Pump:

It is used to transfer fluid between two points. Produce required flow rate and pressure.
Pump changes both velocity and pressure of the fluid and only adds to system energy.
Power supplied to the pump is to transfer fluid at specified flow rate and pressure by
overcoming resistance in the pump and the system.

General Pumping System and the Net Head Developed by a Pump

The word pumping, referred to a hydraulic system commonly implies to convey liquid
from a low to a high reservoir. Such a pumping system, in general, is shown in Fig.
1. At any point in the system, the elevation or potential head is measured from a
fixed reference datum line. The total head at any point comprises pressure head,
velocity head and elevation head. For the lower reservoir, the total head at the free
surface is and is equal to the elevation of the free surface above the datum line
since the velocity and static pressure at A are zero. Similarly the total head at the
free surface in the higher reservoir is ( ) and is equal to the elevation of the
free surface of the reservoir above the reference datum.

The variation of total head as the liquid flows through the system is shown in Fig. 2.
The liquid enters the intake pipe causing a head loss for which the total energy
line drops to point B corresponding to a location just after the entrance to intake pipe.
The total head at B can be written as

As the fluid flows from the intake to the inlet flange of the pump at elevation the
total head drops further to the point C (Figure .2) due to pipe friction and other losses
equivalent to . The fluid then enters the pump and gains energy imparted by the
moving rotor of the pump. This raises the total head of the fluid to a point D (Figure
.2) at the pump outlet (Figure 33.1).

In course of flow from the pump outlet to the upper reservoir, friction and other
losses account for a total head loss or down to a point E . At E an exit loss
occurs when the liquid enters the upper reservoir, bringing the total heat at point F
(Figure 33.2) to that at the free surface of the upper reservoir. If the total heads are
measured at the inlet and outlet flanges respectively, as done in a standard pump
test, then
 Figure .1 A general pumping system

Figure .2 Change of head in a pumping system

Total inlet head to the pump =

Total outlet head of the pump =

where and are the velocities in suction and delivery pipes respectively.

Therefore, the total head developed by the pump,

(33.1)

The head developed H is termed as manometric head . If the pipes connected to

inlet and outlet of the pump are of same diameter, and therefore the head
developed or manometric head H is simply the gain in piezometric pressure head
across the pump which could have been recorded by a manometer connected
between the inlet and outlet flanges of the pump. In practice, ( ) is so small in
comparison to that it is ignored. It is therefore not surprising o find that
the static pressure head across the pump is often used to describe the total head
developed by the pump. The vertical distance between the two levels in the
reservoirs is known as static head or static lift. Relationship between , the
static head and H , the head developed can be found out by applying Bernoulli's
equation between A and C and between D and F (Figure 33.1) as follows:

.2)

Between D and F ,

(.3)

substituting from Eq. (33.2) into Eq. (33.3), and then with the help of Eq. (.1),

we can write

(.4)

Therefore, we have, the total head developed by the pump = static head + sum of all
the losses.

TYPES OF PUMPS:

1.Rotodynamice pumps

2.Positive displacement pumps: They are classified again in two types (1.) Rotatory
type

(2.)
Reciprocating type

Rotatory type pumps are classified in three type : 1.)Screw pump

2.)gear pump
 3.)vane pump

Reciprocating type pumps are classified in following type : 1.)Plunger pump

2.)piston pump

3.)Radial piston pump

Rotodynamic Pumps

A rotodynamic pump is a device where mechanical energy is transferred from the

rotor to the fluid by the principle of fluid motion through it. The energy of the fluid can
be sensed from the pressure and velocity of the fluid at the delivery end of the pump.
Therefore, it is essentially a turbine in reverse. Like turbines, pumps are classified
according to the main direction of fluid path through them like radial flow or
centrifugal

Centrifugal Pumps

The pumps employing centrifugal effects for increasing fluid pressure have been in
use for more than a century. The centrifugal pump, by its principle, is converse of the
Francis turbine. The flow is radially outward, and the hence the fluid gains in
centrifugal head while flowing through it. Because of certain inherent
advantages,such as compactness, smooth and uniform flow, low initial cost and high
efficiency even at low heads, centrifugal pumps are used in almost all pumping
systems.

