Training Report Anant Him

RUDOLF ATUL CHEMICALS LIMITED
In-Plant training
By
Anant Ram Yadav Duration:
07thJune - 18th July 2018
3rd Year B.Tech (Textile Chemistry)
Enrollment: 15TC006
The Technological Institute of Textile & Sciences

Bhiwani, Haryana
1
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The project on “ Study on reactive printing thickener and process optimization” has been
given to me to complete my 6 week training in Rudolf Atul Chemicals Limited. I have tried
my best to present this information as clearly as possible using basic terms.
I have completed this study under the able guidance and supervision of Mr. Shekhar Singh,
Mr. Gunendra Sangaj, Mr. Dipankar Roy, Ms Sadhana Naik, Mr. Anjum Ahmad, Nitin
Marmat. I will be failed in my duty if I do not acknowledge the esteemed scholarly guidance,
assistance and knowledge I have received from them towards fruitful and timely completion
of this work. I would like to express my special gratitude and thanks to Rudolf Atul Chemicals
Ltd. for giving me such opportunities.
I would like to special thanks to Mr. Shekhar Singh (Business head of RACL) for their
direct/indirect support during the entire course of this project.
My thanks and appreciations also go to helpers, operators of RACL Lab and my colleagues
in developing the project and people who have willingly helped me out with their abilities.
2
About the company
Rudolf Atul Chemicals Ltd (RACL) is a joint venture company of Rudolf GmbH and Atul
Ltd since 2011 and is engaged in manufacturing and marketing of textile chemicals in India.
The Company is effectively leveraging the strengths of Rudolf (a German company) and Atul
(an Indian company) in serving its customers.
RACL manufacturing facilities located in Atul, district Valsad Gujarat, India are ‘zero
discharge; the facilities do not generate any emission, effluent or waste. Even as the Company
expands, it will ensure that its manufacturing is compliant with the laws and endeavour to
convert pollutants to products.
RACL works through Atul Foundation (Trust) which has a rich legacy of serving the society.
At this time, Atul Foundation is focusing on 6 Programs, namely, Conservation, Education,
Empowerment, Health, Infrastructure and Relief.
3
Content
Topic Page No.
1 Cover page 1
2 Acknowledgment 2
3 About the company 3
4 Introduction 5 -10
5 Study the viscosity of paste with different dosages of
10-20
thickeners
6 Study of optimum pH for Reactive Printing 21-36
7 Optimum steaming time study for Reactive Printing 37-39
8 Application of de-foaming agent 40-42
9 Study of colour value of pigment printing at
43-45
different viscosity
4
Introduction
Printing is localized application of dyes/dyestuff. It is the process of applying colour to fabric

in definite patterns or designs. In properly printed fabrics the colour is bonded with the fibre,
so as to resist washing and friction. Textile printing is related to dyeing but in dyeing properly
the whole fabric is uniformly covered with one colour, whereas in printing one or more
colours are applied to it in certain parts only, and in sharply defined patterns
In the process of printing color designs are developed on fabrics by printing with dyes and
pigment in paste form with specially designed machines.
Printed fabrics, usaly have clear- cut edges in the printed portions on the face of the fabric.
Printing allows flexibility in creating great designs and enables the creation of relatively
inexpensive, patterned fabric.
Types of Printing:
There are three different printing styles used to produce patterned effect on textiles, these
being termed as:
1. Direct Printing Style
2. Discharge Printing Style
3. Resist Printing Style
1. Direct Printing Style:

The direct style is the easiest and least expensive of the three main print styles. It involves the
printing of a pattern with dyes direct directly onto white fabric. This style is sutable for the
the printing of both simple and and complicated designs;color matching with the original
design is also easy.t thereby, this the mosdt popular and most extensively used style for for
mass produced printed fabrics.
2. Discharge Printing Style:
5
The literal meaning of the word “discharge ïs to eliminate or to remove.it means the the sstyle
of printing which can produce a white or colored effect on a previously dyed fabric ground.
This discharging of color from previously dyed ground is carried out by a discharging agent,
which is capable of destroyinh color by oxidation and reduction
The discharging agents are-oxidizing (I.e.Potassium Chlorite, Na-Chlorate etc.0 or reducing
agent(I.e.Rangolite-C, Stannous Chlorite etc.)
Types of discharge printing style:

