The Coleopterists Society

Review of Apioninae of Chile (Coleoptera: Curculionoidea: Apionidae)

Author(s): David G. Kissinger
Source: The Coleopterists Bulletin, Vol. 59, No. 1 (Mar., 2005), pp. 71-90
Published by: The Coleopterists Society
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/4009926
Accessed: 28-04-2016 05:40 UTC

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The Coleopterists Bulletin, 59(1):71-90. 2005.

REVIEW OF APIONINAE OF CHILE

(COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONOIDEA: APIONIDAE)

DAVID G. KISSINGER
24414 University Ave. #40
Loma Linda, CA 92354, U.S.A.
davidgkissinger@aol.com

Abstract

Eight genera and nine species (five are new) are included in a key to the Apioninae Schoenherr
occurring in Chile. The key includes five new genera in addition to Chilapion Kissinger,
Noterapion Kissinger (species treated in separate paper), and Exapion Bedel. Each new genus
listed is followed by the type species and included species; the type locality for each species is
listed as locality, province/region, and country.
Hecyrapion new genus: type species H. novercale new species (37 km N Talca, Maule, Chile)
and Apion anisorhynchum Gerstaecker, 1854 (Buenos Aires, Argentina).
Rhamnapion new genus: type species Apion pachymerum Philippi and Philippi, 1864 (Fundo
San Juan, Valdivia, Chile) and A. humerale Philippi and Philippi, 1864 (Fundo San Juan, Valdivia,
Chile).
Acarapion new genus: type species A. ferruginosum new species (El Clarillo, Santiago, Chile)
and Apion nigrosuturatum Beguin-Billecocq, 1909 (Tucumdn Province, Argentina).
Pystapion new genus with type species P. erotema new species (Lota, Biobfo, Chile).
Mythapion new genus with type species M. trifolianum new species (18 km E San Carlos,
Nuble, Biobio, Chile); M. adesmiae n. sp. (Chile Chico, Lago B. Aires, Aisen, Chile); Apion
rufonigrum Beguin-Billecocq, 1909 (Buenos Aires Province, Argentina) and A. simplex B6guin-
Billecocq, 1909 (Buenos Aires Province, Argentina).
Lectotypes are designated for Apion pachymerum Philippi and Philippi and A. humerale
Philippi and Philippi. Circapion Kissinger does not occur in Chile but in the tropical cloud forest
on the eastem side of the Andes.

This is the second paper providing a key with illustrations and diagnoses for the
species of Apioninae Schoenherr (1823) from Chile. The first part (Kissinger 2004)
provided a key to and descriptions of seven species of Noterapion Kissinger (2002).
The eight genera treated in the key and the new genera and species described here are
listed in the abstract. The key uses accessible, illustrated characters where possible to
achieve a degree of utility. The text order of genera is based on the order in the key. For
general reference, Apioninae is distinct from other weevils (beetles with the head
produced into an elongate rostrum with fused gular sutures) by having nine-striate
elytra, straight antennae with eight narrow segments and a widened compact club, and
elongate trochanters.
Circapion circipenne (Wagner 1912) was erroneously attributed to Chile because of
mislabeled specimens (Kuschel 1955). "Circapion is a genus from the 'yungas', the
vernacular name for the tropical cloud forest on the eastem side of the Andes, forming
a belt between 1,500 and 3,500 m of altitude. There is nothing like that anywhere in
Chile, least in the extremely dry desert and altiplano of northem Chile." (G. Kuschel,
in litt.).
Methods and procedures follow those in Kissinger (1968, 1990, and 1992) except
that the term "specialized seta" is used instead of "sensory seta." See Kissinger (1992:
66) for definition of rostral sulci and carinae. The classification of Apionidae and the
description of the male genitalia largely follow Wanat (2001). Photographs were taken
with a Wild 5 stereomicroscope and KODAK MDS 290 digital imaging system and

71

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72 THE COLEOPTERISTS BULLETIN 59(1), 2005

processed with Adobe Photoshop 6.0 (Adobe 2000). Collection codons are from Arnett
et al. (1993): BMNH, The Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom; CDAE,
California Department of Food and Agriculture, Sacramento; CMNC, Canadian
Museum of Nature, Ottawa, Canada; DGKC, personal collection of David G.
Kissinger; MNHN, Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France; MNNC,
Museo Nacional de Historna Natural, Santiago, Chile; NZAC, N. Z. Arthropod
Collection, Auckland, New Zealand; and USNM, Smithsonian Institution, National
Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C., USA.
Details about spelling and accents for Chilean localities follow "The Microsoft
Encarta Interactive World Atlas 2003" (Microsoft 2002); for instance, "Biobio"
(accent on second i) is used in Encarta. Biobio also is used by the official Chilean map
agency, Instituto Geografico Militar, and in Chilean government web pages (M.
Elgueta, in litt.). Distribution data will follow a north to south order of Chilean
administrative regions: Atacama, Coquimbo, Valparafso, Metropolitana de Santiago,
Libertador, Maule, Biobio, Araucanfa, Los Lagos, Aisen, and Magallanes.
Note About Holotypes. The holotypes for the five new species described here are
on loan from the NZAC; eventually they will be sent to the MNNC for permanent
storage (G. Kuschel, in litt.).
Lectotype Designations. Lectotypes are designated for Apion pachymerum Philippi
and Philippi and A. humerale Philippi and Philippi, based on the research of Dr. G.
Kuschel, to achieve taxonomic stability for these very similar species by recording the
labels affixed to the original unlabeled syntypes; this statement is intended to fulfill
article 74.7.3 of the ICZN (4th ed.) justifying the designations. Dr. Kuschel borrowed,
cleaned, remounted, and labeled the type material for these species from the Collection
Philippi in the Museo Nacional de Historia Natural, Santiago, Chile, where none of the
specimens had an original locality or identification label. Dimensions are listed for the
specimen selected as lectotype: the length (taken from the middle of the eye to the end
of the elytra) and the width (across the widest part of the elytra) (G. Kuschel, in litt.).
Label data are given for each designation.
The species of "Apion" from Chile, not previously assigned to genera, are generically
distinct from the Apioninae occurring in North and Central America. The structure of the
tegmen (Alonso-Zarazaga 1990: 34) and the armature of the endophallus, supplemented
with various external characters, are used to define five new genera. These genera are
assigned to Apioninae supertribe Apionitae Schoenherr following Alonso-Zarazaga
(1990). Alonso-Zarazaga (1990) established six tribes for Apionitae based largely on the
Palearctic fauna. The evaluation of these six tribes is beyond the scope of this paper.
Until a more complete analysis of the New World Apionitae can be carried out, it is
suggested that the new genera be assigned to Apionitae as "Incertae sedis."

