse aggregate 2.71 0.46 1420 25.6
Fine aggregate 2.67 0.62 3.1
316 A.M. Zeyad et al. / Construction and Building Materials 216 (2019) 314–324

 
W1  W3 2.7.2. Initial surface absorption test
Að%Þ ¼  100 ð2Þ
W1  W2 The initial surface absorption test (ISAT) of the concrete was
carried out in accordance with BS 1881-208 on samples with
W1: weight of specimen in saturated and surface dry condition in dimensions cubic sample of 100 mm dimensions.
air, gram (gr);W2: weight of saturated specimen in water, gram
(gr);W3: the weight of oven dried specimen in air, gram (gr). 2.7.3. Rapid chloride permeability test
RCPT was conducted according to ASTM C1202 which involves
Table 3 application of an external electrical field for 6 h with a view to
Physical properties of volcanic pumice powder and OPC. measuring the charge passed (in coulombs) through the saturated
sample by NaOH and NaCl aqueous solutions.
Property VPP OPC
3
Specific gravity (g/cm ) 2610 3100
Specific surface area (cm2/g) Blaine 4298 3410 3. Results and discussion
Average diameter, D50 (mm) 4.96 6.79
3.1. Raw materials physical properties and material characterization

The physical properties and chemical compositions of VPP and


100 Cement VPP
OPC are shown in Table 3. Fig. 1 shows the particle size distribution
of OPC and VPP within the range of 0.3 to 40lm. It can be seen too
75 that VPP is finer and lighter than cement powder by considering
their average diameter, D50, surface areas and specific gravity val-
(% ) Pass

50 ues as shown in Table 3.


The chemical composition of OPC and VPP as obtained from XRF
25 spectroscopy are presented in Table 4. The sum of the SiO2, Al2O3,
and Fe2O3 in the raw VPP is 76.01% hence, it can be categorized as
0 class C pozzolanic material in accordance with ASTM C 618 [29].
100 10 Diameter -μm 1 0.1

Fig. 1. Sieve analysis of OPC and VPP. 3.2. Raw material characterization

The dominant compounds in raw VPP as shown in Fig. 2 are alu-


Table 4 minosilicate mineral of anorthite, CaAl2Si2O8 (#98-004-6457),
Chemical composition of volcanic pumice powder and OPC. Magnesioferrite (MgFe2O4, (#98-010-9496) and silicate based
Property VPP, % OPC, % clinopyroxene, (Ca,Mg,Fe)2Si2O6,-#98–010-9102). The amorphous
SiO2 47.40 19.01 phase of VPP is determined to be 11% using X’Pert HighScore Plus
Al2O3 18.57 4.68 software packages. This further supports the pozzolanicity of the
Fe2O3 10.04 3.20 materials to favour hydraulic reactivity or secondary phase of
Ca2O 7.90 66.89 hydration through formation of C-S-H gels with portlandite pro-
MgO 6.04 0.81
duct in the primary hydration process.
Na2O 2.58 0.09
TiO2 1.62 0.22 In addition, the morphology of VPP is shown in Fig. 3 to be rel-
K2O 1.07 1.17 atively uniform with round edge polygonal particles unlike hetero-
P2O5 0.64 0.08 geneous OPC that comprises rough edge polygonal particles of alite
SO3 0.34 3.66
interspersed with spherical particle of belite (C2S). Therefore, addi-
MnO 0.133 0.19
Cl 0.01 –
tion of VPP slightly increased the workability of the mixture by
LOI 2.21 2.48 increasing the particle homogeneity as shown in Table 5 by
SiO2 + Al2O3 + Fe2O3 76.01 – 11.11%, 16.67% and 27.78% for 10, 20 and 30% cement replacement,
respectively. In addition, the VPP had a small diameter of 4.96 mm,

Fig. 2. XRD diffractogram of volcanic pumice powder (Silicon oxide (SiO2- #98-010-6045), Magnesioferrite (#98-010-9496), Anorthite (CaAl2Si2O8, #98-004-6457), and
Clinopyroxene (Ca,Mg,Fe)2Si2O6,- #98–010-9102),
A.M. Zeyad et al. / Construction and Building Materials 216 (2019) 314–324 317

3.3. Strength activity index

The strength activity index (SAI) method was used for the deter-
mination of the pozzolanic activity in the VPP. The SAI was 80.7%
and 85.7% of the compressive strength of OPC mortar at the testing
age of 7 and 28 days, respectively (Table 6), which conformed to
the specification ASTM C 311. The increase in SAI at age 28 days
compared to age 7 days can be attributed to the reaction of the
active phase of silica oxide in the VPP with portlandite (CH), to pro-
duced extra CSH in secondary hydration process [34–36].