Two types of discharge printing style
A.white dischare
B.Color discharge
3. Resist Style Of Printng:

The literal meaning of the term”Resist”is to prevent or hinder .a resist ( wax or other resinous
substance) solution is applied according print design that will is applied according print design
that will prevent the fixation of any coloring agent employed after words on that area.
It is one of the oldest printing style in which two resulting patterns can be obtain .in resist
printing the fabric is first printed with an agent that resist either dye penetration or dye
fixation, during subsequent dyeing ,only the areas free of the resist agent are colored
Types of Resist Printing Style:

Two type of resist printing style
A. White resst
B. Color resst
Reactive Printing:
Reactive dyes forms covalent bond with fiber polymer and thus attach itself with fiber. It is a
anionic dye, hot brand reactive dyes have low reactivity.
6
By the term textile printing we mean the localised application of dyes or pigments and
chemical and mechnical by any method, which can produce particles effect of color to the
designs. In this practical we print cotton fabric with cold brand reactive dyes in block and
screen- printing methods in combination method.
A dye, which is capable of reating chemically with a substrate to form a covalent dye substrate
linkage, is know as reactive dye.
Printing paste components:

The printing paste may contain, apart from dyes, ingredients such as wetting agents, dispesing
agent, solvents, hygroscopic agents, antifoaming agents, acids and alkali, oxidisng and
reducing agents carries mild oxidants, thickeners and binders.
Thickener:
Thickener is a high molecular weight prominent which is makes the printing pest perfect deep
and Adhesive as it can stick with fabric and output desire printing design. This thickener
makes a strong bond with fiber and pigments, as a result the print never wipe by high
temperature and rubbing. Thickeners should be the ideal solution so that it can soluble with
every kind of elements which is used to make printing solution or pest. Different types of
printing pest viscosity are different because of the methods of printing. Like roller printing
deep pest and screen printing design pest is less viscosity characterized.
Mild oxidizing agent: Resist salt is as a mild oxidizing agent
De-foaming agent:
During the process of making printing pest and during the printing process the printing pest
is handling by too many machines which frequently keep shaking the pest so that it’s produce
foam into printing pest. With so much foaming printing paste can’t print properly and the
foam makes so much problem during printing process. The de-foaming is used to preventing
the problem of foaming into printing paste.
Hygroscopic Agents:
7
The main function of hygroscopic agents in the printing paste is to take up a sufficient amount
of water during steaming. This gives mobility to dye molecules in the printed dried paste and
enable them to diffuse into the fibre.
Example: Urea, Glycerine
Acid and alkali:

Acid is required to dying and printing with a few dye stuff, its help those dyes to develop the
color and fixing the color with fiber or fabric. Basically acid is not used in dye stuff directly
so that there must used an agent which is reacting like acid. The printing pest could be used
strong and medium alkali.
Pigment printing:
Pigments are mainly synthetic organic materials. Pigment printing is done to produce
attractive design by applying pigment paste on the fabric surface. Pigments are found in
particle size range should be in the range of 0.1 - 3 microns.
Pigment printing is done with the binder system. We know that pigment has no affinity to
cotton fabric for this reason Binder is required during printing , the binder is a film forming
substance made up of long macro molecules which when applied together produce a 3
dimensional network. These 3 dimensional links are formed during suitable fixing process
which usually consist of dry heat and change in pH value (<5) bringing about self cross
linking, this cross linking improves the elasticity and adhesion of film to the substrate To print
on different substrates different chemistry is required so pigment printing can be applied on
Cotton, Polyester, Blend PC.
1. Pigment :
Pigments are insoluble coloring matter . They can be classified into organic and inorganic
pigments . Inorganic pigments are carbon black , Titanium chloride, metal oxide like
chromium ion, iron, lead , cadmium etc. Because of higher particle size , excepting carbon
black and TiO2 others are not used for printing . Organic pigments which are of azo , diazo,
pthlyocyanine, vat, quinacridone, thio indigo etc are usually preferred for printing . They
8
usually are finely ground into fine particle size 0.1 to 0.3 micron along with surfactants and
are available as pigment emulsion which are miscible in thickener .(Reference - Book-
Technology of Textile Printing, Author - SSM IIT and PC.)
2. Binder:
Binders are transparent , film forming polymeric substances made of poly acrylic monomers
. For improved properties co polymerisation with vinyl chloride , acrylic acid, methacrylic
acid, styrene or butadiene is normally done . The binder can be self crossed linking. Binder
forms plastic but its too soft and transparent that its difficult to see it but we can feel its
harshness when compared to other printing techniques. Binder actually holds the pigment
color and sandwich it between fabric surface and plastic coatings and this coating helps color
to stick there and stand with high and severe conditions. In addition to binder an other
components i also added to the textile pigment printing and that is fixer . Fixers are mostly
formaldehyde based.
Some qualities of binders -