Key to Apionidae from Chile

1A: Middle coxae separated by union of sternal processes; sterna 3 & 4 not
emarginate; elytra not blue in color ----------------- -------- 2
1B: Middle coxae not separated by junction of mesosternal process and intercoxal
process of metasternum; pronotum and elytra subcylindrical in form (Fig. 1);
sternum 3 emarginate on medial posterior border, on either side of emargination
produced posteriorly as short, broad, flat process projecting over wide, basal
emargination of sternum 4; sternum 4 broadly emarginate on posterior median
margin; elytra blue ----------- ------------- -- Chilapion macilentum (Blanchard)
2A: Elytral intervals 1, 3 and 5 without multiple long, fine, erect setae (specialized
setae) AND/OR endophallus without frena near orifice of median lobe of
aedeagus; trochanter long- 3

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 THE COLEOPTERISTS BULLETIN 59(1), 2005 73

2B: Elytral intervals 1, 3, and 5 with multiple long, fine, erect setae (specialized
setae) scattered along interval AND endophallus with 2 large hooklike
processes (frena) near orifice of median lobe of aedeagus; trochanter short but
femur not touching coxa - - ------- ---- -- Noterapion Kissinger
3A: Prothorax in dorsal view with basal flange (Figs. 7, 10)- 4
3B: Prothorax in dorsal view without basal flange (Figs. 15, 17)- 6
4A: Rostrum in profile distinctly curved (Figs. 8-9); elytral intervals with 2 or more
rows of scales (Figs. 7, 10); male protarsomere 1 with spine on inner apical
margin -5------------------ 5
4B: Rostrum in profile almost straight (Figs. 4-5); elytral intervals with 1 row of
scales (Fig. 6); male tarsi and tibiae unarmed-
------ ----- - Hecyrapion novercale Kissinger
5A: In profile dorsal margin of head nearly flat above eye (Fig. 9); male
protarsomere 2 not longer than protarsomere 1, male femur 3 not greatly
swollen ----------- ------- Rhamnapion humerale (Philippi and Philippi)
5B: In profile dorsal margin of head abruptly, prominently produced above eye (Fig.
8); male protarsomere 2 distinctly longer than protarsomere 1, male femur 3
greatly swollen (Fig. 8, insert) ---------------------------------------------------------------
--- Rhamnapion pachymerum (Philippi and Philippi)
6A(3): Subcephalic ridge low or absent, ventral surface of head virtually flat (Fig. 12);
armature of d legs various or lacking- 7
6B: Subcephalic ridge high, ventral surface of head excavated (Fig. 14); d tarsi 1-3
have tarsomere 1 produced into blunt spine on inner apical margin-
---.---------- Acarapion ferruginosum Kissinger
7A: Rostrum not long and cylindrical; antenna inserted beyond basal 1/4 of
rostrum; dorsal margin of scrobe not produced into toothlike process; laterally,
prothorax with sparse, fine, hairlike scales (Figs. 12, 16, 18) --- --- - 8
7B: Rostrum elongate and cylindrical (Fig. 3); antenna inserted before basal 1/8 of
rostrum; dorsal margin of scrobe produced into acute toothlike process (Fig. 3,
insert); laterally, prothorax with dense, elliptical scales (Fig. 3)-
- ------------ -- --- ------------- Exapion ulicis (Forster)
8A: Scales on pronotum and dorsal elytral disk either virtually absent or shorter and
finer than those on femora and tibiae (Figs. 16-17); d tibiae 1-3 mucronate;
endophallus without hook-like structure- 9
8B: Scales on pronotum and dorsal elytral disk similar in length and coarseness to
those on femora and tibiae (Figs. 11-12); &tibia 2 mucronate; endophallus with
large hook-like structure -- Pystapion erotema Kissinger
9A: Elytra red-testaceous with margin and suture darker (Fig. 17); pronotum and
dorsum of elytra virtually glabrous (Fig. 17); punctures on base of frons deeper
and coarser than those on pronotum (Fig. 17A, B)-
----------- ---- ---------- ------------- Mythapion trifolianum Kissinger
9B: Elytra piceous; scales on dorsum of elytra and pronotum present but distinctly
shorter and finer than those on femora and tibiae (Fig. 16); punctures on base of
frons not deeper and coarser than those on pronotum (Fig. 15A, B)-
------------ ----- -- ----- ------ ----- ------ - Mythapion adesmiae Kissinger

Genus Chilapion Kissinger

Chilapion Kissinger, 1968: 19. Type species: Apion macilentum

Blanchard, 1851, by original designation. Wanat, 2001: 366.

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74 THE COLEOPTERISTS BULLETIN 59(1), 2005

Figs. 1-3. Chilean Apioninae. 1) Chilapion macilentum, dorsal view; 2, 3) Exapion ulicis;
2) dorsal view; 3) lateral view, female head and prothorax (with acute scrobe process outlined
and enlarged, no scale). Scale = 0.36 mm.

The genus was assigned as the type genus (monotypic) of the apionine supertribe
Chilapiitae Wanat (2001: 366).

Chilapion macilentum (Blanchard)

(Fig. 1)

Apion macilentum Blanchard, 1851: 309. Type locality: Valdivia, Chile.

Chilapion macilentum (Blanchard), Kissinger 1968: 19, fig. 4n, o, 7f, 8h, i, lOc, d;
Wanat 2001: 366.

This species is endemic to Chile and Argentina. It is associated with Gevuina

avellana Mol. and Lomatia hirsuta (Lam.) Diels ex JF Macbr. (Proteaceae)
(G. Kuschel, in litt.).
Distinguishing features of the species are the open mesocoxal cavities; the black,
subcylindrical prothorax; and the blue (or green) elytra with narrow, convex elytral
intervals.
Distribution. The range is between latitude 34?58'S and 42?37'S in the Maule,
Biobfo, Araucanfa, and Los Lagos Regions of Chile and Rio Negro Province
of Argentina.
Argentina. Rio Negro: 1 c3, Lo. Moreno, 25.1.1949, W. Wittmer (NZAC); 1 d, Lo.
Mascardi, 31.1.1949, W. Wittmer (NZAC). Chile. Maule: 19, Curico, El Coigo,

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 THE COLEOPTERISTS BULLETIN 59(1), 2005 75

20.1.1960, L. E. Pefia (NZAC); 1 Y, Cord. Parral, Fdo. Malcho, 11.1956, Pefia Leg.,
Coll. Kuschel (NZAC); 1 Y, Cord. Parral, Las Cruces, V.1958, G. Kuschel Coll.
(NZAC); 1 Y, Cord. Parral, Linares, 30.XI.1956, L. E. Pefia (NZAC). Biobio: 1 Y,
Abanico, 25.1.1948, Coll. Kuschel (NZAC); 1 c, Pemehue, 12.1.1946, G. Kuschel, on
Lomatia hirsuta (NZAC). Araucania: 1 Y, Laguna Malleco, 1,150 m, 25.1.1946, G.
Kuschel, on Lomatia hirsuta (NZAC). Los Lagos: 2 G, Valdivia, Lago Calafquen, Casa
de Piedras, 26.1.1995, T. Cekalovic (DGKC); 2?, Llanquihue, Frutillar, 27.11.1950, G.
Kuschel, on Gevuina avellana (NZAC); 2?, Llanquihue, Tegualda, 28.1.1945, G.
Kuschel, on Lomatia hirsuta (NZAC); 7d 1 ?, Chiloe, 5 km W Conchi, 21.1.1998, T.
Cekalovic (DGKC); 1 Y, Isla Chiloe, Piruquina, 16.11.1995, T. Cekalovic (DGKC); 1 d,
Isla Chiloe, San Juan de Chadmo, 20.11.1997, T. Cekalovic (DGKC); 3 ?, Isla Lemuy,
Aldachildo, 24.1.2000, T. Cekalovic (DGKC); 1 Y, Isla Quinchao, Hullar Alto,
19.11. 1989, T. Cekalovic (DGKC); 19, Isla Quinchao, Quetro, 7.11.2001, T. Cekalovic
(DGKC).