3.4. Compressive strength of VPP based concrete

The compressive strength of hardened concrete is one of the


most important characteristics of concrete. From Fig. 4, the 7-day
compressive strength of HSC0/7 is 58.7 MPa, which decreased by
2.56%, 17.38%, 31.35% in HSC10/7d, HSC20/7d and HSC30/7, respec-
Fig. 3. Morphology of volcanic pumice powder.
tively. This implies that VPP addition does not favour early hydra-
tion process due to dilution of alite and other reactant particles. It
Table 5 can also be noticed that the margin between the HSC0 and HSC10
Workability of VPP added high strength concrete. was getting reduced with time. This is indicative of the fact that
Mix Slump (mm) the rate of strength development in HSC10 is the higher compare
to that of HSC0. From the figure, the pozzolanic reactivity is pro-
HSC 180
VPP10 200 gressive within the sample unhindered till the age of 180 days.
VPP20 210 The optimum replacement for cement by VPP is 10% (78.9 MPa),
VPP30 230 as no other samples attained the compressive strength of HSC0/180d
(78.1 MPa). Notwithstanding, the rate of strength development up
to 180 days appeared to be the highest in HSC20/7-180d (38.96%)
Table 6 especially when compared to other samples HSC0/7-180d (33.04%),
Pozzolanic activity of VPP. HSC10/7-180d (37.93%) and HSC30/7-180d (35.73%).
Proportion 7-day strength 28-day strength
(MPa) (MPa) 3.5. Indirect tensile strength of VPP based concrete
0% VPP + 100% OPC 26 32
20% VPP + 80% OPC 21 28 The indirect tensile strength follows the same trend with the
As a percentage of the pure OPC 80.7% 87.5%
compressive strength. Different samples of different compositions
mortar.
of VPP were tested for indirect tensile strength for curing periods of
7, 14, 28, and 90 days. The 7-day tensile strengths of HSC10-7d,
which contributed to lubricating effect to reduce inter-aggregate HSC20-7d, and HSC30-7d were 92.3%, 80.8%, and 76.2%, respectively,
frictional resistance, and thereby allowing greater freedom of compared with that of HSC0-7d (Fig. 5a). These values increased
movement that translates into higher slump values [30–33] after 28 days to 101.0%, 88.7%, and 84.4%, respectively. The indirect
Table 5. tensile strength (ft) can be obtained from the compressive strength

85
75
Compressive strength - MPa

65
55
45
35
25
15
5
-5
7 days 14 days 28 days 90 days 180 days
HSC 58.7 66.7 71.6 74.8 78.1
HSCV10 57.2 64.5 73.6 76.4 78.9
HSCV20 48.5 52.5 55.7 63.9 67.4
HSCV30 40.3 42.2 47.8 50.8 54.7

Fig. 4. Compressive strength of HSC and VPP mixes.


318 A.M. Zeyad et al. / Construction and Building Materials 216 (2019) 314–324

Indirect tensile strength - MPa


6
5
4
3
2
1
0
7 days 14 days 28 days 90 days 180 days
HSC 5.38 5.54 5.77 6.08 6.15
VPP10 4.97 5.56 5.84 6.12 6.22
VPP20 4.35 4.73 5.12 5.35 5.55
VPP30 4.1 4.44 4.87 5.06 5.23

Fig. 5a. Indirect tensile strength of HSC and VPP mixes.

6.5
Predicted Tensile strength (MPa)

R² = 0.9377
The 90-day tensile strengths of HSC10-90, HSC20-90, and HSC30-90
6
were 100.5%, 88%, and 83.2%, respectively, compared with those of
HSC0-90. In addition, all samples reached their maximum the rate of
5.5 tensile strength development from 7 to 180 days were found to be
the highest in HSC20 and HSC30 with the value of 27.6% while the
5 lowest was found in HSC0 (16.2%) with the value of 25.2% in
HSC10. The results showed that utilization of VPP slightly improved
4.5
the properties of tensile strength of the sample.
4
4 4.5 5 5.5 6 6.5 3.6. Flexural strength of VPP-based concrete
Experimental Tensile Strength (MPa)
Fig. 6 shows the results regarding flexural strength at 7, 14, 28,
Fig. 5b. Correlations between tensile and compressive strength of HSCx concrete.
90, and 180 days with the flexural strengths of 97.5%, 79.8%, and
60.6% for HSC10, HSC20, and HSC30, respectively, compared to those
shown in Eq. (3) with correlation coefficient R2 = 0.938 as shown in of 7 days strength of HSC0 (HSC0-7). The rate of flexural strengths
Fig. 5b. development in HSC0-180 becomes 27.1% and it increases to 34.0%
0:5646 upon replacing cement in HSC10-180 then to 29.5% and 20.7% in
f t ¼ 0:524f c ð3Þ
HSC20-180 and HSC30-180, respectively. The flexural strengths of

11
10
9
Flexural strength - MPa

8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
7 days 14 days 28 days 90 days 180 days
HSC 8.05 8.76 9.54 9.97 10.23
VPP10 7.85 8.61 9.65 10.03 10.54
VPP20 6.43 7.01 7.44 7.87 8.33
VPP30 4.88 4.96 5.45 5.77 5.89

Fig. 6. Flexural strength of HSC and VPP mixes.