1. Good fastness to light ,rubbing and wash and dry cleaning
2. High brilliancy
3. Soft handle
4. Good thermal stability
5. Simple application
6. Good shear stability
7.Compatible with other components of paste
8. Don't block the screen.
3. Acid liberating agents:
9
The polymerisation and cross linking of binder takes place in acidic medium . Direct addition
of acid printing paste leads to pre mature polymerisation in the paste itself . To avoid this ,
ammonium salts of acids are used eg. Diammonium phosphate . During drying and curing ,
ammonia is evaporated and phosphoric acid is liberated 150°C. In Case of low temperature
curing temperature 80°C to 110°C Ammonium salts of sulphonic acid catalyst is used.
(Reference- Book- Technology of Textile Printing, Author- SSM IIT and PC.)
4. Ammonia:
Used to maintain basic pH in the print paste
10
PROJECT NO -1
1. Study the viscosity of paste with different dosages of thickeners
1(a) Viscosity of paste with different dosages of thickeners, Sodium Alginate,

Synthetic thickener & Semi Synthetic thickener
Apparatus:
Rod,
Beaker,
Weighing Balance
Instrument Name: Stirrer machine, Brookfield LV DV1 Viscometer Chemical
and Recipe:
Product Name Dosages

Water 82%
Urea 12%
Resist Salt 1.5%
Sodium Bicarbonate 4.5%
Sodium Alginate,
Synthetic thickener 1% ,2% ,3%,4% & 5%
Semi Synthetic thickener
Procedure:-
Take water and chemicales(urea,sodium bicarbonate & resist salt)
And weight the water and chemical according to requirement
And make the solution
11
After that paste is prepared by stirrer with stirrer machine for 10 min stirring by adding the
thickener drop by drop
check the viscosity of paste by Brookfield LV DV1 Viscometer at 60 rpm with spindle No 4.
Result:
Viscosity
Dosages
Sodium Alginat Synthetic thickener Semi Synthetic thickener
1% 40 mpsl 5 mPas 20 mPas

2% 1160 mpsl 140 mPas 230 mPas
3% 6350 mpsl 1505 mPas 1670 mPas
4% >10000mPas 5610 mPas 6500mPas
5% >10000 mPas >10000 mPas
12
Observation:-
 Viscosity are depends upon the dosages of thickener in printing paste..
 Viscosity are increase, when add the thickener dosage in increasing order.
 After 3 parts, viscosity are more increasing
 After 4 parts, viscosity are more increasing in add less certain amount of Thickener
Conclusion:-
 Viscosity are increase when thickener dosage are add in increasing order that means
viscosity are depends upon the dosage of thickener
1(b) Viscosity of paste with different dosages of thickener, and after addition of dyes
Apparatus:
Rod,
Beaker,
Weighing Balance
Instrument Name: Stirrer machine, Brookfield LV DV1 Viscometer

Chemical and Recipe:

Water 82%
Urea 12%
Resist Salt 1.5%
Sodium Alginat, Synthetic
thickener & Semi Synthetic 3% ,4% & 5%
thickener
Reactive dye (Tulactiv P-4BN) 4%
13
Procedure:
Take water and chemicales(urea,sodium bicarbonate & resist salt)
check the viscosity of paste by Brookfield LV DV1 Viscometer at 60 rpm with spindle No 4
Then add the dyes in the print paste and mix by stirrer machine
check the viscosity
check viscosity again after 24 hours
14
Result:
Sodium Alginate
Synthetic thickener Semi Synthetic thickener
Thickener
Dosages 3% 4% 3% 4% 5% 3% 4% 5%
>10000 1440 5910 >10,000 1860 6500 >10000
Viscosity 6500 mPas
mPas mPas mPas mPas mPas mPas mPas
After addition of Tulactiv Red P-4BN-4%
>10000 150 1170 4030 1510 4770 4970