Genus Noterapion Kissinger

Noterapion Kissinger, 2002: 315. Type species: Apion meorrhynchum Philippi and
Philippi, 1864, by original designation.

The genus was assigned as the type genus (monotypic) of the apionine tribe
Noterapionini Kissinger (2004). It contains seven species which are associated with
Nothofagus Blume, the southern beech, between latitude 34?58'S and 54?55'S in Chile.
N. meorrhynchum oviposites in freshly abandoned leaf galls of a cynipid wasp (Paraulax
sp.); 1 gall may produce up to 12 weevils. See Kissinger (2004) for a key to the species.

Genus Hecyrapion Kissinger, new genus

Type Species. Hecyrapion novercale Kissinger, new species.

Generic Name. A combination from the Greek hekyra for mother-in-law and the
generic name, Apion; gender neuter.
Generic Characters. Rostrum with marked sexual dimorphism, male in lateral
view with rostrum almost straight, with ventral margin of rostrum more or less
produced into a keel, cross section of rostrum would resemble a piece of pie with acute
end ventral, ventral submedial sulcus broadly, shallowly present; female rostrum
without ventral submedial sulcus and ventral expansion; vestiture of prothorax and
elytra sparse, well-separated narrowly rounded scales; subcephalic ridge medium to
high; pronotum with basal flange and basal fovea; 1 specialized seta on apex of interval
9; radial window present; male legs unmodified; male pygidium of apionine type;
length of apical lobes and postfenestral plate subequal, parameres with sides produced
into vertical curtain surrounding median lobe, attachment of vertical curtain to basal
piece broad, parameres fused to basal piece, membranous lobes of parameres without
microtrichiae, apical lobes of parameres a single lobe, apical lobes without
macrochaetae >5 microns, basal median area of parameres flat; and endophallus with
2 rows of toothlike structures, without large hooklike structure.
Genus also includes Apion anisorhynchum Gerstaecker, 1854: 239.

Hecyrapion novercale Kissinger, new species

(Figs. 4-6)

Description. With generic characters. Length 1.86-2.20 mm; width 0.74-0.93 mm. General
aspect piceous. Vestiture white, moderately coarse, sparse, evident, on pronotum individual scales
well separated. Rostrum of male 0.47-0.57 mm long; 1.13-1.26 as long as prothorax; in profile

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76 THE COLEOPTERISTS BULLETIN 59(1), 2005

Figs. 4-6. Hecyrapion novercale. 4) Lateral view, male head and prothorax; 5) lateral view,
female head and prothorax; 6) dorsal view, female. Figs 4-5 scale = 0.19 mm. Fig. 6 scale =
0.36 mm.

(fig. 4) almost straight, compressed at antennal insertion with broad, low ventral lamina which is
evanescent toward tip, sides strongly, evenly converging from antennal insertion to tip, dorsal
margin of scrobe distinctly oblique before evenly descending below eye. Female rostrum 0.74-
0.77 mm long; 1.61-1.68 as long as prothorax; in profile nearly straight, sides abruptly converging
beyond antennal insertion, in apical 1/3 slightly diverging to tip, dorsal margin of scrobe weakly
oblique anteriorly, produced into weak, blunt process before continuing below eye. Head in profile
with dorsal margin broadly, slightly declivitous above basal margin of eye. Pronotum 0.40-0.47
mm long, at base 1.08-1.16 as wide as long; punctures shallow, interspaces flat, alutaceous. Elytra
at middle with interval 2 twice as wide as adjacent stria, dull, with 1 row of minute punctures
bearing scales similar to pronotum; striae deep, coarse, with scales slightly shorter than adjacent
interval; on apex striae not more deeply impressed, joining 1+2+9 (2 prolonged laterally before
joining 1+9), 3+4, 5+6, 7+8. Flight wings present. Male legs lack special characters.

Type Material. Holotype, male, labeled [printed white label] "Chile, [Maule:] 37
km N of Talca; 22 DEC 1950; ES Ross"/[printed goldenrod label] "N. Z. Arthropod
Collection NZAC Private Bag 92170 AUCKLAND New Zealand"/[white determina-
tion label] [in written script] "Apion novercale in litt." [printed] "det. G. Kuschel
1987"/[printed white label] "Apion sp. 11 ('novercale') G Kuschel"/[printed white
label] "measured 00851 DGKissinger"/[printed red holotype label] "HOLOTYPE
Hecyrapion novercale KISSINGER" [specimen dissected, abdomen in glycerin in

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 THE COLEOPTERISTS BULLETIN 59(1), 2005 77

attached microvial] (NZAC). Paratypes 6 total. Chile. [Valparaiso:] 2 d 2 Y,

Valparaiso, 21 Nov 1947, E. P. Reed (NZAC). Coquimbo: 1 d, Choapa, Ph. Germain
(NZAC). Argentina. Entre Rios: 1 Y, Parana, Piedras Blancas, 07.X.1997, leg. A.
Dostal (private collection of Wolfgang Suppantschitsch, Vienna, Austria).
Biology. Unknown.
Etymology. Name is an adjective suggested by G. Kuschel; based on Latin,
noverca, stepmother (Brown 1956, p. 453).
See H. anisorhynchum for comparison with H. novercale.

Hecyrapion anisorhynchum (Gerstaecker), new combination

Apion anisorhynchum Gerstaecker, 1854: 239. Type locality: Buenos Aires, Argentina.
Treatment based on material in BMNH determined by J. Balfour-Browne.

Hecyrapion anisorhynchum is near H. novercale. In comparison, H. anisorhynchum

length is 2.9-3.4 mm; on the disk of the elytra intervals 1, 2, 4, and 6 have distinctly
finer scales than intervals 3, 5, and 7; the rostrum of the female is distinctly curved; the
rostrum of the male has the ventral keel more strongly developed; and the endophallus
with 2 rows of 12-13 teeth 30-S50 microns long; forH. novercale the length is 1.9-2.2 mm;
on the disk of the elytra all intervals have similar scales; the rostrum of the female
is nearly straight; the rostrum of the male has only a suggestion of the ventral keel;
endophallus with 2 rows of 6 teeth 7-25 microns long.

Genus Rhamnapion Kissinger, new genus

Type Species. Apion pachymerum Philippi and Philippi, 1864: 364.

Generic Name. A combination of the root syllable from the family name of the
probable host plants of these species, Rhamnaceae, and the generic name, Apion, as
suggested by Dr. G. Kuschel; gender neuter.
Generic Characters. The principal autapomorphies are parameres with apical lobes
distinctly shorter than postfenestral plate and in profile apical region of apical lobes is
relatively thick compared to the dorsal plate of the parameres; other characters include
vestiture of prothorax and elytra moderately dense, uniform throughout, consisting of
narrowly elliptical scales; in profile rostrum curved, without a ventral submedial sulcus,
rostrum of male not produced on ventral margin; subcephalic ridge reduced; pronotum
with basal flange and basal fovea; 1 specialized seta on apex of interval 9; radial
window present; flight wings present; male protarsomere 1 with spine on inner apical
angle; male pygidium of apionine type; parameres with sides produced into vertical
curtain surrounding median lobe, attachment of vertical curtain to basal piece broad,
parameres fused to basal piece, membranous lobes of parameres without microtrichae,
apical lobes of parameres a single lobe, apical lobes without macrochaetae >5 microns,
basal median area of parameres variable (either flat or with a carina); and endophallus
with 4 rows of toothlike structures, without large hooklike structure.
Genus also includes Apion humerale Philippi and Philippi, 1864: 364.

