FACTS – Flexible AC

Transmission Systems
Series Compensation

Answers for energy.

 Reference List
Reactive-Power Compensation
Series Compensation

Siemens supplies Fixed Series Capacitors as well as Thyristor-Controlled SC’s

and Thyristor Protected Series Capacitors. Siemens Series Capacitor installations
increase power transfer capacity on existing transmission systems worldwide.

Nowadays, power generators and utilities all over the world are confronted
with greater demands for bulk power flow, lower-cost power delivery,
and higher reliability.

Siemens solutions for advanced power delivery translate

into a number of solid benefits including:
■ Increase of energy transfer without adding new transmission lines
■ Direct control of the transmission path, voltage and flow
■ Minimized delivery cost as generation sources change
■ High reliability under contingencies
■ Improvement of power quality

2
 References described
in this brochure

References not described in this brochure In-service date Page

■ Oriximina, Brazil
in service in 2011 01 1990 Kayenta USA 6
■ Itacoatiara, Brazil
in service in 2011
■ Cariri, Brazil 02 1993 Montagnais Canada 7
in service in 2011
■ Lugo, USA
Imperatriz &
in service in 2011 03 1999 Brazil 8
Presidente Dutra
■ Boshang, China
in service in 2011
■ Sami, India 04 1999 Serra da Mesa Brazil 9
in service since 2010
■ Meerut, India
in service since 2010 05 2002 Ibiuna / Samambaia Brazil 10
■ Yulin, China
in service since 2010
■ Dodoma, Tanzania 06 2003 Tian-Guang China 11
in service since 2009
■ Barra do Peixe, Brazil
in service since 2008 07 2003 Lexington & Valley USA 12
■ Rio Verde, Brazil
in service since 2007
Maputo & Mozambique &
■ Lucknow, India 08 2003 13
Barberton South Africa
in service since 2007
■ Puti China
in service since 2007 09 2004 São João do Piauí Brazil 14
■ Dai Ninh, Vietnam
in service since 2006
2004
■ Gooty, India 10 Midway #1, #2 & #3 USA 15
2005
in service since 2005
■ Chuddapah, India
in service since 2005 11 2006 Dayton USA 16
■ Maraba, Brazil
in service since 2005
Eldorado-Lugo &
■ Acailandia, Brazil 12 2006 USA 17
Eldorado-Moenkopi
in service since 2005
■ Hechi, China
in service since 2004 13 2006 Tala India 18
■ Tecali, Mexico
in service since 2004
■ Juile, Mexico 14 2006 Fengjie China 20
in service since 2004
■ Vincent #1 & #2
North–South
in service since 2002 15 2008 Brazil 22
Interconnection III
■ Jacinto, USA
in service since 2002
16 2009 East–West India 23
■ Yangcheng, China
in service since 2001
■ Vincent #3
in service since 2001
■ Atacama, Chile
in service since 1999
■ Lugo, USA
in service since 1983

3
 References worldwide
Utility Series Compensation delivered by Siemens.

Kayenta Jacinto Dayton Lexington & Valley FSCs Montagnais Itacoatiara Cariri
WAPA, USA ENTERGY, USA ENTERGY, USA Dominion Virginia Power, USA Hydro-Québec, Canada Abengoa, Brazil Abengoa, Brazil
165 / 120 / 45 MVAr 223 MVAr 258 MVAr 355 / 505 MVAr 1500 MVAr 2 x 237 / 340 MVAr 2 x 237 MVAr
230 kV 230 kV 230 kV 500 kV 765 kV 500 kV 500 kV
1990 2001 2006 2003 1993 2011 2011

Lugo
Southern California
Edison, USA
1983

Lugo
Southern California
Edison, USA
2 x 634 MVAr
500 kV
2011

Vincent #1 to #3
Southern California 02
Edison, USA
401 MVAr
500 kV
2000 – 2002
01
07
12
2
Midway #1 & #3 10
Southern California 11
Edison, USA
401 MVAr
500 kV
2004/2005

Eldorado-Lugo &
Eldorado-Moenkopi
Southern California
Edison, USA 03
199 / 162 MVAr
500 kV 15
09
2006
05 04
TECALI / JUILE
CFE, Mexico
5 x 150 MVAr
400 kV
2003