Working of CP :

 The energy changes occur in a centrifugal pump by virtue of two main parts of
the pump.
 The Impeller – The rotating part that converts driver energy into kinetic
energy.
 The volute or Diffuser – The stationary part that converts the kinetic energy
into pressure energy.

The process liquid enters the suction nozzle and then into the eye of the impeller.
Impeller spins the liquid sitting in the cavities between the vanes, outwards and
provides centrifugal acceleration. As liquid leaves the eye of the impeller, a low
pressure area is created, causing more liquid to flow towards the inlet. Because the
impeller blades are curved, the fluid is pushed in a tangential and radial direction by
the centrifugal forces
 The kinetic energy of a liquid coming out of an impeller is harnessed by creating a
resistance to the flow. The first resistance is created by pump volute casing, which
catches the liquid and slows it down. In the discharge nozzle, the liquid further
decelerates and its velocity is converted to pressure.

The amount of energy given to the liquid is proportional to the velocity at the edge or
vane tip of the impeller. The faster the impeller revolves or bigger the impeller is,
then higher will be the velocity of the liquid at the vane tip and greater the energy
imparted to the liquid.

Centrifugal Pump - Head

The pressure at any point in a liquid can be thought of as being caused by a vertical
column of the liquid due to its weight. The height of this column is called the static
head and is expressed in terms of meters of liquid. Head is a measurement of height
of a liquid column that a pump could create from kinetic energy imparted to the
liquid. If we Imagine a pipe shooting a jet of water straight up into the air, the height
the water goes up would be the head.

Priming is the process of removing Air/Vapour and filling the suction piping, impeller
and pump casing with the fluid.

Types of Impeller

1.)Radial flow

2.)Axial flow

3.)Mixed flow
Specific Speed Range Pump Type

Below 5,000 Radial Flow Pumps

4,000 - 10,000 Mixed Flow Pumps

9,000 - 15,000 Axial Flow Pumps

Types of Centrifugal Pumps With Respect to the Construction of the Casing.

 Volute:- It is like a curved funnel increasing in area to the discharge port,

which converts velocity energy into pressure energy. Also it helps to balance
the hydraulic pressure on the shaft of the pump- occurs at the recommended
capacity. Running at lower capacity can put lateral stress on pump shaft,
increase wear-and-tear on the seals, bearings and on the shaft itself.


 Diffuser:- It has stationary diffusion vanes, surrounding the impeller
periphery that convert velocity energy into pressure energy.

Conventionally the diffusers are applied to multistage pumps.


 Regenerative:- The impeller , which has very tight axial clearance and uses
pump channel rings. Liquid entering the channel from the inlet is picked up
immediately by the vanes on both sides of the impeller and pumped through
the channel by shearing action. The process is repeated over and over with
each pass imparting more energy until the liquid is discharged.
Horizontal Centrifugal Pump
 Vertical Pump

Cavitation:

Steps in Cavitation :

1.Formation of bubbles inside the liquid

2.Growth of bubbles

3.Collapse of bubbles

o THREE INDICATIONS IF A PUMP IS CAVITATING

o Noise.
o Fluctuating discharge pressure and flow.

Fluctuating pump motor current

POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT PUMPS

1. Reciprocating Pump

The reciprocating pump is a positive plunger pump. It is also known as positive displacement
pump or piston pump. It is often used where relatively small quantity is to be handled and the
delivery pressure is quite large. The construction of these pumps is similar to the four stroke
engine as shown in figure (below) The crank is driven by some external rotating motor. The
piston of pump reciprocates due to crank rotation. The piston moves down in one half of crank
rotation, the inlet valve opens and fluid enters into the cylinder . In second half crank rotation the
piston moves up, the outlet valve opens and the fluid moves out from the outlet . At a time, only
one valve is opened and another is closed so there is no fluid leakage. Depending on the area of
cylinder the pump delivers constant volume of fluid in each cycle independent to the pressure at

the output port.

plunger pump
A plunger pump is a type of positive displacement pump where the high-pressure seal is
stationary and a smooth cylindrical plunger slides through the seal. This makes them different
from piston pumps and allows them to be used at higher pressures. This type of pump is often
used to transfer municipal and industrial sewage Plunger pumps are used in applications that
could range from 70 to 2,070 bar (1,000 to 30,000 psi)
Piston pumps

Piston pumps are meant for the high-pressure applications. These pumps have high-efficiency
and simple design and needs lower maintenance. These pumps convert the rotary motion of the
input shaft to the reciprocating motion of the piston. These pumps work similar to the four
stroke engines. They work on the principle that a reciprocating piston draws fluid inside the
cylinder when the piston retracts in a cylinder bore and discharge the fluid when it extends.