Rhamnapion pachymerum (Philippi and Philippi), new combination

(Figs. 7, 8)

Apion pachymerum Philippi and Philippi, 1864: 364. Type Material: 1 syntype, in
Collection Philippi (MNNC), no original labels. Lectotype, here designated,
labeled by G. Kuschel, who gives dimensions of specimen as 2.5 mm long X
1.2 mm wide, [white locality label with 3 lines] "Chile, Valdivia/Fundo San

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78 THE COLEOPTERISTS BULLETIN 59(1), 2005

Figs. 7-8. Rhamnapion pachymerum. 7) Dorsal view, female; 8) lateral view, female (insert
of male femur 3 at same scale). Scale = 0.36 mm.

Juan/Coll. Philippi"; [red lectotype label with 4 lines] "Lectotype, c/Apion

pachymerum/RA & F Philippi/G Kuschel, 2002"; number of syntypes not
specified in original description; there is a female specimen of pachymerum in
Collection Philippi without a head which was not considered to be a syntype
(G. Kuschel, in litt.).

Description. With generic characters. Length 2.28-2.70 mm; width 1.12-1.54 mm. General
aspect black, tarsi and antennae dark piceous. Vestiture white, moderately coarse, decumbent,
moderately dense, uniform. Male rostrum 0.95-1.15 mm long; 1.49-1.97 as long as prothorax; in
profile curved, dorsal margin of scrobe evenly descending below eye, sides convergent from base
to apex; in dorsal view expanded at apex. Female rostrum 1.39-1.44 mm long; 2.04-2.39 as long
as prothorax; much like male. Head in profile with dorsal margin strongly convex, strongly,
abruptly constricted behind eye. Prothorax 0.55-0.69 mm long, at base 1.00-1.23 as wide as long;
pronotal surface finely alutaceous, with moderately dense, shallow punctures. Elytra at middle
with interval 2 twice as wide as stria, nearly flat, alutaceous, with 3-5 somewhat confused rows of
minute punctures bearing scales similar to those on pronotum; striae deep, coarse, bearing row of
scales longer and coarser than those on adjacent interval; on apex striae joining 1+2+9 (2
prolonged laterally before joining 1+9); 3+4; 5+6; 7+8. Male characters: protarsomere 1 on inner
apical angle with simple, acute spiniform process 45-55 microns long; protarsomere 2 distinctly
longer than protarsomere 1, femur 1 stouter than 2, femur 3 strongly incrassate, maximum width
about 1.9 that of femur 2; vestiture of the following areas may consist of fine, suberect setae 0.09-
0.13 mm long: ventral surface of trochanter 1, 2 and 3; venter of femur 2 and 3; apical region of

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 THE COLEOPTERISTS BULLETIN 59(1), 2005 79

tibia 2; anterior margin of tibia 3 (posterior margin of tibia 3 may be somewhat convex); median
area of metastemum; and on sternum 5.

Distribution. The range is between latitude 29?45'S and 46?50'S in the Coquimbo,
Valparaiso, Metropolitana de Santiago, Maule, Biobio, Araucania, Los Lagos, and
Aisen Regions in Chile as well as Neuquen and Rio Negro Provinces in Argentina.
Argentina. Neuquen: 1 d 19, San Martin de los Andes, 1.1949, F. Monr6s (NZAC).
Rio Negro: Bariloche (NZAC). Chile. Coquimbo: 2d, Cuesta Las Cardas, 20.XI.1959
(NZAC). Valparaiso: 19 , Valle Piuquenes [in the Andean Range nearest to
Piscicultura], Rio Blanco, 19-25.XI. 1958 (NZAC); 1 & 49, Piscicultura, Rio Blanco,
17-20.XI.1958, L. E. Pefia (USNM); 3d 89, Piscicultura, 8.XII.1970, F. Ramirez
(CMNC). Metropolitana de Santiago: 32dd9 9, Santiago, Valle de Yeso, Banios
Moreles, 2,400 m (CMNC) [Valle de Yeso and Banios Morales are located in different
valleys]. Maule: 3d 29, Curico Prov., Estero La Jaula, 1.1964, [L. E. Pefia] (USNM);
4d 109, Cord. Parral, Fundo Malcho, XI.1956, L. E. Pefia (USNM); 19 , Cord. Parral,
La Balsa, 850 m, 24-27.11.1956 (USNM). Biobio: 2d, Abanico, 800 m, 25.1.1948, G.
Kuschel (NZAC); 1 d, Trapatrapa, 1,200 m, 22.1.1948, G. Kuschel, on Colletia
(NZAC); 1 d, Pichinahuel, Cord. Nahuelbuta, 23-31.XII.1958 (NZAC). Araucania:
Id, Malleco, Princesa, 20 km W Curacautin, 12.XII.1984-16.11.1985, S. & J. Peck,
FIT, 1,000 m, Nothofagus forest (CMNC); 49, Malleco, 20 km E Villa Portales, 1,000
m, 22.XII.1976, H. F. Howden (CMNC); 1 9, Icalma, 29-31.XII.1958 (NZAC);
63 cd9 9, Cautin, Estero Molco, 18.11.1991, T. Cekalovic (CMNC); 2d 49, Cautin,
Lonquimay Valley, 23.XII. 1994, G. Kuschel, on Discaria and Colletia (NZAC); 2 d 2 9,
PN Conguillio, 1,000 m, 12.XII.1990, G. Kuschel, on Discaria chacaye or Colletia
ulicina (NZAC). Los Lagos: 2d 19 , Playa Puyehue, PN de Puyehue, Osomo Prov, Site
30A, 185 m, 1.11.1979, Valdivian Rain Forest, A. C. Ashworth, J. W. Hoganson, on
vegetation (USNM). Aisen: 1 9, Lago Buenos Aires, Puerto Cristal, 23.1.1956 (NZAC);
1 9, Coihiaque [Cohaique] Alto, 20 km W, 9.111.1961, Luis Penia (CMNC).
Biology. Associated with Colletia spinosa Lam., Colletia ulicina Gillies & Hook.
and (Discaria==) Colletia chacaye G. Don. (Rhanmaceae) (G. Kuschel, in litt.).

Rhamnapion humerale (Philippi and Philippi), new combination

(Figs. 9, 10)

Apion humerale Philippi and Philippi, 1864: 16. Type Material: 8 syntypes, in
Collection Philippi (MNNC), no original labels. Lectotype, here designated,
labeled by G. Kuschel, who gives dimensions of specimen as 2.1 mm long X 1.0
mm wide, [white locality label] "Chile, Valdivia/Fundo San Juan/Coll.
Philippi"; [red lectotype label with 4 lines] "Lectotype, d/Apion humerale/
RA & F Philippi/G Kuschel, 2002"; original number of syntypes not specified in
original description; there are 7 paralectotypes designated with blue labels (G.
Kuschel, in litt.).