Oriximina
Abengoa, Brazil
2 x 340 MVAr
500 kV
2011

North–South
Interconnection III FSC Ibiuna / Samambaia Atacama FSC Serra da Mesa São João do Piauí
INTESA, Brazil FURNAS, Brazil GENER FURNAS, Brazil CHESF, Brazil
200 / 2 x 194 / 130 / 43 MVAr 252 / 765 MVAr 490 MVAr 107 MVAr 484 / 437 MVAr
500 kV 500 kV 345 kV 500 kV 500 kV
2008 2002 1999 1999 2004

4
Maraba / Açailândia East–West FSCs Tala Lucknow Cuddapah-Gooty Boshang
ENTE, Brazil Power Grid Corporation Power Grid Corporation Power Grid Corporation Power Grid Corporation Yunnan Power Grid,
279 / 314 MVAr of India, India of India, India of India, India of India, India China
500 kV 2 x 210 / 2 x 180 / 2 x 288 MVAr 743 / 112 / 716 / 108 MVAr 4 x 436 MVAr 4 x 202 MVAr 2 x 425 / 620 MVAr
2004 400 kV 400 kV 400 kV 400 kV 500 kV
2009 2006 2007 2004 2011

Fengjie
State Grid Corporation
of China, China
2 x 610 MVAr
500 kV
2006

Puti
Sichuan Electric Power,
China
3 x 315 MVAr
500 kV
2006

Yangcheng
JPEPC, China
2 x 500 MVAr
230 kV
14 2000

16
13 Hechi
State Power South
Company, China
06 762 MVAr
500 kV
2003

Yulin
China Southern
Power Grid, China
2 x 286 MVAr
500 kV
2010

08
Tian-Guang
State Power South
Company, China
350 / 55 MVAr
500 kV
2003

Dai Ninh
Electricity of Vietnam
202 MVAr
500 kV
2006

Maputo & Barberton Meerut

Imperatriz & Presidente Dutra MOTRACO, Mozambique Dodoma Sami Power Grid Corporation
ELETRONORTE, Brazil & Republic of South Africa TANESCO,Tanzania Adani Power Limited, India of India Ltd., India
390 MVAr 344 / 535 MVAr 180 MVAr 2 x 212 MVAr 2 x 412 MVAr
500 kV 400 kV 220 kV 400 kV 765 kV
1999 2003 2009 2010 2010

5
 Kayenta
World’s First 3-Phase Thyristor-Controlled Series Capacitor

In 1990, Siemens completed a joint project with WAPA for the

Customer WAPA
world’s first transmission system with a continuously variable, (Western Area Power Administration)
3-phase thyristor-controlled series capacitor installation at the
Kayenta substation in Arizona, USA. Project name ASC Kayenta
The series capacitor consists of two 230 kV conventional series
Location in north-eastern Arizona, USA
capacitor banks, each rated at 165 MVAr with a single-phase in the middle of the 320-kilometer
impedance of 55 Ohms. One of the two 55-Ohm banks is split Shiprock-to-Glen Canyon
into a 40-Ohm and a 15-Ohm segment. This allows the addition 230 kV transmission line
of Thyristor-Controlled Reactors (TCR) in parallel with the
15-Ohm segment. Capacitor 55 Ohm / 165 MVAr (conventional)
rating 40 Ohm / 120 MVAr (conventional)
This provides direct control of the transmission line impedance
15 Ohm / 45 MVAr (ASC)
and offers several advantages to conventional fixed series
capacitors. The Kayenta Advanced Series Compensation (ASC) Compensation up to 70 % conventional
operates in the following manner: when a controlled reactor degree up to 100 % TCSC
is connected in parallel with a series capacitor, the net series
Thyristor data 100 mm Ø thyristors
compensation seen by the transmission line is the impedance 3.5 kA continuous current
that results from the capacitor and reactor. By varying the 5.5 kV blocking voltage
impedance of the parallel reactor, the total impedance of the
compensation is changed. The ASC controls the reactor current Digital control Siemens SIMADYN D
system
as well as the line current, so the ASC can smoothly control
the capacitive impedance from 15 Ohms to 60 Ohms.