Viscosity 6300 mPas
After 24 hours
>10000 170 1480 4640 1670 5050 5150

Viscosity 6400 mPas
Graph: Viscosity vs different dosages of Sodium Alginate
15
Graph: Viscosity vs different dosages of Synthetic thickener
Graph: Viscosity vs different dosages of Semi Synthetic thickener
Observation:
 Viscosity are depends upon the parts of thickener in printing paste.
 Viscosity are increase with increasing the thickener.
 Without adding of Dyes viscosity is more
 After adding the dyes, viscosity is decreases
 Hold the printing paste for some time, viscosity are increase
16
Conclusion:
Viscosity are decrease after addition of dye.
1(c) Study of colour value of reactive printing at different viscosity

Apparatus:
Rod,
Beaker,
Weighing Balance,
Instrument Name: Stirrer machine, Brookfield LV DV1 Viscometer, Zimmer Printing
Table, Stenter, Steamer & Spectrophotometer

Water 82%
Urea 12%
Resist Salt 1.5%
Sodium Alginate, Synthetic
thickener & Semi Synthetic 4-5%
thickener
Reactive dye (Tulactiv Red P-
4%
4BN)
Print paste preparation procedure:

Take water and chemicals (urea,sodium bicarbonate & resist salt)
17
Then add the dyes in the print paste and mix by stirrer machine
check the viscosity again and maintain viscosity
Print Process Sequence:

Maintain the viscosity of print paste
Print
Dry (tempreture-120°C, time-2min)
Steaming (tempreture-102°C,time-12 min)
Cold Wash ( remove the superfecial thickener)
Hot Wash (10 min)
Cold Wash
Soaping(10 min)
Cold Wash
18
Neutralize (maintain ph≈5)
Padding
Dry
Result:
Colour Strength Difference

Viscosity
Sodium Alginate Synthetic thickener Semi Synthetic thickener
4000 mPas 100% 100% 100%
5000 mPas 98.66% 102.70% 104.11%
5500 mPas 100.61% 103.25% 104.94%
6000 mPas 100.15% 103.24% 104.01%
6500 mPas 98.92% 101.53% 105.90%
7000 mPas 100.84% 101.90% 100.26%
Graph: Colour strength at different viscosity
19
Observation:
 When increase the viscosity decrease the back penetration on fabric

 Almost similar color strength difference
Conclusion: Almost similar color strength difference
20
PROJECT NO - 2
2. Study of optimum pH for Reactive Printing
2(a) pH of print paste with different dosages of Soda Ash and its stability after 24 hours
and 72 hours
Apparatus:
Rod,
Beaker,
Weighing Balance
Instrument Name:Stirrer machine, Brookfield LV DV1 Viscometer, Zimmer Printing

Table, Stenter, Steamer & Spectrophotometer

Water 82%
Urea 12%
Resist Salt 1.5%
Semi Synthetic thickener 4%
Soda Ash 0.5% ,1% ,1.5% ,2% & 2.5%
Reactive dye
(Tulactiv Red P- 4%
4BN)

Take water and chemicals (urea ,resist salt)
21
Then add Soda Ash in the print paste and mix by stirrer machine
check the pH
Add dyes and mix check viscosity

Maintain similar viscosity of print paste
Print
Hot Wash (10 min)
Cold Wash
Soaping(10 min)
22
Cold Wash
Padding
Dry
Result:
Dosages 0.5% 1.0% 1.5 % 2.0% 2.5%

pH 10.27 10.65 10.70 10.73 10.90
Viscosity 5840 5340 5060 4900 4760
Graph: Effect of Viscosity vs different dosages of Soda ash
Colour Strength of different dosages of Soda Ash
Strengh Difference
Dosages Initial After 24 hours After 72 hours
(first day) (second day) (fourth day)
0.5% (std) 100%(std) 100%(std) 100%(std)
23
1.0% 118.57% 124.96% 126.80%
1.5% 120.77% 127.70% 131.11%
2.0% 123.15% 130.83% 136.10%
2.5% 126.06 % 131.72% 139.55%
Graph: Effect in Colour strength vs different dosages of Soda ash
Colour Strength of different dosages of Soda Ash
Initial After 24 hours After 72 hours