Description. With generic characters. Length 1.67-2.39 mm; width 0.84-1.28 mm. General
aspect black, tarsi and antennae more piceous. Vestiture white, moderately coarse, decumbent,
moderately dense, uniform. Male rostrum 0.51-0.66 mm long; 1.27-1.46 as long as prothorax; in
profile curved, dorsal margin of scrobe evenly descending below eye, sides convergent from
antennal insertion to apex. Female rostrum 0.57-0.88 mm long; 1.19-1.71 as long as prothorax;
much like male. Head in profile with dorsal margin flat above basal margin of eye. Prothorax 0.40-
0.58 mm long, at base 1.14-1.27 as wide as long; pronotal surface finely alutaceous, with
moderately dense shallow punctures. Elytra at middle with interval 2 three times as wide as stria,
convex, alutaceous, with 3-4 confused rows of minute punctures bearing scales similar to those on
pronotum; striae moderately coarse, bearing row of scales (usually) longer than those on adjacent
interval; on apex striae joining 1+2+9 (2 prolonged laterally before joining 1+9), 3+4, 5+6, 7+8.

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80 THE COLEOPTERISTS BULLETIN 59(1), 2005

Fs W o~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~rl

Figs. 9-10. Rhamnapion humerale. 9) Lateral view, male; 10) dorsal view, male. Scale=
0.36 mm.

Male characters: protarsomere 1 with spiniforn process on inner apical angle 40-46 microns
long; median area of metasternum and sternum 5 with scales somewhat finer than in female.

Distribution. The range is between latitude 31?40'S and 38?45'S in the Valparaiso,
Metropolitana de Santiago, Libertador, Biobio and Araucanfa Regions of Chile and at
4110'S in Argentina.
Argentina. Rio Negro: Bariloche at Lago Nahuelhuapi (NZAC). Chile.
Valparaiso: 1 6, Aconcagua, Guardia Vieja, XII. 1949, Ramirez (NZAC); 1 Y, Valle
Piuquenes, Rio Blanco, 19-25.XI. 1958 (NZAC). Metropolitana de Santiago: 29, El
Canelo, 14.XI.1945, G. Kuschel (NZAC); 1 9, El Canelo, XII.1979, P. Arnaud
(CMNC); 29, Manquehue, 23.X.1945, G. Kuschel (NZAC); 1 29, Cuesta Zapata,
13.IX.1952 (NZAC); 1 6, Pefialolen, 21.V.1946, G. Kuschel, on Trevoa trinervis
(NZAC). Libertador: 1 & 1 9, La Leonera, Cord. Rancagua, 26-30.XII. 1954, 850 m, L.
E. Pefia (NZAC). Biobio: 1 6, Abanico, 800 m, 10.1.1948 (NZAC); Abanico, 1,000 m,
11.I.1948 (NZAC); 1 9, Los Angeles, Huaqui, 22.1.1944, on Colletia spinosa, G.
Kuschel (NZAC). Araucania: 1 , Icalma, 29-31 .XII. 1958 (NZAC); 2 29, Malleco,
Lonquimay, Faldos [Faldeos] del Volcan, 15.111.1989, T. Cekalovic (CMNC); 26 29,
Malleco, Malacahuello, Las Nalcas, 8.III.1989, T. Cekalovic (DGKC); 1 G 1 9, Cautin,
Estero Molco, 18.11.1991, T. Cekalovic (CMNC, DGKC).
Biology. Associated with Trevoa trinervis Miers. and Colletia spinosa Lam.
(Rhamnaceae) (G. Kuschel, in litt.).

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 THE COLEOPTERISTS BULLETIN 59(1), 2005 81

Figs. 11-12. Pystapion erotema. 11) Dorsal view, male; 12) lateral view, male. Scale=
0.36 mm.

Genus Acarapion Kissinger, new genus

Type Species. Acarapion ferruginosum Kissinger, new species.

Generic Name. A combination from the Greek acares meaning short, small, tiny,
or momentary and the generic name, Apion; gender neuter.
Generic Characters. Body small; subcephalic ridge moderately high; vestiture
sparse; pronotum without basal flange, with basal fovea; interval 9 with 1 specialized
seta in apical 0.25; male tarsi 1-3 tarsomere 1 with small, blunt spine on inner margin;
male pygidium of apionine type; length of apical lobes and postfenestral plate subequal,
parameres with sides produced into vertical curtain surrounding median lobe,
attachment of vertical curtain to basal piece broad, parameres fused with basal piece,
membranous lobes of parameres without microtrichiae, apical lobes of parameres
a single lobe, apical lobes without macrochaetae >5 microns, basal median area of
parameres flat; endophallus with 4 rows of toothlike structures, without large hooklike
structure.
Genus also includes Apion nigrosuturatum Beguin-Billecocq, 1909: 459.

Acarapion ferruginosum Kissinger, new species

(Figs. 13, 14)

Description. With generic characters. Length 1.44-1.67 mm; width 0.63-0.79 mm. General
aspect dark reddish piceous. Vestiture fine, white, sparse, evident, uniform, scales around eyes; on
sides of pro-, meso-, and metathorax and on legs similar in coarseness and length. Male rostrum
0.35-0.40 mm long; 1.05-1.20 as long as prothorax; surface dull except at tip, with distinct, sparse
punctures; in profile curved, sides subparallel except in apical 1/3 dorsal margin more strongly

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82 THE COLEOPTERISTS BULLETIN 59(1), 2005

w t ~~~~~~13 41

Figs. 13-14. Acarapion ferruginosum. 13) Dorsal view, male; 14) lateral view, male. Scale =
0.36 mm.

convergent toward tip, dorsal margin of scrobe evenly descending below eye. Female rostrum
0.46-0.53 mm long; 1.25-1.50 as long as prothorax; similar to male. Head dorsal margin slightly
declivitous above basal margin of eye. Prothorax 0.32-0.38 mm long, at base 1.12-1.37 as wide as
long; pronotum surface alutaceous, punctures shallow, with scales similar to rostrum. Elytra at
middle with interval 2 2.3-2.6 times as wide as stria, slightly convex, alutaceous, with one row of
scales similar to pronotum, base (or along entire length) of interval 3 with row of scales slightly
confused (appears slightly denser); striae moderately deep, fine, with vestiture finer than adjacent
interval, on apex joining 1+2+9, 3+4, 5+6. 7+8. Male characters: tarsi 1-3 with tarsomere 1 on
inner margin with blunt spiniform process 12-17 microns long.

Distribution. The range is near latitude 33?S in the Valparaiso and Metropolitana
de Santiago Regions of Chile.
Type Material. Holotype, male, labeled [printed white label] "Chile, El Clarillo,
Santiago; 31 Oct 1948"/[printed white label] "G. Kuschel Collection"/[printed
goldenrod label] "N. Z. Arthropod Collection, NZAC Private Bag 92170 AUCKLAND
New Zealand"/[printed white label] "measured 00836 DGKissinger"/[printed red
holotype label] "HOLOTYPE Acarapion ferruginosum KISSINGER" (NZAC).
Paratypes 6 total. 46 29, same locality, collector and bionomic data as holotype
(NZAC).
Associated Material. The following are not paratypes but are probably A.
ferruginosum. Chile. Valparaiso: 26, 29, Valparaiso, 21.XI.1947, E. P. Reed
(NZAC). Metropolitana de Santiago: 29, San Crist6ba, 28.IX.1945, G. Kuschel, on
Podanthus mitiqi, Apion ferruginosum in litt. det G. Kuschel 1987, Apion sp. 10
('ferruginosum') G. Kuschel (NZAC); 7d, 19?, Chacabuco, Colina, 3.1.1989, C. L.
Bellamy (CMNC).

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 THE COLEOPTERISTS BULLETIN 59(1), 2005 83

_ ~5 15B -L
Figs. 15-16. Mythapion adesmiae. 15) Dorsal view, male (A, B same enlargement, no scale: A,
punctures on frons; B, punctures on apex of pronotum); 16) lateral view, male. Scale = 0.36 mm.