6
 Churchill
Falls

Canada

Montréal

USA

Montagnais
Fixed Series Capacitor in Canada

Part of New York’s electric energy is supplied by Hydro-Québec,

Customer Hydro-Québec (HQ)
from the hydroelectric power plant “Churchill Falls” on the coast
of Labrador in Newfoundland. To increase the transferable power Project name Montagnais FSC
of the 735 kV transmission line from the power plant Churchill
Location Poste Montagnais, Canada
Falls to Montreal – a distance of about 1200 km, Hydro-Québec
North–East Network
decided to install three 3-phase series capacitors at the
Montagnais substation in the Canadian province Québec. From Capacitor 30 Ohm, 2300 A, 1500 MVAr
Montreal, some of the electricity is transmitted via the HVDC rating (3 x 476 MVAr)
back-to-back link at Chateauguay in Canada to the network
Compensation 40 %
operated by the New York Power Administration in the USA. degree
Montagnais is one of the most important facilities in Hydro-
Québec’s eastern power network, because it is not far away Digital control Siemens SIMADYN D
from the generators in Churchill Falls. system
In 1993, Hydro-Québec placed an order with Siemens for the
supply and installation of the three series capacitors, because
Siemens was able to fulfill the special technical demands in
accuracy and reaction time needed for the extreme conditions
in the Canadian winter. Siemens was also the first manufacturer
whose surge arresters succeeded in withstanding Hydro-Québec’s
extra tough pressure relief tests for the 735 kV application, involv-
ing a full discharge of a specially set-up bank of original capaci-
tors. The Montagnais series capacitor is able to withstand the
extreme temperatures from – 50 °C to + 40 °C. The series capaci-
tor installation helps to improve the transmission line stability
and is able to compensate up to 40 % of the inductive line im-
pedance, thus enhancing the transferable power to 6000 MVA.
7
 Imperatriz & Presidente Dutra
North-South Interconnection in Brazil

Brazil’s national energy holding Electrobrás had been planning

Customer ELETRONORTE – Centrais Elétricas do
to connect the northern with the southern power networks for Norte do Brazil S.A.
a long time. Finally, the heavy increasing demand for electric
energy in the south decided the issue to build the North–South Project name Imperatriz / Presidente Dutra
Interconnection line. The network in the south, south-east,
Location both substations are south of
central and mid west regions supplies energy to the area of São Luis, Brazil
the country south of the capital, Brasilia, and the network in
the north and north-east provides energy to the areas north-east Capacitor 34.2 Ohm / 390 MVAr at 1.95 kA
of Bahia to Belém on the Amazon delta. rating
Most of the electric power of both networks is generated in Compensation 36 %
hydroelectric power plants, for example from the power plant degree
Xingó at the São Francisco river.
The backbone of the interconnection line is the 500 kV trans- Digital control Siemens SIMADYN D
mission line from Imperatriz to Serra da Mesa. The North–South system
Interconnection, with its capacity of 1300 MW, enables a more
flexible expansion of the hydro-electric power plants along the
Tocantins river. In 1997, Siemens received the order to supply
three series capacitors as part of the first North–South Inter-
connection in Brazil. The scope consisted of two fixed series
capacitors in the northern network in Eletronorte’s substations
Imperatriz and Presidente Dutra and one thyristor-controlled
series capacitor in the southern network at FURNAS substation
Serra da Mesa.

8
Serra da Mesa

Customer FURNAS – Centrais Elétricas S.A.

Project name Serra da Mesa (SdM)

Location north of Brasilia, Brazil

Capacitor 13.27 Ohm (blocked valve) and

rating 15.92 Ohm (TCSC) / 107.46 MVAr
at 1.5 kA

Compensation 5–6 % (continuous)

degree 7–15 % (temporary)

TCR data 100 mm Ø 5.5 kV electrically

Imperatriz
triggered thyristors
23.9 kV nominal valve voltage Brazil Colinas
Miracema
at 3.55 kA
1.123 MJ Valve MOV Gurupi Peixe
87.3 kV protective level
Serra da Mesa
Digital control Siemens SIMADYN D
Bolivia
system

Paraguay

Argentinia

9
 Ibiuna / Samambaia
Fixed Series Capacitor in Brazil

Parallel to the Samambaia project, FURNAS required to install

Customer FURNAS – Centrais Elétricas S.A.
one series capacitor in the 525 kV transmission line from the
Ibiuna to Bateias substation. Project name Ibiuna / Samambaia
The turnkey contract for the Ibiuna project was awarded to the
Location near São Paulo
Siemens/Schneider Consortium in September 2001.
The series capacitor bank is designed to have two segments Capacitor 25.6 Ohm per segment /
in series because of the arrangement of the series capacitors rating total rated power 765 MVAr at 2.23 kA
in the AC system and the identical requirements of the FURNAS
Compensation 50 %
specification the designs of the capacitor banks are identical.
degree
The Ibiuna installation was finished in March 2003.
Digital control Siemens SIMADYN D
system