Dosages
0.5% (std) 100% (std) 99.43% 95.80%
1.0% (std) 100% (std) 98.34% 97.94%
1.5% (std) 100% (std) 97.87% 97.56%
2.0% (std) 100% (std) 97.81% 92.78%
2.5% (std) 100% (std) 90.45% 86.91%
24
Graph: Effect of Colour strength vs different time
Detail study of Colour strength
Colour Strength of different dosages of Soda Ash same day

Here 0.5% Soda Ash is taken as a standard for colour measurement
0.5% Soda ash Std. CIE Std. CIE Std. CIE
Std. CIE a b h
-initial (std.) CIE L C
41.36 64.19 17.51 66.54 15.26
Strength
Batch Name Difference CIE DL CIE Da CIE Db CIE DC CIE DH CIE DE
1% 118.57 -3.44 -1.79 6.75 0.42 6.97 7.78

1.5% 120.77 -3.74 -2.20 6.87 0.07 7.21 8.13
2.1% 123.15 -5.23 -3.33 9.83 0.18 10.37 11.62
2.5% 126.06 -5.59 -3.70 10.32 0.05 10.96 12.30
25
Color strength different dosages of Soda Ash at 24 hours(second day)
0.5% Soda ash -24 Std. CIE Std. CIE Std. CIE
hours(std.) CIE L Std. CIE a b h
C
39.82 63.38 20.17 66.51 17.65
Strength
1% 124.96 -3.18 -2.14 6.58 0.31 6.91 7.61

1.5% 127.70 -2.63 -1.84 5.08 0.01 5.40 6.01
2% 130.83 -3.01 -1.94 6.22 0.35 6.50 7.17
2.5% 131.72 -3.40 -2.22 6.83 0.34 7.17 7.95
Colour Strength of different different dosages of Soda Ash at 72 hours(third day)

0.5% Soda ash

Std. CIE Std. CIE Std. CIE
-72 hours(std.) Std. CIE a
b C h
CIE L
42.45 64.61 15.94 66.54 13.86
Strength
1% 126.80 -5.51 -3.15 11.14 0.62 11.56 12.82

1.5% 131.11 -5.35 -3.02 10.78 0.59 11.18 12.40
2% 136.10 -4.98 -2.52 9.98 0.74 10.27 11.44
2.5% 139.55 -5.46 -3.26 9.86 0.00 10.39 11.73
Colour Strength of the paste at same day, after 24 hours and 72 hours with Soda Ash
0.5%
Here 0.5% Soda Ash (First day) is taken as a standard

Std. CIE a
-initial (std.) CIE L b C h
41.51 64.00 16.94 66.21 14.83
26
Strength
after 24 hours 99.43 -1.53 -0.63 3.20 0.29 3.24 3.60

after72hours 95.80 0.20 0.52 0.60 0.65 0.44 0.82
Colour Strength of the paste at same day, after 24 hours and 72 hours with Soda Ash 1%
Here 1%% Soda Ash is taken as a standard for colour measurement
1% Soda ash - Std. CIE Std. CIE Std. CIE

initial (std.) CIE L Std. CIE a b h
C
37.76 62.42 24.50 67.06 21.43
Strength
after 24 hours 98.34 -0.65 -0.93 2.06 -0.07 2.26 2.35

After 72hours 97.94 -0.93 -1.17 2.67 -0.05 2.92 3.06
1.5%
1.5% Soda ash - Std. CIE Std. CIE Std. CIE

initial (std) CIE L Std. CIE a b h
C
37.53 61.77 24.31 66.38 21.48
Strength
after 24 hours 97.87 -0.37 0.04 1.09 0.44 1.00 1.15

after72hours 96.56 -0.63 -0.45 1.96 0.33 1.98 2.11
2%
Here 2% Soda Ash is taken as a standard for colour measurement
27
2% Soda ash -initial Std. CIE Std. CIE Std. CIE
(std.) CIE L Std. CIE a b h
C
36.23 60.76 26.88 66.44 23.87
Strength
after 24 hours 97.81 0.56 0.52 -0.52 0.27 -0.68 0.92