Biology. Associated with "Podanthus mitiqi" (Asteraceae) according to label data;

...host in Santiago area is Acacia caven [(Molina) Molina]" (G. Kuschel, in litt.).
Etymology. Name suggested by G. Kuschel; based on Latin, ferrugo, meaning iron
rust (Brown 1956, p. 674).
See Acarapion nigrosuturatum for comparison with A. ferruginosum.

Acarapion nigrosuturatum (Beguin-Billecocq), new combination

Apion nigrosuturatum Beguin-Billecocq, 1909: 459. Type locality: Tucuman Province,

Argentina. Syntype [d?], labeled "Type, Republique Argentine, Province de
Tucuman, 15 July 1900, C. Bruch", examined (MNHN).

My determination of this species is based on three photographs of the syntype

(probably male) which clearly show deep, coarse, close pronotal punctures; no other
Argentinian specimens of this species were available. A provisional determination of A.
nigrosuturatum is made for five 9 from the Atacama Region of Chile which show the
same pattern of pronotal punctures. Based on this limited material A. nigrosuturatum
has deep pronotal punctures frequently greater then 30 microns in diameter, the 9
rostrum seldom is longer than 0.40 mm, the distribution range is near 27?S latitude and
the host plant may be Prosopis spp.; for Acarapion ferruginosum the shallow pronotal
punctures are seldom greater than 30 microns in diameter, the 9 rostrum usually is

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84 THE COLEOPTERISTS BULLETIN 59(1), 2005

longer than 0.45 mm, the range is near 33?S latitude and the host plant may be
"Podanthus mitiqi" or Acacia caven (Molina) Molina.
Distribution. Argentina. Tucuman Province. Chile. Atacama: 4?, Copiap6,
Hda. Margarita, 18.X.1988, H. V. & D. B., on Pr. [Prosopis] flexuosa (NZAC); 1 Y,
Toledo, 290 m, 26.IX.1952, Kuschel (NZAC).

Genus Exapion Bedel

Apion group Exapion Bedel, 1887: 360. Type species by subsequent designation
(Schilsky, 1901: F): Curculio fuscirostris Fabricius.

The genus was assigned as the type genus of the tribe Exapiini Alonso-Zarazaga
(1990: 75) of the Apioninae.

Exapion ulicis (Forster)

(Figs. 2, 3)

Curculio ulicis Forster, 1771: 31.

Apion (Exapion) ulicis (Forster), Bedel, 1887: 360; Kissinger, 1968: 233, fig. 167 e-i,
168 d-f.
Exapion ulicis (Forster), Alonso-Zarazaga, 1990: 79; Kuschel, 2003: 42, fig. 16-18,
158-166, map 17.

This Palearctic species was introduced into Chile as a biocontrol agent for gorse,
Ulex europaeus (Fabricius) (Fabaceae). A recent treatment of the species (in New
Zealand) is Kuschel (2003).
Distinguishing features of both sexes of this species are the narrow, toothlike
extension of the dorsal margin of the scrobe (fig. 3, inset) unique among Chilean
apionids, the antenna inserted close to the eye, and the long, slender, nearly straight
cylindrical rostrum.

Genus Pystapion Kissinger, new genus

Type Species. Pystapion erotema Kissinger, new species.

Generic Name. A combination from the Greek pystos, meaning learned, and the
generic name, Apion; gender neuter.
Generic Characters. Endophallus with a pair of hooks 35-40 microns long, each on
a separate base (similar to frena without the base) and two rows of toothlike structures;
vestiture of prothorax and elytra sparse, fine, hairlike, similar to scales on legs; rostrum
sexual dimorphism average, in profile rostrum curved, male without expansion on
ventral margin near antennal insertion; subcephalic ridge reduced; pronotum without
basal flange and basal fovea; 1 specialized seta near apex of interval 7; male tibia 2
mucronate; male pygidium of apionine type; parameres with sides produced into narrow
vertical curtain surrounding median lobe, basal piece distinctly curved upward at
moderately wide attachment to parameres, parameres fused to basal piece, membranous
area without microtrichiae, length of apical lobes and postfenestral plate subequal, apical
lobes of parameres a single lobe, apical lobes with 3-4 macrochaetae 10-15 microns
long and distinct fields of sensilla, basal median area not studied, fenestrae separated
medially, apical lobes adjacent to fenestrae flat, not prominent in profile.
The genus is monobasic.

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 THE COLEOPTERISTS BULLETIN 59(1), 2005 85

Pystapion erotema Kissinger, new species

(Figs. 11, 12)

Description. With generic characters. Length 1.41-1.98 mm; width 0.58-0.90 mm. General
aspect piceous. Vestiture white, fine, sparse, apparent, unifoin. Male rostrum 0.41-0.57 mm long;
1.15-1.30 as long as prothorax; in profile distinctly curved, sides subparallel basally, somewhat
evenly converging distad of insertion of antenna to tip, dorsal margin of scrobe oblique anteriorly,
continuing below eye. Female rostrum 0.53-0.71 mm long; 1.39-1.46 as long as prothorax; much
as male. Head dorsal margin broadly declivitous above basal margin of eye. Prothorax 0.33-0.49
mm long, at base 1.00-1.17 as wide as long; pronotum surface finely alutaceous, punctures
moderately deep, sparse. Elytra at middle with interval 2 2.2-2.7 times as wide as width of stria,
somewhat convex, alutaceous, with 1 row of sparse, shallow, minute punctures bearing scales
similar to pronotum; stria deep, coarse with punctures bearing scales similar to adjacent
interval; on apex striae not impressed more strongly, joining 1+9, 2 (isolated), 3+4, 5+6, 7+8.
Flight wings reduced, not functional. Male characters: tibia 2 with stout, rounded mucro 30-35
microns long.

Type Material. Holotype, male, labeled [printed] "d "/[white label in script]
"Chile [Biobio:] Lota, 23.2.84 [23.11.1984], F. Artigas"/[white label in script] "On
branches of Pinus radiata"/[printed white label] "Apion sp. 9 G Kuschel"/[printed
goldenrod label] "N. Z. Arthropod Collection NZAC Private Bag 92170 AUCKLAND
New Zealand"/[printed white label] "measured 00823 DGKissinger"/[printed red
holotype label] "HOLOTYPE Pystapion erotema KISSINGER" (NZAC). Paratypes 48
total. 5 6, 5 Y, same locality, collector and bionomic data as holotype (NZAC). Chile.
Biobio: 1 d, Concepcion, Boca Biobio, 24.V.1959, Coll. Kuschel (NZAC); 1 d, Nuble,
Los Lleuques, 2111.1994, T. Cekalovic (DGKC); 10c 8?, Concepcion, Escuadr6n,
15.IX.1989, T. Cekalovic (DGKC); 1 d 3 ?, Concepcion, Loma Colorada, 21.V.1988,
T. Cekalovic (CMNC). Araucanfa: 16 3 Y, Malleco, Malalcahuello, Las Nalcas,
8.111.1989, T. Cekalovic (DGKC); 7 d 3 Y, Malleco, Faldas [Faldeos] del Volcan,
Lonquimay, 15.111.1989, T. Cekalovic (CMNC).
Biology. "Probably on Fabaceae (Lupinus?) but the series collected by Artigas is
said to have been on Pinus radiata [D. Don] young plants." (G. Kuschel, in litt.).
Etymology. From Greek erotema, neuter, meaning question (Brown 1956: 107).

