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compression
members
The
built-‐up
members
can
be
classified
according
to
several
categories,
which
will
be
analyzed
in
the
following
sections.
We
can
classify
the
compound
struts
by
means
of:
• Distance
between
struts
• Connection
between
chords
• Strut
with
batten
plates:
Chords
rigidly
connected
by
batten
plates.
Chords
are
compressed
and
bent
with
a
linear
distribution
of
bending
moments
null
at
the
middle
of
each
panel.
Vertical
buckling
effects
are
considered
balanced
by
equal
and
opposite
axial
forces.
• Buttoned
struts:
Each
chord
is
compressed
and
bent
with
a
bending
moment
distribution
that
cannot
be
approximated
as
linear.
Shear
deformability
depends
mainly
on
the
flexural
deformability
of
the
chords.
1.3 Connection
Connections
represent
a
critical
element
on
the
built-‐up
section
since
they
must
suffer
from
an
excessive
deformation
to
allow
an
adequate
performance
of
the
chords,
on
the
other
hand,
and
excessive
deformation
decreases
the
load
carrying
capacity.
The
types
of
connection
are
the
following:
• Connection
with
static
function:
Able
to
resist
sliding
force
between
isolated
members.
• Connection
with
kinematic
function:
Able
to
prevent
the
buckling
of
the
isolated
member
in
the
weakest
direction.
The
elongation
of
the
diagonal
element
can
be
evaluated
as:
𝑁!
𝛥 = 𝑒𝐿! = 𝐿
𝐸𝐴! !
𝑇 1 𝑎
𝛥=
cos 𝛷 𝐸𝐴! sin 𝛷
The
corresponding
lateral
displacement
𝛿!
of
the
panel
is:
𝛥 𝑇 𝑎
𝛿! = =
cos 𝛷 𝐸𝐴! sin 𝛷 cos ! 𝛷
The
shortening
of
the
batten
is
therefore:
𝑇𝑏
𝛿! =
𝐸𝐴!
The
total
angular
displacement
produced
by
the
horizontal
force
T
is:
𝛿! + 𝛿!
𝛾=
𝑎
Finally,
the
shear
stiffness
𝑆! :
𝑇
𝑆! =
𝛾
1 1 𝑏
= !
+
𝑆! 𝐸𝐴! sin 𝛷 cos 𝛷 𝑎𝐸𝐴!
Finally,
1
𝑁!",!! =
1 1 𝑏
+ +
𝑁!" 𝐸𝐴! sin 𝛷 cos ! 𝛷 𝑎𝐸𝐴!
The
total
displacement
can
be
obtained
as:
𝛿!"! = 𝛿!,!"# + 𝛿!,!"# + 𝛿!,!"#
Flexure
of
the
chords:
Considering
a
cantilever
beam
𝑇 𝑎 ! 1 𝑇𝑎!
𝛿= =
2 2 3𝐸𝐼!"# 48𝐸𝐼!"#
𝛿!,!"# = 2𝛿
Flexure
of
the
batten:
Due
to
the
rotation
𝜃
at
the
chord-‐to-‐batten
node.
The
moment
!! !"
of
the
chord
is
! !
and
therefore
the
moment
at
the
end
of
each
batten
is
! .
The
rotation
is:
𝑇𝑎 1 𝑏 𝑇𝑎𝑏
𝜃= =
2 3𝐸𝐼!"! 2 12𝐸𝐼!"#
𝑎 𝑇𝑎! 𝑏
𝛿!,!"# = 2𝜃 =
2 12𝐸𝐼!"#
Shear
deformation
of
the
batten:
The
displacement
𝛿!,!"#
is
evaluated
under
a
!"
constant
shear
load
of
!
and
the
shear
strain
is:
𝜒! 𝑇𝑎
𝛾=
𝑏𝐺𝐴!"#
and
the
displacement
is
therefore
𝑎
𝛿!,!"# = 2𝛾
2
Finally,
the
shear
stiffness
is:
1 𝛿!,!"# + 𝛿!,!"# + 𝛿!,!"# 𝑎! 𝑎𝑏 𝜒! 𝑎
= = + +
𝑆! 𝑎𝑇 24𝐸𝐼!"# 12𝐸𝐼!"# 𝑏𝐴!"# 𝐺
And
the
elastic
critical
load
for
battened
struts
is:
𝜋 ! 𝐸𝐼 1
𝑁!",!" =
𝐿! 𝜋 ! 𝐸𝐼
1 + ! 𝑆!
𝐿