Unit – I

1 Marks
1. Heat transfer by conduction follows ---------------------- law
2. What is heat transfer?
3. What is isotropic material?
4. Write general heat conduction equation in rectangular coordinates.
5. What is thermal diffusivity and its units?
6. Write general heat conduction equation in cylindrical coordinates.
7. Write general heat conduction equation in spherical coordinates.
8. Heat conduction in solids is due to----------------------
9. If Q= rate of heat transfer, A= area of flow normal to direction of flow; x= thickness
of wall, K= thermal conductivity; then (x /kA) is called -------
10. Thermal conductivity of solid metals ________with rise in temperature.

2 marks
1. State Fourier’s law of heat conduction and write its assumptions.
2. What is convective heat transfer and explain its types.
3. Define the terms heat flux and rate of heat transfer and write its units.
4. Write the Poisson’s and Laplace heat conduction equations.
5. State basic laws of heat transfer for convection and radiation heat transfer.

5 marks
1. A Black metal plate (k = 25 W/m K) at 300oC is exposed to surroundings air at 30oC. It
convects and radiates heat to surroundings. If the convection coefficient is 25 W/m 2K. What
is the temperature gradient in the plate?

2. What is the significance of heat transfer? What is the difference between thermodynamics
and heat transfer?

3. An immersion water heater of surface area 0.1 m2 and rating 1 kW is designed tooperate
fully submerged in water. Estimate the surface temperature of the heater when the water is at
40 0C and the heat transfer coefficient is 300 W/m2 K. If this heater is by mistake used in air at
40 0C with h = 9 W/m2 K, what will be its surface temperature?

4. Air at 200C blows over a hot plate 50x75cm maintained at 2500C. The convective heat
transfer coefficient is 25W/m2K. (a) Calculate the rate of heat transfer. b) Assuming for the
above case, the plate is made of carbon steel (k=43W/mK), 2 cm thick and that 300W is also
lost from the plate surface by radiation. Calculate inside plate temperature.

5. A steel plate of k = 35 W/m K having dimensions 1m  0.5m  0.05 m is maintained at

4000C its top surface. If the surrounding air is at 250C and having convective heat transfer
coefficient of 20W/m2K. Calculate the temperature at the bottom of the plate. Assume heat
loss by radiation from the surface is 500 watts
 10 MARKS
1. Derive the general heat conduction equation in Cartesian coordinate system from the
first principle and discuss the salient features of the equation.
2. Derive general heat conduction equation in cylindrical coordinate system
3. Derive general heat conduction equation in spherical coordinate system.
4. a )The inside temperature of a furnace wall (k = 1.35 W/mK), 200 mm thick, is 1400oC. The
heat transfer coefficient at the outside surface is a function of temperature difference and is
given by h = 7.85 + 0.08  T (W/m2K). Where  T is the temperature difference between
outside wall surface and surroundings. Determine the rate of heat transfer per unit Area, if the
surrounding temperature is 40oC.
b) Explain the basic laws and mechanisms of heat transfer.

Unit – II

1. The rate of radial heat flow per unit length through the walls of a hollow cylinder of
inner radius ‘r1’ and outer radius ‘r2’ with T1 and T2 are temperatures at radii r1 and r2 is
equal to ---------
2. The unit of overall heat transfer coefficient (U) in S.I units is______
3. If the rate of heat transfer constant with respect to time, it is known as ----- heat transfer
4. Write the expression for critical radius of insulation for cylinder.
5. Write the expression for critical radius of insulation for sphere.
6. Up to critical radius of insulation [ ]
a) Heat losses decrease with addition of insulation
b) Heat losses increase with addition of insulation
c) Heat losses are constant
d) None of the above

7. When thickness of insulation over a cylinder exceeds the critical value the heat transfer
rate will __________
8. Consider heat conduction through a long solid cylindrical rod of radius r0 which has
uniformly distributed heat generation (q) per unit volume. Maximum temperature
occurring at the center of rod is [ ]
a) Tmax =TW+(q/k).r02 b) Tmax =TW+(q/2k).r02
c) Tmax =TW+(q/3k).r02 d) Tmax =TW+(q/4k).r02
9. Notable examples of uniform generation of heat with in the conducting medium are
[ ]
a) energy generated in the fuel element of a nuclear reactor
b) liberation of energy due to some exothermic chemical reactions
c) resistance heating in electrical appliances d) all of the above
10. Draw the temperature profile in the plane wall for uniform heat generation.
 2 marks
1. Explain what is thermal contact resistance?
2. What is the significance of critical radius of insulation?
4. .Explain what is thermal boundary condition and its types.
5. Define the term thermal insulation and mention its purpose.
6. Define fin efficiency and fin effectiveness
5 marks
1. A wire of 6.5 mm diameter at a temperature of 60oC is to be insulated by a material having
k=0.174 W/m-K. The convection heat transfer coefficient is 8.722 W/m2-K. The ambient
temperature is 20oC. For a maximum heat loss, what is the maximum thickness of insulation and
heat loss per meter length? Also, find percentage increase in heat dissipation with insulation.