Genus Mythapion Kissinger, new genus

Type Species. Mythapion trifolianum Kissinger, new species.

Generic Name. From Greek mythos, meaning fable or legend and the generic name,
Apion; gender neuter.
Generic Characters. With distinct articulation between basal piece and parameres;
vestiture of pronotum and disk of elytra varies from either virtually absent to similar in
length and width to scales on legs; rostrum sexual dimorphism varies from reduced to
average, male without expansion on ventral margin near antennal insertion; subcephalic
ridge reduced; pronotum without basal flange and basal fovea; specialized seta(e) not
evident; male tibiae 1-3 mucronate; male pygidium of apionine type; parameres with
sides produced into narrow vertical curtain surrounding median lobe, at base vertical
curtain attaching to small lateral heavily sclerotized projection from parameres, in
profile tegminal apodeme and basal piece essentially a straight line, basal piece
articulates with lateral projection from parameres, membranous area without micro-
trichiae, length of apical lobes and postfenestral plate subequal, apical lobes a single
lobe, apical lobes possessing scattered sensilla, presence of macrochaetae >5 microns
varies from absent to present, basal median area of parameres variable, fenestrae
separated medially; endophallus without sclerotized structures.

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86 THE COLEOPTERISTS BULLETIN 59(1), 2005

Genus also includes Mythapion adesmiae Kissinger, Apion rufonigrum Beguin-

Billecocq (1909: 460) and Apion simplex Beguin-Billecocq (1909: 459).

Mythapion trifolianum Kissinger, new species

(Figs. 17-18)

Description. With generic characters. Length 1.57-1.83 mm; width 0.77-0.88 mm. General
aspect reddish piceous, elytra except suture and lateral margin, femora, and tibiae in part, and
abdominal sterna somewhat lighter. Vestiture of pronotum and elytra yellowish, minute,
inconspicuous; around eye and on sides of pro-, meso-, and metathorax scales whitish, sparse, and
larger. Male rostrum 0.38-0.44 mm long; 0.92-1.07 as long as prothorax; in profile ventral margin
almost straight, dorsal margin distinctly curved, sides distinctly converging from insertion of
antenna to apex; dorsal margin of scrobe oblique anteriorly, continuing below eye. Female rostrum
0.51-0.62 mm long; 1.26-1.42 as long as prothorax; in dorsal view sides subparallel throughout,
not expanded at apex; in profile dorsal margin of scrobe evenly descending toward eye. Head
dorsal margin broadly declivitous above basal margin of eye. Prothorax 0.39-0.44 mm long, at
base 1.04-1.14 as wide as long; pronotum surface finely alutaceous, punctures shallow, sparse,
minute. Elytra at middle with interval 2 about six times as wide as stria, polished, flat, with 1 row
of sparse, shallow, minute punctures bearing minute scales; striae shallow, fine, punctures minute
(surrounded by larger dark circular pattern), essentially glabrous; on apex striae joining 1+2+9,
3+4, 5+6, 7+8. Flight wings present. Male characters: tibiae 1-3 mucronate on apical margin;
mucro on tibia 1 fine, acute, 12 microns long; mucro on tibia 2 fine, acute, 15 microns long; mucro
on tibia 3 broad, blunt, 12 microns long.

Type Material. Holotype, male, labeled [printed white label] "18 km E. San
Carlos, Nuble, CHILE [. Biobfo:], XII-24-50 [24.XII.1950]"/[printed white label]
"Ross and Michelbacher Collectors"/[printed white label] "measured 00791 DGKis-
singer"/[printed goldenrod label] "N. Z. Arthropod Collection NZAC Private Bag
92170 AUCKLAND New Zealand"/[printed white label] "Apion sp. 7 ("trifolianus")
G Kuschel"/[printed red holotype label] "HOLOTYPE Mythapion trifolianum
KISSINGER" [specimen dissected, abdomen and right tibiae 1-3 in glycerin in
attached microvial] (NZAC). Paratypes 79 total. 3 J 5 ?, same locality, bionomic and
collector data as holotype (NZAC). Chile. Metropolitana de Santiago: 1 1?,
Arraydn, 21.IV.1946, 0. Barros (NZAC); 1?, El Canelo, 14.XI.1945, T. Ramirez
(NZAC); 26 [teneral], El Monte, 11.1955, s/Trifolium repens, "dralhpu leg." (NZAC).
Maule: 1? , Parral, Bullileo, 1.1979 (CMNC). Biobio: 1? , Concepci6n, Boca Biobio,
24.V.1957, Coll. Kuschel (NZAC); 6d 3?, Concepci6n, Hualqui, 12-14.IV.2002,
T. Cekalovic (DGKC); 5f 13?, Concepci6n, Fundo El Manzano, 12-23.X.1999 or
8.XI.1992 or 21-23.IV.1996 or 23.IV.2002, T. Cekalovic (DGKC); 1d 1?,
Concepcion, Periquillo, 6.XI.1994, T. Cekalovic, ex Aristotelia chilensis (CMNC);
2d 3 ?, Concepcion, Periquillo, 20.IX.1999 or 13.X.1995 or 22.111.1997, T. Cekalovic
(DGKC); 1?, Los Angeles, 22.1.1944, G. Kuschel (NZAC). Araucania: 2 2?,
Malleco, Curacautin, 8.XII. 1950, G. Kuschel (NZAC); 1? , Cautin, Lonquimay Valley,
23.XII. 1994, G. Kuschel, sweeping Scirpus swamp (NZAC); 1?, Volcan Llaima,
28.XII.1982, G. Kuschel (NZAC); 1? , Temuco, 26.IV.1961, Lloyd leg. (NZAC); "El
Vergel Arigol?," [El Vergel Angol] [found during import inspection] ex white clover
from Chile, 16, July 1924: 1 d 3 ?, FHB #52521, W. B. Wood; 2E, FHB #52522, P. H.
Glick (USNM) [El Vergel is an old farm nearest to Angol City; it was run for many
years by Dillman S. Bullock (M. Elgueta, in litt.)]. Los Lagos: 1? , Chiloe, Is. Chiloe,
Pindapulli, 24.1.2000, T. Cekalovic (DGKC); 1?, Chiloe, Is. Chiloe, 5 km S Conchi,
25.1.2000, T. Cekalovic (DGKC); 2d, Chiloe, Is. Chiloe, Pudeto, 7.11.1994, T.
Cekalovic (DGKC); 1? , Llanquihue, Frutillar, 10.1.1956, Coll. Kuschel (NZAC); 3 ?,
Pto Montt, 19-20.11.1945, E. A. Chapin, Loan from USNMNH 22019129 (USNM); 1 d
3 ?, Osorno, Playa Puyehue, P. N. Puyehue, site 30A, El 185 m, 1.11.1979, Valdivian

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 THE COLEOPTERISTS BULLETIN 59(1), 2005 87

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~-A

17 17B8
Figs. 17-18. Mythapion trifolianum. Fig. 17. Dorsal view, female (A, B same enlargement,
no scale: A, punctures on frons; B, punctures on apex of pronotum). Fig. 18. Lateral view, male,
head and prothorax. Scale = 0.36 mm.

