Gabriel O. Tobes, Jr.

Grade 11
TVL/ICT
 INTRODUCTION

Statistics and probability are sections of mathematics that deal with

data collection and analysis. Probability is the study of chance and is a very

fundamental subject that we apply in everyday living, while statistics is more

concerned with how we handle data using different analysis techniques and

collection methods. These two subjects always go hand in hand and thus you

can't study one without studying the other.

Data are gathered, displayed, summarized, examined, and interpreted

to discover patterns and deviations from patterns. Quantitative data can be

described in terms of key characteristics: measures of shape, center, and

spread. The shape of a data distribution might be described as symmetric,

skewed, flat, or bell shaped, and it might be summarized by a statistic

measuring center (such as mean or median) and a statistic measuring spread

(such as standard deviation or interquartile range). Different distributions can

be compared numerically using these statistics or compared visually using plots.

Knowledge of center and spread are not enough to describe a distribution.

Which statistics to compare, which plots to use, and what the results of a

comparison might mean, depend on the question to be investigated and the

real-life actions to be taken.

 STATISTICS

In the first topic that we’ve discussed I have learned so many things about

Statistics. Statistics is can be used in many ways in our daily lives, it is also used in

some researches in collecting some information. Statistics is said to be a science that

studies data to be able to make decisions; hence it is considered being a tool in

decision making process.

Statistics has many use and importance. It characterize person, object,

situation, and phenomena, it explains relationships among variables, statistics

formulates objective assessments, it also makes evidence based decision and

prediction. That are some importance of statistics that I have learned from this first

chapter.

I’ve also learned the Statistic Process in Problem Solving. First step is

Planning or designing the collection of data to answer statistical questions in a way to

minimize information and minimize bias. Second step is Collecting the data as required

in the plan. Third is Verifying the quality of the data after they are collected.

Fourth step is Summarizing the information extracted from the data and lastly

Examining the summary statistics that insights and meaningful information can be

produce to support decision making or solution to the question or problem at hand.

In this topic we identify questions if it is answerable using statistical process

and we also describe the activities involve in the process.

CHAPTER 2

COLLECTION OF DATA; Contextualization of data

In this chapter I have learned on how to contextualize data. It is said

that Data is a collection of facts from experiments or characteristics,

observation, sample survey, synthesis, and administrative reporting system.

These are facts and figure that are presented, collected, and analyze.

It is either numeric or nonnumeric and must be contextualized. To be able to

contextualize the data we must identify the W’s and H questions. First, Who

provided the data, second, What are the information from the respondents

and what is the unit of measurement use each of the information, third, When

was the data collected, fourth, Where was the data collected, fifth, Why

was the data collected, and lastly, How was the data collected.

There are also methods in presenting the Statistical data. First one is

Tabular it make use of table in presenting the statistical data, second is

Textual it make use of words, phrases, or sentences in presenting the

Statistical data, last one is Graphical it uses graphs to be able to represent

the statistical data.

CHAPTER 3
BASIC TERMS

In Chapter 3 there are some terminologies that I have learned. It is

important to know the terminologies before using them because you won’t be
able to understand the whole chapter if you don’t have any idea about the
terms you will be using.

These basic terms are, Population is the set of all possible value of
the variable, Sample it is the subgroup of the population, Variable is the
information you want to gather it is also the characteristics that is observable
and measurable and there are two classifications of variable the Qualitative
variables are words or codes that represents a class or category, the other
one is Quantitative variables are numbers that represent an amount or
account, and there are also two classification of Quantitative variables the
Discrete quantitative variable these are data that can be counted, and the
other one is Continuous quantitative variable these are data that can be
measured.

Levels of measurement are also discussed in the third chapter these are
Nominal, Ordinal, Interval, Ratio. Nominal as a level of measurement is
basically refers to categorically discrete data such as your name, name of
your school, type of car, name of a book and etc. Ordinal this refers to
quantities that have a natural ordering, such as rank list of honor students in
the class, and the order of the runners finishing a race. Interval this level of
measurement is like ordinal except we can say the intervals between each
value are equally split in short it is the numbers between two numbers or
point, the most common example of Interval is the temperature in degrees
Fahrenheit. Ratio is the level of measurement that is measurable such as
height, weight and etc.

In this chapter we identify variable whether it is Qualitative or

Quantitative Variable and also their classifications and level of measurements.
RANDOM VARIABLE

Random variable this is a set who’s elements are the numbers assigned
to the outcomes of an experiment and it has two types the Discrete random
variable has finite number of elements or infinite but can be represented by
whole numbers, the other one is the Continuous random variable it has infinite
numbers of elements and cannot be represented by whole numbers. We also
tackled sample space it the set of all possible outcomes of a statistical
experiment, Element or Member is outcome of each sample space.

In this topic we also identify the types of Random Variable which is

Discrete and Continuous Random Variable. We also identify the sample spaces
of a particular thing and their random variables.

PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION

Discrete Probability Distribution is also discussed in this chapter it is

said to be a table showing all the possible values of a discrete random variable
together with their corresponding probabilities.

In this topic I learned on how to make a Discrete Probability

Distribution through the use of sample space and random variable which comes
from the previous topic. We also Identify some problems and tables if it is
Discrete Probability Distribution or Not.
MEAN OF DISCRETE PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION

If x is a Discrete Random Variable with values x1, x2, x3,…. Xn with

probabilities f(x1), f(x2), f(x3),…, f(xn), respectively then the mean or
expected value of x denoted by E(x) is:

E(x)=x1f(x1)+x2 f(x2)+x3f(x3)+…+xnf(xn) for all elements of x.

In this topic we’ve learned on how to compute for the Mean of Discrete
Probability Distribution and we are given problems to solve for the Mean of
Discrete Probability Distribution. To find the Mean you should first multiply
the Variables(x) by Mass Functions[f(x)] and sum up the results and then
simplify.

NORMAL DISTRIBUTION

Normal Distribution it is a distribution of a continuous random variable

whose graph is a bell shaped curved called Normal Curve. Its curve is a bell
shaped, its curve is symmetric with the y-axis, the mean median mode
coincide at the center of the distribution, the distribution is unimodal, its
curve is asymptotic with respect to the x-axis, the total area under the
Normal curve is one.