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To provide access to hardware and software resources that will allow users to perform one or more of the following activities:
• File serving - large storage disk drive acts as a central storage repository
• Print serving - Providing authorization to access a particular printer, accept and queue print jobs, and user access to print
queue to perform administrative duties
• Video transfers - High speed LANs are capable of supporting video image and live video transfers
• Manufacturing support - LANs can support manufacturing and industrial environments
• Academic support – In classrooms, labs, and wireless
• E-mail support
• Interconnection between multiple systems
Type Of Networks
A LAN connects network devices over a relatively short distance. A networked office building, school, or home usually contains a
single LAN, though sometimes one building will contain a few small LANs (perhaps one per room), and occasionally a LAN will span a
group of nearby buildings. In TCP/IP networking, a LAN is often but not always implemented as a single IP subnet.
As the term implies, a WAN spans a large physical distance. The Internet is the largest WAN, spanning the Earth.
A WAN is a geographically-dispersed collection of LANs. A network device called a router connects LANs to a WAN. In IP networking,
the router maintains both a LAN address and a WAN address.
A WAN differs from a LAN in several important ways. Most WANs (like the Internet) are not owned by any one organization but
rather exist under collective or distributed ownership and management. WANs tend to use technology like ATM, Frame Relay and
X.25 for connectivity over the longer distances.
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LAN, WAN and Home Networking
Residences typically employ one LAN and connect to the Internet WAN via an Internet Service Provider (ISP) using a broadband
modem. The ISP provides a WAN IP address to the modem, and all of the computers on the home network use LAN (so-called
private) IP addresses. All computers on the home LAN can communicate directly with each other but must go through a central
gateway, typically a broadband router, to reach the ISP.
While LAN and WAN are by far the most popular network types mentioned, you may also commonly see references to these others:
Wireless Local Area Network - a LAN based on WiFi wireless network technology
Metropolitan Area Network - a network spanning a physical area larger than a LAN but smaller than a WAN, such as a
city. A MAN is typically owned an operated by a single entity such as a government body or large corporation.
Campus Area Network - a network spanning multiple LANs but smaller than a MAN, such as on a university or local
business campus.
Storage Area Network - connects servers to data storage devices through a technology like Fibre Channel.
System Area Network - links high-performance computers with high-speed connections in a cluster configuration. Also
known as Cluster Area Network.
Topology
A topology is a description of any kind of locality in terms of its layout. In communication networks, a topology is a usually
schematic description of the arrangement of a network, including its nodes and connecting lines
The physical topology of a network describes the layout of the cables and workstations and the location of all network
components
Common Topology:
Bus Topology
Star Topology
Ring Topology
In the ring topology, each computer is connected directly to two other computers in the
network. Data moves down a one-way path from one computer to another i.e. clock
wise
Laying out cable in a ring is that the cable design is simple. The bad news is that, as
with bus topology, any break, such as adding or removing a computer, disrupts the
entire network. Also, because you have to “break” the ring in order to add another
station, it is very difficult to reconfigure without bringing down the whole network
Note: Even though all computers are connected through a single cable, if there is a break all
the computer connected to the ring topology will not work
Example: If Machine A Wants to talk to Machine D The data can travel only Clock Wise If
there is a break in the loop the data cannot be transferred
Mesh Topology
In a mesh topology, a path exists from each station to every other station in the
network. While not usually seen in LANs, a variation on this type of topology—the
hybrid mesh—is used on the Internet and other WANs in a limited fashion.
Hybrid mesh topology networks can have multiple connections between some locations,
but this is done only for redundancy.
Also, it is not a true mesh because there is not a connection between each and every
node, just a few for backup purposes
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ETHERNET CABLES
Coaxial Cable
Coaxial cable consists of a central copper core surrounded by an insulator, a braided metal shielding, called braiding, and an
outer cover, called the sheath or jacket
EG : Cable TV network and Cable Modem use the coaxial cable
Thicknet (10Base5)
Thicknet cabling, also called thick wire Ethernet, is a rigid coaxial cable approximately 1-cm thick used for the original Ethernet
networks.Thicknet is also called “yellow Ethernet” or “yellow garden hose.”
IEEE designates Thicknet as 10Base5 Ethernet.The “10” represents its throughput of 10 Mbps, the “Base” stands for baseband
transmission, and the “5” represents the maximum segment length of a Thicknet cable, which is 500 m. You may find this on
older networks.
Thinnet (10base2)
Thinnet, also known as thin Ethernet, was the most popular medium for Ethernet LANs in the 1980s. Thinnet is rarely used
on modern networks, although you may encounter it on networks installed in the 1980s or on newer small office or home
office LANs
IEEE has designated Thinnet as 10Base2 Ethernet, with the “10” representing its data transmission rate of 10 Mbps, the
“Base” representing the fact that it uses baseband transmission, and the “2” representing its maximum segment length of
185 (or roughly 200) m.
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Shielded Twisted-Pair (STP)
Unshielded twisted-pair (UTP) cabling consists of one or more insulated wire pairs encased in a plastic sheath. As its name
implies, UTP does not contain additional shielding for the twisted pairs. As a result, UTP is both less expensive and less
resistant to noise than STP
UTP Types
UTP CAT 1/2/3/4/5/6
Fiber Optic
Fiber Optic
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Straight Through Cable
In the implementation of a crossover, the wires on each end of the cable are crossed
Transmit to Receive and Receive to Transmit on each side, for both tip and ring
Notice that pin 1 on one side connects to pin 3 on the other side, and pin 2 connects to pin 6 on the opposite end
You can use a crossover cable for similar devices
Connecting uplinks between switches
Connecting hubs to switches
Connecting a hub to another hub.