after72hours 92.78 1.65 1.47 -1.22 0.87 -1.70 2.52
2.5%

Std. CIE a b h
-initial (std.) CIE L C
36.60 60.74 26.74 66.37 23.76
Strength
after 24 hours 90.45 -0.09 0.27 0.21 0.33 0.09 0.35

after72hours 86.91 0.94 0.86 -1.55 0.18 -1.76 2.00
Observation:
pH are increase ,when soda ash dosages are add in increase order
Viscosity are decrease ,when soda ash dosages are adding in increasing order
Conclusion:
Color strength are decrease ,when time are increase
28
2(b) pH of print paste with different dosages of Sodium Bicarbonate and its stability
after 24 hours and 72 houurs
Apparatus:
Rod,
Beaker,
Weighing Balance,

Table, Stenter, Steamer & SpectrophotometChemical and Recipe:

Water 82%
Urea 12%
Resist Salt 1.5%
Sodium Bicarbonate 1% ,2% ,3% , 4% & 5%
Reactive dye
(Tulactiv Red P- 4%
4BN)

29
Then add Sodium Bicaronate in the print paste and mix by stirrer machine
check the pH
Print
Hot Wash (10 min)
Cold Wash
Soaping(10 min)
Cold Wash
30
Padding
Dry
Result:
pH and viscosity of print paste at different dosages of Sodium Bicarbonate
Dosages 1.0% 2.0% 3.0% 4.0% 5.0%

pH 7.65 7.82 8.05 8.20 8.28
Viscosity 5340 4550 4390 4170 3890
Graph: Effect of Viscosity vs different Sodium bicarbonate dosages
Colour Strength of different dosages of Sodium Bicarbonate
Initial After 24 hours After 72

Dosages (first day) (second day) hours (fourth
day)
1% (std) 100% (std) 100% (std) 100% (std)
2% 107.87% 95.69% 97.29%
3% 109.29% 97.01% 98.38%
4% 110.53% 97.66% 101.00%
5% 111.59% 99.52% 100.52
31
Graph: Colour strength vs different Sodium bicarbonate dosages
Colour strength at different time
Initial After 24 hours After 72 hours

Dosages
1% (std) 100% (std) 98.98% 96.85%
2% (std) 100% (std) 97.47% 95.98%
3% (std) 100% (std) 98.07% 96.13%
4% (std) 100% (std) 99.21% 97.94%
5% (std) 100% (std) 99.73% 95.67%
32
Graph: Colour strength vs different time
Detail Colour study
Colour Strength of different dosages of Sodium Bicarbonate Same day

Here 1% Sodium Bicarbonate is taken as a standard for colour measurement
1.0 % Sodium
Bicarbonate -initial(std.) Std. CIE a
b C h
CIE L
39.55 63.51 21.97 67.21 19.08
Strength
2% 107.87 -3.32 -2.66 6.24 -0.13 6.78 7.55

3% 109.29 -3.37 -2.78 6.52 -0.12 7.09 7.85
4% 110.53 -2.62 -2.04 4.54 -0.26 4.97 5.62
5% 111.59 -2.46 -1.74 5.23 0.29 5.50 6.03
Colour Strength of different dosages of Sodium Bicarbonate Second day(24 hours)

33
1.0 % Sodium Bicarbonate Std. CIE Std. CIE Std. CIE
a Std. CIE b h
-24 hours (std.) CIE L C
38.14 62.15 24.52 66.81 21.53
Strength
Batch Name Differen CIE DL CIE Da CIE Db CIE DC CIE DH CIE DE
ce
2% 95.69 -0.98 -1.04 1.99 -0.20 2.24 2.45
3% 97.01 0.00 -0.02 -0.52 -0.21 -0.48 0.52
4% 97.66 -1.65 -1.23 2.85 -0.03 3.10 3.51
5% 99.52 -1.15 -0.59 1.77 0.12 1.86 2.19
Colour Strength of different dosages of Sodium Bicarbonate at 72 hours (fourth day)