2. The walls of a house are 4 m high, 5 m wide and 0.3 m thick are made from brick with thermal
conductivity of 0.9 W/mK. The temperature of air inside the house is 20oC and outside air is at –
10oC. There is a heat transfer coefficient of 10 W/m2K on the inside wall and 30 W/m2K on the
outside wall-calculate the inside and outside wall temperatures, heat flux and total heat transfer
rate through the wall.

3. Derive an expression for critical thickness of insulation of a cylinder and sphere.

4. A current of 200 A is made to pass through a stainless steel wire of 2 mm in diameter and 2
meters in length. The resistivity of the wire is 70  ohm-cm. Calculate the centre temperature of
the wire if the outer surface temperature of the wire is 200oC. The thermal conductivity of wire is
40 W/m K.

5. A plane wall 10cm thick generates heat at the rate of 4x104 W/m3 when an electric current is
passed through it. The convective heat transfer coefficient between each face of the wall and the
ambient area is 50W/m2C and both surfaces are maintained at same temperature. Determine (i)
The surface temperature, (ii) The maximum temperature in the wall. Assume the ambient
temperature to be 20oC and the thermal conductivity of the wall maintained to be 15W/m oC.

10 marks

1. Air at 90 0C flows in a copper tube (k = 384 W/m K) of 4 cm inner diameter and with 0.6cm
thick walls which are heated from the outside by water at 125 0C. A scale of 0.3 cm thick is
deposited on outer surface of the tube whose thermal conductivity is 1.75 W/m.K. The air and
water side heat transfer coefficients are 221 and 3605 W/m2-K, respectively. Find (i) Overall
heat transfer coefficient on the outside area basis, (ii) Water to air heat transfer, (iii)
Temperature drop across the scale deposit

2. Derive the expressions for rate of heat conduction with internal heat generation for the cases
of cylinder and sphere.
3. Derive an expression for temperature distribution an d rate of heat dissipation for an infinitely
long fin.
 4. Aluminum fins of a rectangular profile are attached on a plane wall with 5mm spacing. The
fins have thickness 1mm, length=10mm and the normal conductivity K=200W/mK. The wall
is maintained at temperature of 200 C and the fins dissipate heat by convection into ambient
air at 40 C , with heat transfer coefficient=50W/m2K. Find the heat loss.

5. A very long 25 mm diameter copper (k= 380 W/m – K) rod extends from a surface at 1200C.
The temperature of surrounding air is 25 0C and the heat transfer coefficient over the rod is 10
W/m2-K. Calculate: (i) Heat loss from the rod, (ii) How long the rod should be in order to be
considered infinite?

Unit-III

ONE MARK QUESTIONS

1. What is lumped capacity analysis?
2. What is the physical significance of the Fourier number?
3. What is a semi-infinite medium?
4. In what medium will the lumped capacity assumption more likely to be valid: in air or
water?
5. What is the physical signifance of the Biot number?
6. Will the Fourier number of a specific transient heat transfer problem double if the time is
doubled?
7. What is the difference between Biot number and nusselt number?

TWO MARK QUESTIONS

1. Mention all the possibilities of when the Biot number approach almost zero in a transient
heat conduction analysis
2. Draw the electrical circuit equivalent to the lumped system heat conduction system
3. When T=T(x,y,z,t) in a conducting medium, the analysis cannot be a lumped system
analysis, Comment
4. Thermal diffusivity is more important than thermal conductivity in determining whether
or not to go for lumped system analysis/general transient analysis
5. What is the importance of time constant of a thermocouple and how do we determine it
6. Determine the characteristic length that is to be used in determining the Biot number for
the geometry of a long cylinder of radius ‘r’, when the predominant heat conduction
direction is radial
FIVE MARK QUESTIONS
1. A body of negligible internal thermal resistance is suddenly immersed in a fluid at a
different temperature .Derive an expression for temperature time history of the body in
terms of Biot number and Fourier number.
2. Obtain relations for the characteristic lengths of a largeplane wall of thickness 2L, a very
long cylinder of radius r0, and a sphere of radius ro.
3. The temperature of a gas stream is to be measured bya thermocouple whose junction can
be approximated as a1.2-mm-diameter sphere. The properties of the junction are k =35
W/m · °C, p=8500 kg/m3, and Cp =320 J/kg · °C, andthe heat transfer coefficient
between the junction and the gas is h = 65 W/m2 · °C. Determine how long it will take
forthe thermocouple to read 99 percent of the initial temperature difference.
4. Stainless steel ball bearings (ƿ= 8085 kg/m3, k =15.1W/m · °C, Cp =0.480 kJ/kg · °C,
and α= (3.91× 10-6 m2/s) having a diameter of 1.2 cm are to be quenched in water.
Theballs leave the oven at a uniform temperature of 900°C and areexposed to air at 30°C
for a while before they are dropped intothe water. If the temperature of the balls is not to
fall below850°C prior to quenching and the heat transfer coefficient inthe air is 125
W/m2 · °C, determine how long they can stand inthe air before being dropped into the
water