1.1 Screw Pumps

1.2 These pumps have two or more gear-driven helical meshing screws in a
closefitting caseto develop the desired pressure. These screws mesh to form a
fluid-type seal between the screws and casing. A schematic diagram of a screw
pump is shown in Fig A two-screw pump consists of two parallel rotors with inter-
meshing threads rotating in a closely machined casing. The driving screw and
driven screw are connected by means of timing gears. When the screws turn, the
space between the threads is divided into compartments. As the screws rotate,
the inlet side of the pump is flooded with hydraulic fluid because of partial
vacuum.When the screws turn in normal rotation, the fluid contained in these
compartments is pushed uniformly along the axis toward the center of the pump,
where the compartments discharge the fluid. Here the fluid does not rotate but
 moves linearly as a nut on threads. Thus, there are no pulsations at a higher
speed; it is a very quiet operating

Theadvantages are as follows:

1.They are self-priming and more reliable.
2. They are quiet due to rolling action of screw spindles.
3.They can handle liquids containing gases and vapor.
4. They have long service life

GEAR PUMP
It consist of a pump housing in which a pair of preciselymachined meshing gears runs with
minimal radial and axial clearance.One of the gears, called a driver,is driven by a prime mover.
The driver drives another gear called a follower.As the teeth of the two gears separate, the fluid
from the pump inlet gets trapped between the rotating gear cavities and pump housing.The
trapped fluid is then carried around the periphery of the pump casing and delivered to outlet
port. The teeth of precisely meshed gears provide almost a perfect seal between the pumpinlet
and the pump outlet.When the outlet flow is resisted, pressure in the pump outlet chamber
builds up rapidly and forces the gear diagonally outward against the pump inlet. When the
system pressure increases, imbalance occurs. This imbalance increases mechanical friction and
 the bearing load of the two gears.

Vane Pumps
Vane pumps generate a pumping action by tracking of vanes along the casing wall. The vane
pumps generally consist of a rotor, vanes, ring and a port plate with inlet and outlet ports. The
rotor in a vane pump is connected to the prime mover through a shaft. The vanes are located on
the slotted rotor. The rotor is eccentrically placed inside a cam ring as shown in the figure. The
rotor is sealed into the cam by two side plates. When the prime mover rotates the rotor, the vanes
are thrown outward due to centrifugal force. The vanes track along the ring. It provides a tight
hydraulic seal to the fluid which is more at the higher rotation speed due to higher centrifugal
force. This produces a suction cavity in the ring as the rotor rotates. It creates vacuum at the inlet
and therefore, the fluid is pushed into the pump through the inlet. The fluid is carried around to
the outlet by the vanes whose retraction causes the fluid to be expelled. The capacity of the pump
depends upon the eccentricity, expansion of vanes, width of vanes and speed of the rotor. It can
be noted that the fluid flow will not occur when the eccentricity is zero. These pumps can handle
thin liquids (low viscosity) at relatively higher pressure. These pumps can be run dry for a small
duration without any failure. These pumps develop good vacuum due to negligible leakage.
However, these pumps are not suitable for high speed applications and for the high viscosity fluids
or fluids carrying some abrasive particles. The maintenance cost is also higher due to many moving
parts. These pumps have various applications for the pumping of following fluids:

 Aerosol and Propellants

 Aviation Service - Fuel Transfer, Deicing
 Auto Industry - Fuels, Lubes, Refrigeration Coolants
 Bulk Transfer of LPG and NH3
 LPG Cylinder Filling
 Alcohols
 Refrigeration - Freons, Ammonia
 Solvents
 Aqueous solutions
Performance curves for positive and non-displacement pumps