10
 China

Guangxi

Vietnam
Burma Laos

Tian-Guang
Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor in China

The increasing demand for electric power in the Chinese

Customer State Power South Company
south provinces requires extension of the HV power grid. The
Tian-Guang TCSC and also the Hechi FSC are part of this west- Project name Tian-Guang TCSC
to-east network improvement. Their location has been carefully
Location PingGuo substation,
selected, and together with the Tian-Guang and the Gui-Guang
Guangxi Province, P.R. China
HVDC links they ensure future energy supply and contribute
reliability and improvement for the consumers. Capacitor Fixed segment: 29.2 Ohm,
In power systems, TCSC’s are mainly used for the purposes of rating 2000 A, 350 MVAr
system transient stability improvement, low-frequency power Controlled segment: 4.15 Ohm to
oscillation mitigation, system power flow control and subsyn- 12.45 Ohm, 2000 A, permanently
operated at 4.57 Ohm, 55 MVAr
chronous resonance mitigation. According to the analysis on
the Tian-Guang TCSC project, the TCSC mainly serves for system Compensation Fixed segment: 35 %
stability improvement and low-frequency oscillation mitigation. degree Controlled segment: 5 %
As there are several AC power transmission lines at the same
TCR data Thyristor valve: 10 kV, 2000 A,
voltage level and in the same power transmission direction, the
light-triggered thyristor (LTT)
purpose of the construction of Tian-Guang TCSC is to further
improve the capabilities of AC transmission lines within the Digital control Siemens SIMADYN D
South China power grid and improve the capabilities of the whole system
network in respect of disturbances. It is recognized that the
installation of a TCSC on inter-regional ties is a good means of
mitigation of interregional low-frequency oscillations. Due to
the fact that a TCSC is adopted in west-to-east power transmis-
sion lines within the South China power grid, the PSS configura-
tions are simplified. Setting of the PSS parameters is easy and
the dynamic stability of the system is improved.

11
 Lexington & Valley FSCs
Fixed Series Capacitor in Virginia, USA – Gap Less Design

In August 2002 Siemens succeeded in winning a series capacitor

Customer Dominion Virginia Power
contract with Dominion Virginia Power.
To accommodate increased power generation at the Bath County Project name Lexington & Valley FSCs
Pumping Station, Dominion had to add two series capacitors to
Location near Rockbridge Bath, Virginia1)
the Virginia 500 kV network in the Bath County Area. Each of
and near Weyers Cave, Virginia2)
the two transmission lines from the Bath County Pumping Station,
one leading to the Lexington substation and the other leading Capacitor 13.1 Ohm / 355 MVAr at 3 kA1)
to the Valley substation have been equipped with a fixed series rating 18.7 Ohm / 505 MVAr at 3 kA2)
capacitor of 60 % compensation level.
Compensation 60 %1)
The Valley FSC has been in commercial operation since November degree 60 %2)
13th, 2003 and the Lexington FSC has been in commercial
operation since December 2nd, 2003. Digital control Siemens SIMADYN D
system

1) Lexington
2)
Valley

12
Maputo & Barberton
Fixed Series Capacitor in Mozambique &
the Republic of South Africa

In May 2002, Siemens received the turnkey contract from

Customer MOTRACO
MOTRACO to install two series capacitor banks in the MOTRACO
network. MOTRACO is an independent transmission company Project name Maputo FSC
owned in equal shares by three utilities: EdM from Mozambique, Barberton FSC
SEB from Swaziland and ESKOM from South Africa. The MOTRACO
Location Maputo, Mozal substation,
network consists of two 400 kV transmission lines from ESKOM Mozambique1)
(Camden and Arnot substation) to the Maputo substation. The Barberton substation, near
transmission line from Camden to Maputo is intersected by a Nelspruit, in the Republic
400 kV busbar in Swaziland at Edwaleni II substation. The bulk of South Africa2)
of the energy which is transferred via these transmission lines
Capacitor 28.44 Ohm / 344 MVAr1)
is for the Mozal aluminum smelter in Maputo. The capacity of
rating 44.24 Ohm / 535 MVAr2)
the aluminum smelter will be increased. Therefore also the lines
have to be upgraded to cope with the increased power demand. Compensation 50 %1)
As part of this upgrade, Siemens supplies the two fixed series degree 50 %2)
capacitor banks. One bank is installed directly in Maputo sub-
Digital control Siemens SIMADYN D
station in the Edwaleni-Maputo line. The second FSC is installed system
in Barberton substation approximately halfway between Arnot
1)
power station and Maputo substation close to the city of Maputo FSC
2)
Barberton, in the Republic of South Africa. Both FSCs have Barberton FSC
been in commercial operation since mid April 2003.