TEN MARK QUESTIONS.

1. Consider a 1000-W iron whose base plate is made of0.5-cm-thick aluminum alloy 2024-
T6 (ƿ=2770 kg/m3, Cp =875 J/kg · °C,α=7.3 ×10-5 m2/s). The base plate has a
surfacearea of 0.03 m2. Initially, the iron is in thermal equilibriumwith the ambient air at
22°C. Taking the heat transfercoefficient at the surface of the base plate to be 12 W/m2 ·
°Cand assuming 85 percent of the heat generated in the resistancewires is transferred to
the plate, determine how long it will takefor the plate temperature to reach 140°C. Is it
realistic to assumethe plate temperature to be uniform at all times?

2. A short brass cylinder of diameter D = 10 cm and height H =12 cm is initially at a

uniform temperature Ti = 120°C. The cylinder is now placed in atmosphericair at 25°C,
where heat transfer takes place by convection, with a heattransfer coefficient of h = 60
W/m2 · °C. Calculate the temperature at (a) thecenter of the cylinder.

3. An ordinary egg can be approximated as a 5-cm-diameter sphere .The egg is initially at a

uniform temperature of 5°C and is dropped into boilingwater at 95°C. Taking the convection
heat transfer coefficient to be h = 1200 W/m2 · °C, determine how long it will take for the
center of the eggto reach 70°C.
 Unit –IV
1 Mark Questions
1.What is the role played by the critical Reynolds number.
2.Consider a laminar layer over a heated flat plate. The free stream velocity is U∞. At some
distance x from the leading edge the velocity boundary layer thickness is v and the thermal
boundary layer is r. if the prandtl number is greater than 1, then
a) v> r b) r> v c) v= r≈ U∞ d) v= r≈ X-1/2

3. How is Reynolds number defined?

4. Define thermal boundary layer.
5. What is Fouling in a heat exchanger.?
6. A fluid flowing over a flat plate has the following properties: dynamic viscosity= 25×10-
6
Kg/ms, Cp=2.0 Kj/KgK, k= 0.05W/mK. Hydrodynamic boundary layer is measured to be
0.5mm. the thickness of the thermal boundary layer would be _____________.
7. Define hydrodynamic boundary layer.
8. Define Nusselt Number.
9. __________ numbers are generally associated with Natural Convective heat transfer
10.When Prandtl number is equal to _______, the hydrodynamic and thermal boundary layers are
identical.
11. Free convection flow depends upon on all of the following EXCEPT?
a) density b) coefficient of viscosity c) gravitational force d) velocity

2 marks
1. Draw the hydrodynamic boundary layer over a flat plate and show the velocity variation
in laminar and turbulent regions.
2. Write the momentum equation for hydrodynamic boundary layer.
3. Write the energy equation for thermal boundary layer over a flat plate.
4. Sketch the hydrodynamic and thermal boundary layers for different prandtl numbers.
5. Draw the development of a laminar velocity profile in the intake region of a tube.
6. What is free or natural convection heat transfer and mention any two uses of it.
7. Draw the free convection velocity and thermal boundary layer over a heated vertical
plate.
8. Define Grashoff number and write its mathematical expression and significance.
9. Sketch the temperature profile in a condenser and evaporator.
5 Mark Questions
1. Explain formation of velocity and thermal boundary layer over the heated flat plate.
2. Write the momentum equation and energy equations for laminar flow on a flat plate. List the
assumptions made in deriving this equation.
3. Write briefly about Reynolds analogy.
4. Give the classification of heat exchangers?
5. Explain about the NTU and effectiveness for parallel flow heat exchanger.
6. Air flows over a flat plate at a constant velocity of 30m/sec and at 200C. The plate is
maintained at 1100C. Find the heat transfer rate per meter width of the plate if the length of
the plate along the flow direction is 50cm.
7. Explain how to take characteristic lengths and surface areas in case of flow over a flat plate,
cylinder and flow through circular cross sections.
8. Derive an expression for LMTD for counter flow heat exchanger

10 Mark Questions

1. A copper bus bar 25 mm diameter is cooled by air(in cross-flow) at 30oC and flowing past the
bus bar with a velocity of 2.5 m/s. If the surface temperature of the bar is not to exceed 85 oC
and the resistivity of copper is 0.0175X10-6 ohm-m, calculate (i) the heat transfer coefficient
from the surface of the air (ii) the permissible current intensity of the bus bar.