A.M. Zeyad et al. / Construction and Building Materials 216 (2019) 314–324 319

Fig. 7. Micrographs of HSC-VPP :high strength concretes HSC0%, OPC only (A), HSC10% (B), HSC20% (C), HSC30% (D).

VPP 10
VPP 20
VPP 30
OPC

Fig. 8a. TGA of cement pastes with volcanic pumice powder at 7 days.

the samples tested in relation to the compression strength are cement replacement, the maximum rate of strength development
shown in Eq. (4). of 5.8% and 5.5% were noted in HSC20 between 28 and 90 day
and 90–180 days while the least rate was found in HSC10 (3.8%)
1:153
f t ¼ 0:6813f c ð4Þ between 28 and 90 days due to the substantial (highest) strength
grain between 14 and 28 days (12.1%). Besides, HSC0 (0.6%) gave
The rate of flexural strength development decreased with age the lowest gain between 90 and 180 days followed by HSC30
HSC0 and HSC20, whereas it increased significantly by 12.1% and (2.1%), HSC10 (4.8%) and HSC20 (5.5%). It is the only flexural
9.9% in HSC10 and HSC30, respectively between 14 and 28 days. strength of HSC10 that is higher than that of OPC only sample
Even though, the highest flexural strength was recorded in 10% (HSC0), hence regarded as the optimum cement-VPP replacement.
320 A.M. Zeyad et al. / Construction and Building Materials 216 (2019) 314–324

VPP 10
VPP 20
VPP 30
OPC

Fig. 8b. TGA of cement pastes with volcanic pumice powder at 28 days.

3.7. Microstructure of samples with different replacement levels the microstructures as the similar curve at age 28 days show the
disparities in the peaks of the samples and the decrease in the loss
Fig. 7A-D show the morphology of the HSCX with different with respect to the quantity of VPP in the mixtures.
replacement levels (0, 10, 20, 30% of VPP). The micrographs of The presence of portlandite which is responsible for the weak-
HSC0 and HSC10 appear to be more compact and denser compared ness of the microstructure is known to decompose at the temper-
uneven and undulating micrographs of HSC20 and HSC30 character- ature of 450 °C due to dehydration while the decomposition is
ized by unreacted samples and interfacial cracks that suggest noted to decrease with age by comparing Figs. 8a and b, due to
incomplete hydration process and brittleness of the microstruc- portlandite-silica reactivity of secondary hydration process. How-
tural texture as shown in Fig. 7C and D, respectively. ever, this peak is hardly noticed in HSC10% and HSC20% due to active
Figs. 8a-b show the reduction in the capillary water that was pozzolanic reactions. The evidence of the presence of more pores
found to be HSC0 due to addition of VPP at the temperature of due to formation of CaCO3 as result of infiltration of CO2 into the
100 °C of the TGA results as HSC0 is found below other samples portlandite containing micropores of HSC0 while the apparent dis-
of 10 to 30% VPP substitution for OPC. The presence of evaporable appearance of this peak at 28 days and at the temperature of
surface water is noted here to the closeness of the curves at this 750 °C in other samples (HSC10 HSC20 and HSC30) is an indication
temperature. As the hydration progresses and formation of C-S- that VPP contributes to pore filling thereby preventing or reducing
H, there is increase in the capillary pore and residual water in the carbonation process.

Absorpon
5.0

4.5
Water absorpon %

4.0

3.5

3.0

2.5
7 14 28 90
OPC 4.8 4.4 4.3 4.2
VPP 10 4.4 4.1 4.0 4
VPP 20 4.2 3.9 3.6 3.55
VPP 30 4 3.7 3.5 3.4

Fig. 9a. Water absorption of HSC-VPP concrete.


A.M. Zeyad et al. / Construction and Building Materials 216 (2019) 314–324 321

4.6 6000
AxExperimental absorpon results

Experimental RCPT results


4.4 R² = 0.9685 R² = 0.9839
5000
4.2
4 4000

3.8 3000
3.6
2000
3.4
3.2 1000
3.2 3.4 3.6 3.8 4.0 4.2 4.4 4.6
Predicted absorpon results 0
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000
Fig. 9b. Correlation between the experimental and predicted results for sample Predicted RCPT results
water absorption.
Fig. 10b. Correlation of model or predicted with experimental results.