1% Sodium
Bicarbonate -72 hours Std. CIE a
b C h
(std.) CIE L
37.76 62.61 25.58 67.64 22.22
Strength
Batch Name Difference CIE DL CIE Da CIE Db CIE DC CIE DH
2% 97.29 -0.59 -0.75 1.35 -0.17 1.54

3% 98.38 -0.54 -0.82 0.58 -0.54 0.85
4% 101.00 -1.33 -1.62 2.00 -0.70 2.48
5% 100.52 -0.78 -1.31 0.12 -1.16 0.61
Colour Strength of the paste at same day, after 24 hours and 72 hours with Sodium
Bicarbonate 1%
Here 1%Sodium Bicarbonate is taken as a standard for colour measurement
1% Sodium
Bicarbonate -initial Std. CIE a
b C h
(std.) CIE L
39.63 63.24 21.29 66.73 18.61
34
Strength
Batch Name Difference CIE DL CIE Da CIE Db CIE DC CIE DH
after 24 hours 98.98 -1.51 -0.84 2.60 0.09 2.73

After 72 hours 96.85 -1.87 -0.96 4.53 0.70 4.58
Bicarbonate 2%
2% Sodium
b C h
(std.) CIE L
36.36 60.78 27.71 66.80 24.51
Strength
after 24 hours 97.47 0.70 -0.16 -1.51 -0.76 -1.31 1.67

After 72 hours 95.98 0.69 0.70 -0.96 0.25 -1.16 1.38
Bicarbonate 3.0 %
3% Sodium
b C h
(std.) CIE L
36.52 60.93 27.38 66.80 24.20
Strength
after 24 hours 98.07 1.26 0.71 -3.26 -0.61 -3.28 3.56

After 72 hours 96.13 0.42 0.34 -0.89 -0.04 -0.95 1.04
35
Colour Strength of the paste at same day, after 24 hours and 72 hours with
SodiumBicarbonate 4%
4% Sodium Std. CIE Std. CIE Std. CIE

Bicarbonate -initial Std. CIE a b C h
(std.) CIE L
38.11 61.81 23.72 66.20 20.99
Strength
after 24 hours 99.21 -1.90 -0.94 3.87 0.63 3.94 4.42

After 72 hours 97.94 -1.49 -1.17 2.68 -0.07 2.92 3.28
Bicarbonate 5%
5% Sodium
b C h
(std.) CIE L
38.11 61.81 23.72 66.20 20.99
Strength
Batch Name CIE DL CIE Da CIE Db CIE DC CIE DH CIE DE
Difference
after 24 hours 99.73 -0.06 -0.05 0.66 -0.30 -0.58 0.66
After 72 hours 95.67 -0.30 -0.38 0.77 -0.65 -0.56 0.92
Observation:
 pH are increase ,when sodium bicarbonate dosages are add in increase order
 Viscosity are decrease ,when sodium bicarbonate dosages are adding in
increasing order
Conclusion:
Color strength are decrease ,when time are increase
36
PROJECT NO -3
3.Optimum steaming time study for Reactive Printing
Apparatus:
Rod,
Beaker,
Weighing Balance,
Table & Stenter, & Spectrophotometer Chemical and
Condition:
Water 82%
Urea 12%
Resist Salt 1.5%
Reactive dye
(Tulactiv Red P- 4%
4BN)
Steaming time 3min ,6min ,9min ,12min & 15min

Take water and chemicals (urea ,resist salt & Sodium Bicaronate)
37

Print
Steaming (tempreture-102°C,time- 3 min/ 6 min/ 9 min/ 12 min &15min)
Hot Wash (10 min)
Cold Wash
Soaping (10 min)
Cold Wash
Padding
Dry
38
Result:
Time Strength Difference

3min 100%
6min 101.41%
9min 102.46%
12min 103.64 %
15min 103.77%
Graph: Colour strength vs steaming time
Observation:
Color strength difference are increase, when time are increase
Conclusion:
Color strength difference are increase
39
PROJECT NO- 4
4.Application of De-foaming agent

Apparatus:
Rod,
Beaker,
Weighing Balance,
Instrument Name:Stirrer machine, Brookfield LV DV1 Viscometer, Zimmer Printing

Table, Stenter,Steamer & Spectrophotometer

Water 82%
Urea 12%
Resist Salt 1.5%
Reactive dye
(Tulactiv Red P- 4%
4BN)
Rustrol DAP 0.5% ,1%