Rain Forest, A. C. Ashworth, J. W. Hoganson (USNM); 1 Y, Valdivia, Rio Bueno, 16-

17.11.1978, L. Pefia (CMNC); 1 , Valdivia, Parque Oncol, Rio Cruces, 5.II.1999, T.
Cekalovic (DGKC). Magallanes: 1 Y, Laguna Escondida, 8.III.1969, leg. T. Cekalovic
(CMNC). Chile: 1 Y, [found during import inspection at] Phila[delphia, PA], #003869,
7.IV. 1975, alive with apples (fruit) (USNM).
Biology. Associated with Trifolium repens L. and Aristotelia chilensis according to
label data; larvae in fruit of Trifolium repens L. (Fabaceae) (G. Kuschel, in litt.). There
are more than a dozen species of Trifolium native to Chile (G. Kuschel, in litt.).
Etymology. The specific name is based on the genus of a probable host plant,
Trifolium L., as suggested by Dr. Kuschel.
See M. rufonigrum for comparison with M. trifolianum.

Mythapion rufonigrum (Beguin-Billecocq), new combination

Apion rufonigrum Beguin-Billecocq (1909: 460). Type locality: Buenos Aires

Province, Argentina. Syntype 9, labeled "Type, Republique Argentine:
Province de Buenos-Ayres, C. Bruch", examined (MNHN).

This species is close to M. trifolianum. In comparison, M. rufonigrum length is >2.0

mm, 9 rostrum in dorsal view is distinctly broader at base and narrows abruptly beyond
antennal insertion, d rostrum in profile with dorsal margin nearly an unbroken straight

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88 THE COLEOPTERISTS BULLETIN 59(1), 2005

line from middle of frons to apex, and median lobe of aedeagus in profile with parallel-
sided apex about 10 microns wide; for M. trifolianum length is < 1.8 mm, E rostrum in
dorsal view slender, parallel-sided in basal 1/3, F rostrum in profile with dorsal margin
a curved line from anterior margin of eye to apex, and median lobe of aedeagus in profile
with apex about 25 microns wide and apex distinctly produced dorsally and ventrally.

Mythapion adesmiae Kissinger, new species

(Figs. 15-16)

Description. With generic characters. Length 1.79-2.17 mm; width 0.91-1.06 mm. General
aspect piceous. Vestiture inconspicuous, minute, white or yellowish, sparse, slightly more apparent
on venter and legs. Male rostrum 0.46-0.58 mm long; 1.04-1.28 as long as prothorax; throughout
with sparse, moderately deep punctures; in profile moderately curved, gradually narrowing from
insertion of antenna to apex; in dorsal view sides subparallel from base to insertion of antenna, not
expanded at apex; dorsal margin of scrobe oblique anteriorly, continuing below eye. Female rostrum
0.57-0.62 mm long; 1.26-1.35 as long as prothorax; similar to male. Head dorsal margin flat above
basal margin of eye. Prothorax 0.42-0.49 mm long, at base 1.08-1.20 as wide as long; pronotum
surface finely alutaceous, punctures moderately dense, moderately deep, moderately coarse. Elytra
at middle with interval 2 flat, 3-4 times as wide as stria, polished, with 2 rows of minute punctures
bearing minute scales; striae deep, fine, with minute scales smaller than on adjacent interval; on apex
striae joining 1+2+9, 3+4, 5+6, 7?8. Flight wings reduced to non-functional stubs. Male
characters: tibiae 1-3 mucronate on inner apical margin, mucro simple, acute, 25 microns long.

Type Material. Holotype, male, labeled [white label in script] "Chile, Aysen
[Aisen], Lago B. Aires, Chile Chico, 15-1-56 [15.I.1956]"/[white label in script] "s/
Adesmia sp."/[printed white label] "Coll. Kuschel"/[printed white label] "measured
00806 DGKissinger"/[printed goldenrod label] "N. Z. Arthropod Collection NZAC
Private Bag 92170 AUCKLAND New Zealand"/[printed white label] "Apion sp. 8
("adesmiae") G Kuschel"/[printed red holotype label] "HOLOTYPE Mythapion
adesmiae KISSINGER" (NZAC). Paratypes 48 total. 5 4?, same locality and
bionomic data as holotype except some slAdesmiae pegajosa or 16.1.1956 (NZAC).
Chile. Magallanes: 3J 3?, Cerro Guido, 400 m, 11.11.1957, s/Adesmia boronioides,
Coll. Kuschel (NZAC); 1 d, Ult. Esperanza, Cerro Guido, 6.1.1955, Cekalovic Leg
(NZAC); 5 7?, Cerro Guido, 11.11.1957, T. Cekalovic (USNM); 12 8?, Ult.
Esperanza, Cerro Guido, 11.11.1957, ex Adesmia boronioides, T. Cekalovic (DGKC).
Biology. Associated with Adesmia sp., Adesmia boronioides Hook., and Adesmia
pegajosa Garnan (Fabaceae) according to label data.
Etymology. The specific name is based on the genus of a possible host plant,
Adesmia, as suggested by Dr. Kuschel.
See M. simplex for comparison with M. adesmiae.

Mythapion simplex (Beguin-Billecocq), new combination

Apion simplex Beguin-Billecocq (1909: 459). Type locality: Buenos Aires Province,
Argentina. Syntype probably c, labeled "Republique Argentine; Province de
Buenos-Ayres," examined (MNHN).

Mythapion simplex is close to M. adesmiae but has the pronotum less distinctly
constricted apically and its vestiture is more distinct than M. adesmiae; for M. simplex
the scales around the eye are similar in length and coarseness to those on the sides of the
prothorax and on the femora whereas M. adesmiae has distinctly coarser scales on the
femora. Most of the material for M. adesmiae is in poor condition, but the difference in
vestiture appears to be real.

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 THE COLEOPTERISTS BULLETIN 59(1), 2005 89

Acknowledgments

This study was begun at the urging of Dr. Guillermo Kuschel who provided much
material for study from his personal collection now in the New Zealand Arthropod
Collection. I am deeply grateful to him for his encouragement and help, including
copies of his papers, comments on my keys, and information about the Philippi types
which he examined recently. He generously allowed me to present valuable biological
information about apionids that he personally collected during his 15 years of field
studies in Chile. Dr. A. Descarpentries, Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, in
1965-67 was most helpful in finding types of Beguin-Billecocq with which to prepare
notes and photographs. Luis E. Penia in 1960-1970 and T. Cekalovic recently sold me
many specimens of Chilean Apionidae; I donated most of the Penia material to the
USNM and CDAE. I am indebted to Dr. S. W. Lingafelter for a loan of Chilean
Apionidae from the National Museum of Natural History. Dr. Robert S. Anderson
loaned Chilean apionids from the Canadian Museum of Nature and from the collection
of Henry and Anne Howden. Dr. Marek Wanat provided phylogenetic conclusions
about his studies of Australasian apionids and much other valuable information and
help. Dr. M. A. Alonso-Zarazaga was most helpful in explaining to me the finer points
of etymology and in other ways. Sr. Mario Elgueta, Seccion Entomologia, Museo
Nacional de Historia Natural, Santiago, Chile, provided valuable information about
locality names in Chile which was most welcome. Mr. Wolfgang Suppantschitsch
provided important specimens and friendship, which are deeply appreciated.
This paper is contributed in memory of Dr. Ross Arnett, a valued mentor and friend.

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(Received 20 January 2004; accepted 23 April 2004. Publication date 19 April 2005.)

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