3.8. Water absorption charges were being restricted. The highest charge passed in the
control sample (HSC0-RCPT) was 5690 Coulombs. This was reduced
Fig. 9a shows test results of water absorption, which clearly by 4.3%, 19.9% and 23.4% due to replacement of OPC by 10, 20, and
demonstrated that use of the fine powder of VPP as partial replace- 30% of VPP, respectively. As the concrete grows in age, the final 90-
ment led to a reduction in the water absorption of the HSCx at test day charged passed drastically reduced and became 65.1%, 68.2%,
ages of 7, 14, 28, and 90 days. The results at 7-day water absorption 72.80% and 74.4% of the initial charges passed through HSC0.
for HSC0, HSC10, HSC20 and HSC30 are 4.8%, 4.4%, 4.2%, and 4%, The significant reduction could be explained to be pore block-
respectively. The rate was on gradual reduction such that the val- age due to contribution by the pozzolanicity of the VPP
ues became finally 4.2%, 4%, 3.55%, and 3.4% at 90 days. Hence, the [15,38,39]. Fig. 10b shows the correlation between the experimen-
higher the VPP content, the tortuous the pore and the greater the tal values and model shown in Eq. (6).
reduction in porosity provided that the curing is adequate for high
RCPT ¼ 18051 þ 25353Age:059 þ 6:37x108 VPP 6:0 ð6Þ
strength concrete range [15,37].
The model equation predicting the result is as shown in Eq. (5)
and Fig. 9b where the water absorption is dependent on the per- 3.10. Initial surface absorption
centage VPP content and the age of concrete. It is quite evident that
the higher the volcanic pumice powder the higher the tortuosity of The test results for initial surface absorption test (ISAT) in
the pore thereby preventing the permeability or infiltration or Figs. 11a–c clearly demonstrate that the use of the fine VPP
absorption of water into the HSC sample. reduced the ISAT of the HSCx at the testing ages of 7, 28, and
90 days. This is evident in the higher value ISAT recorded in 7-
Water absorption ¼ 1:77 þ 3:6V 0:23 þ 5:39Age1:13 ð5Þ
day and 28-day HSC0 sample as against the lower recorded in
HSC10, HSC20 and HSC30. As the concrete grows in age, there is
3.9. Rapid chloride penetration reduction in the ISAT values as can be seen from the 7-day and
28-day strength. This explains progressive development and tortu-
RCPT was used to assess the potential chloride resistant perfor- osity of the microstructure due to the formation of C-S-H with
mance of the HSCx, and the results are shown in Fig. 10a. The val- additional reduction in pore volume due to influence of VPP that
ues of RCPT was decreasing with time and degree of substation of enhances the density together with the formation of additional
VPP in HSCx. A porous concrete will transmit more electrical C-S-H that accompanied continuous curing periods for 7, 28 and
charges due to electrical conductivity thereby enhance the passage 90 days [15,40]. The reduction in 7-day VPP doped sampled com-
of electrical charges. As the microstructure is getting solidified, pared to HSC0 was found to be 93.3%, 80%, and 73.3% for HSC10,

6000
Total charge passed ( coloumbs)

RCPT
5000

4000

3000

2000

1000
7 days 14 28 90
RCPT 5690 5100 3876 1987
VPP 10 5443 4323 3343 1809
VPP 20 4588 3675 2990 1545
VPP 30 4358 3432 2816 1454

Fig. 10a. Measurement of charge passed through VPP-OPC replaced high strength concrete.
322 A.M. Zeyad et al. / Construction and Building Materials 216 (2019) 314–324

OPC VPP10 VPP20 VPP30

Initial surface absorption


0.23

0.205
(ml/m²/s)
0.18

0.155

0.13

0.105

0.08
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130

ISAT (7days) Time (Min)

Fig. 11a. Initial surface absorption test at 7 days.

OPC VPP10 VPP20 VPP30

0.23

0.205
Initial surface absorption

0.18
(ml/m²/s)

0.155

0.13

0.105

0.08
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130
ISAT (28days) Time (Min)

Fig. 11b. Initial surface absorption test at 28 days.

OPC VPP10 VPP20 VPP30

0.23

0.205
Initial surface absoprption

0.18

0.155
(ml/m²/s)

0.13

0.105

0.08
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130
ISAT (90 days) Time (Min)
Fig. 11c. Initial surface absorption test at 90 days.
A.M. Zeyad et al. / Construction and Building Materials 216 (2019) 314–324 323

0.23 [2] T. Boden, G. Marland, R. Andres, Global, Regional, and National Fossil-Fuel CO2
Emissions, Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Oak Ridge National
Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA, 2017.
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