2. Oil at 1000C (cp= 3.6 kJ/kgK) flows at a rate of 30,000 kg/hr and enters a heat exchanger.
Cooling water (cp=4.2 kJ/kgK) enters the heat exchanger at 10 0C at the rate of 50,000 kg/hr.
The heat transfer area is 10 m2 and overall heat transfer coefficient is 1000 W/m 2K. Calculate
the outlet temperature of oil and water for the parallel flow and counter flow configurations.

3. A parallel flow heat exchanger has hot and cold water streams running through it and has the
following data: mass flow rates of hot stream is 10 kg/min, and cold stream is 25 kg/min. The
specific heats are 4.18 kJ/kg-K and the hot stream temperatures are 70oC and 50oC; cold
stream entry temperature is 25oC. Individual heat transfer coefficient on both sides is 60 Wm-
2 -1
K . Calculate (i) the area of the heat exchanger, (ii) the exit temperatures of the hot and cold
fluids if hot water flow rate is doubled.

Unit – 5
1 Mark Questions
1. What is Sub cooled Boiling?
2. What is Film wise condensation?
3. Define a Black body.
4. What is Irradiation?
5. What is Saturated Boiling?
6. What is Drop wise condensation?
7. What is a Opaque Body?
8. What is a Gray body?
9. Define Emissivity.
10. What is Shape Factor?

2 Mark Questions

1. Differentiate between spectral and total irradiation with formulae

2. What is the difference between Radiocity and Irradiation
3. Write Wein’s displacement law and explain Sprectral emissive power versus wavelength
diagram.
 4. Determine the radiation heat emission from a black body surface at 1600 K .
5. State Kirchoff’s law
6. Write the view factor relation as expressed by Reciprocity relation and explain conceptually
that the summation of view factors for an enclosed surface is unity
7. Explain the concept of radiation shield
8. Differentiate diifuse and specular surface

5 Mark Questions
1. Distinguish film condensation and drop-wise condensation. In which case, the heat transfer
high? Why?
2. Write about Nusselt’s theory of condensation including the assumptions involved.
3. Explain the factors affecting nucleate boiling & Describe the influence of the presence of non-
condensable gases in condensation
4. Dry saturated steam at atmospheric pressure condenses on a vertical tube of diameter 5 cm
and length 1.5 m, surface of the tube is maintained at 80 0C. Determine the heat transfer rate.
5. Explain about the regimes of pool boiling with a neat curve.

10 Mark Questions

1. A 750 mm square plate, maintained at 28oC is exposed to steam at 8.132 kPa. Calculate: (i) the
film thickness, local heat transfer coefficient and mean flow velocity of condensate at 400 mm
from the top of the plate; (ii) the average heat transfer coefficient and total heat transfer from
the entire plate; (iii) total steam condensation rate; (iv) the heat transfer coefficient if the plate
is inclined at 25oC with the horizontal plane.
2. a) Saturated water at 1000C is boiled with a copper heating element having a heating surface
area of 0.04m2, which is maintained at 1150C. Calculate the surface heat flux, rate of
evaporation and Critical heat flux.

3. a) Assuming the Sun(diameter = 1.4 x 109 m) as a black body having a surface temperature
of 5750 K and at a mean distance of 15 x 1010 m from the earth( diameter = 12.8 x 106 m),
estimate (i) the total energy emitted by the Sun, (ii) the emission received per m2 just outside
the atmosphere of the Earth, (iii) the total energy received by the earth if no radiation is
blocked by the atmosphere of the earth and (iv) the energy received by a 1.6 m x 1.6 m solar
collector whose normal is inclined at 50o to the Sun. The energy loss through the atmosphere
is 42% and diffuse radiation is 22% of direct radiation.

4. Two large parallel planes having emissivity 0.3 and 0.4 are maintained at a temperature 8000C
and 5000C respectively. A radiation shield of emissivity 0.05 on both sides is placed in
between. Determine the I ) rate of heat transfer per unit area if shield is not there ii) heat
transfer with the shield iii) the temperature of the shield.