40
Add dyes mix in paste
Rustral DAP add in print paste
Print
Hot Wash (10 min)
Cold Wash
Soaping(10 min)
Cold Wash
Padding
Dry
41
Result:
Dosages Strengh Difference

Without Rustrol DAP 100%
Rustrol DAP-.5% 101.50%
Rustrol DAP-1% 100.82%
Observation:
 Without Rustrol DAP printing paste under some air
are present
 Remove the air to print paste by Rustrol DAP
 With Rustrol DAP give good quality print.
 Almost similar color strength difference
Conclusion:
Almost similar color strength difference value
42
PROJECT NO -5
5.Study of colour value of pigment printing at different viscosity
Apparatus:
Rod,
Beaker,
Weighing Balance,
Instrument Name : Stirrer machine, Brookfield LV DV1 Viscometer, Zimmer Printing

Table, Stenter & Spectrophotometer
Chemical and recipe:

Binder 12%
Pigment 4%
Ammonia 0.5%
Thickener(CTN) 1%
Water 79.5%

Take water and chemicals (Binder, Pigment, Ammonia & Thickener)
43
Print
Curing (tempreture-150°C, time - 5min)
Result:
Viscosity Strength Difference
4000 mPas 100%
5000 mPas 101.91%
6000 mPas 105.98%
7000 mPas 108.09%
8000 mPas 115.05%
9000 mPas 119.17%
Graph: Colour strength vs at different viscosity
44
Observation:
When visosity are increase, back penetration are decrease
When viscosity are increase, color strength difference are increase
Conclusion:
Color strength are increase
45

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RUDOLF ATUL CHEMICALS LIMITED

The Technological Institute of Textile & Sciences

Printing is localized application of dyes/dyestuff. It is the process of applying colour to fabric

1. Direct Printing Style:

2. Discharge Printing Style:

Types of discharge printing style:

3. Resist Style Of Printng:

Types of Resist Printing Style:

Printing paste components:

Mild oxidizing agent: Resist salt is as a mild oxidizing agent

Acid and alkali:

Some qualities of binders -

4. Good thermal stability

6. Good shear stability

7.Compatible with other components of paste

8. Don't block the screen.

3. Acid liberating agents:

1. Study the viscosity of paste with different dosages of thickeners

1(a) Viscosity of paste with different dosages of thickeners, Sodium Alginate,

Product Name Dosages

Take water and chemicales(urea,sodium bicarbonate & resist salt)

And weight the water and chemical according to requirement

And make the solution

1% 40 mpsl 5 mPas 20 mPas

Instrument Name: Stirrer machine, Brookfield LV DV1 Viscometer

Product Name Dosages

Take water and chemicales(urea,sodium bicarbonate & resist salt)

And weight the water and chemical according to requirement

And make the solution

check the viscosity

check viscosity again after 24 hours

>10000 150 1170 4030 1510 4770 4970

>10000 170 1480 4640 1670 5050 5150

Graph: Viscosity vs different dosages of Sodium Alginate

Graph: Viscosity vs different dosages of Semi Synthetic thickener

1(c) Study of colour value of reactive printing at different viscosity

Product Name Dosages

Print paste preparation procedure:

And weight the water and chemical according to requirement

And make the solution

check the viscosity again and maintain viscosity

Print Process Sequence:

Dry (tempreture-120°C, time-2min)

Steaming (tempreture-102°C,time-12 min)

Cold Wash ( remove the superfecial thickener)

Hot Wash (10 min)

Colour Strength Difference

Graph: Colour strength at different viscosity

 When increase the viscosity decrease the back penetration on fabric

Conclusion: Almost similar color strength difference

2. Study of optimum pH for Reactive Printing

Instrument Name:Stirrer machine, Brookfield LV DV1 Viscometer, Zimmer Printing

Chemical and Recipe:

Product Name Dosages

Print paste preparation procedure:

And weight the water and chemical according to requirement

And make the solution

Add dyes and mix check viscosity

Print Process Sequence:

Dry (tempreture-120°C, time-2min)

Steaming (tempreture-102°C,time-12 min)

Cold Wash ( remove the superfecial thickener)

Hot Wash (10 min)

Neutralize (maintain ph≈5)