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IP ADDRESSING Subnet Masks
Is the portion of the IP address that identifies the
network to which a host belongs. Like IP addresses, a
subnet mask is a 32-bit number. A series of 1’s are used
Configure TCP/IP on Servers and Clients
to identify the network portion of the address. The 0’s
are used to represent the host portion of the address
TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol) is a
192.168.221.204
set of protocolsthat enable computers to communicate with
255.255.255.0
one another. It has been in use forover 20 years, and is the
set of protocols used by the Internet, as well as countless
CLASS OF IP ADDRESS
smaller networks.The protocols were developed by the
Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)
Class A, B and C Addresses
using a system based on Requests for Comments (RFCs).
There was a time when IP addresses were assigned to
organizations based on their size
A TCP/IP network is composed of hosts. A host, in turn, is any
- The largest organizations, such as IBM, General
device or service that’s connected to the network. The hosts
Electric, MIT, and Xerox, were assigned Class A
use a couple of different addresses to identify and
addresses.
communicate with one another, a hardware address and an IP
- Slightly smaller organizations received Class B
address.
addresses,
- smallest organizations got Class C addresses.
Hardware Addresses (MAC ADDRESS)
To connect to a network, a host must have a network Class A IP addresses all start with the number in the
interface card (NIC) installed. range of 1 to 126 and, by default, have a subnet mask of
255.0.0.0.
Every NIC that’s manufactured is given a unique 48-bit Class B addresses have starting numbers in the range
hardware address. Thehardware address is literally “burned of 128 to 191, and use a standard subnet mask of
into” the card during the manufacturing 255.255.0.0.
process, and as a rule cannot be changed by the user. Class C network addresses all start with a number
between 192 and 223, and have a default subnet
The terms “Ethernet board” and “Ethernet card” are mask of 255.255.255.0.
often used as synonyms for “network interface card.”
Following terms used as a synonym of Hardware address: Some ranges of IP addresses, such as those starting with 127
n Media Access Control (MAC) address and those starting with 224 through 255, aren’t classified as
n Physical address A, B, or C. These addresses are reserved
n Ethernet address as follows:
n Token Ring address
n NIC address n 127.x.y.z (reserved loopback address)
n 224.x.y.z through 239.x.y.z (Class D reserved multicast
As mentioned, the hardware address is a 48-bit number, addresses)
something along the n 240.x.y.z through 254.x.y.z (Class E reserved experimental
lines of addresses)
000000001000000010101101011110111110000010110111, FROM THE CLASSROOM
although it’s far more common to see it expressed as six There are also ranges of private IP addresses, which can
hexadecimal numbers separated by assigned to hosts that are clients to, but not servers on, the
hyphens or periods, as in 00-80-AD-7B-E0-B7 or Web, as listed here:
00.80.AD.7B.E0.B7. You can view a machine’s hardware
address by entering the ipconfig /all command at a n 10.0.0.0 through 10.255.255.255
command prompt. (subnet mask 255.0.0.0)
n 172.16.0.0 through 172.31.255.255
(subnet mask 255.255.0.0)
n 192.168.0.0 through 192.168.255.255
(subnet mask 255.255.255.0)
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Subnet and Broadcast Addresses
Network Address - the lowest possible number (also called the subnet address, the subnet ID, or IP network address). For
example, if the IP address is 169.254.1.x with a subnet mask of 255.255.255.0, you cannot assign the address 169.254.1.0 to
any specific host, because 169.254.1.0 is reserved as the network ID.
Broadcast Address The highest possible address in the range of available addresses . The broadcast address is used when a host
needs to send a message
to all other hosts on the network. Using the example 169.254.1.x with a subnet mask of 255.255.255.0, the highest possible host ID
is 11111111, or 255 in binary.
Networks Host Bits
Hosts per
Network
The Default Gateway
Every computer in a network is likely to have a default gateway address. This address represents an interface to computers
outside the local subnet. The most common
example is a NIC that connects the subnet to the Internet, as in the example shown in Figure 1-3. There, the address 192.168.100.2
identifies the NIC that connects
the computer to other computers in the local subnet. The IP address 192.168.100.1
identifies the NIC that connects that computer to the Internet (in other words,computers not within the local subnet).
To understand how it works, you first need to be aware that all information sent across the network is divided into packets
(also called frames), each of which contains
the data to be sent, as well as the IP address of the destination. When the NIC is handed a packet, it compares the network portion
of the destination address to the
network portion of its own address. If it determines that the destination address is not the same as its own subnet address, it just
sends the packet to the default
gateway instead. In the example shown in Figure 1-3, the server at the top of the subnet is playing the role of a router, in that it
accepts messages that are intended for a host that’s
not in the current subnet and sends them out through the default gateway. Any Windows 2000 Server computer can play the role of
a router, as you’ll learn later.
The important point to remember for now is that the default gateway address Configure TCP/IP on Servers and Clients 11
FIGURE 1-3
(default gateway)
The default
gateway provides
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access to
computers
outside the
local subnet.