13
 São João do Piauí
Fixed Series Capacitors in Brazil

In summer of 2003 the São João do Piauí Series Compensation

Customer CHESF
System located in the Brazilian Maranhão-Bahia 500 kV AC
network has been awarded to Siemens. Project name São João do Piauí
The power demand of the growing Brazilian industries requires
Location State of Piauí, Brazil
an economical solution for an increase of power transfer capa-
bility with the existing lines. Fixed series compensation has Capacitor 52.83 Ohm / 484 MVAr
been found as the appropriate choice not only to enable the rating 47.69 Ohm / 437 MVAr
desired power increase but also to stabilize the interconnected
Compensation 70 %
networks by reducing the connecting line impedance. Starting
degree
of commercial operation of two capacitors located in two serial
lines was scheduled for August 2004. Digital control Siemens SIMADYN D
São João do Piauí series capacitor project consists of two series system
capacitor installations connected in series on two different lines
entering São João do Piauí substation. The design of the com-
ponents has been carried out by intensive studies to find an
optimized solution for power transfer increase and stabilization
of the existing network. With a nominal power rating of 484 MVA
for Boa Esperança bank and 437 MVA for Sobradinho bank the
São João do Piauí series capacitors will provide stable and
increased power transfer through the Maranhão-Bahia
550 kV AC system corridor.

14
Midway #1 and #3
Thyristor-Protected Series Capacitors

The Midway #1 and #3 refurbishments are successor projects

Customer Southern California Edison (SCE)
of the Vincent TPSC projects.
The two series capacitors are located at PG&E’s Midway substa- Project name Midway #1 and #3
tion near Buttonwillow, California. The Midway substation is
Location near Buttonwillow, north of
also part of the western US 500 kV transmission network.
Los Angeles, CA, USA in the
In September 2003, Siemens received the order to renew the Vincent-to-Midway 500 kV
Midway #1 and #3 series capacitors. The design of the Midway transmission line
series capacitors is identical with the Vincent TPSC’s, with only
some minor differences in the control and protection system. Capacitor 23.23 Ohm / 401 MVAr at 2.4 kA
The first Midway TPSC #1 will be in commercial operation by rating
December 2004 and the second installation Midway TPSC #3 Compensation ~ 35 %
will be finished about half a year later in June 2005. degree

Thyristor data 125 mm Ø light-triggered

thyristors

Digital control Siemens SIMADYN D

system

15
 Dayton
Fixed Series Capacitor Texas in USA

July, 2004 – The Entergy Corporation awarded three high

Customer ENTERGY Services Inc.
voltage transmission projects to Siemens Power Transmission &
Distribution, Inc. The new installations will help Entergy to Project name Dayton
increase reliability and capacity on its power transmission
Location Dayton Station, Dayton in
system in order to help meet increasing demand in its Western
Liberty County, Houston, Texas
Service Area.
The three FACTS (Flexible AC Transmission Systems) projects Capacitor 24.33 Ohm / 258 MVAr at 1.88 kA
will include two Static VAR Compensators (SVC) and one Fixed rating
Series Capacitor (FSC) that will be built at three primary Entergy
Compensation 70 %
substations in Texas and Louisiana. degree
The Dayton FSC is basically a copy of the Jacinto FSC project
which was installed by Siemens for Entergy in the year 2001. Digital control Siemens SIMADYN D
The main differences being the higher reactive power system
(223 vs. 258 MVAr) and the higher protective level (128.4 vs.
145 kV).
The Dayton FSC system also does not include a Spark Gap but
provision has been made for the inclusion of one at a later date.

16
Eldorado-Lugo &
Eldorado-Moenkopi
Series Capacitors in Nevada / USA

In September 2004 Siemens succeeded in winning the contract

Customer Southern California Edison (SCE)
for the refurbishment of two series capacitor installations at
Edisons Eldorado Substation southwest of Boulder City, Nevada. Project name Eldorado
As a result of new power generation installed in the Las Vegas
Location near Boulder City, NV, USA
area the fault duty on the 500 kV transmission network is above
the design ratings of the existing equipment and therefore the Capacitor 199 MVAr / segment1)
two series capacitors “Lugo” and “Moenkopi” at the Eldorado rating 162 MVAr / segment2)
Substation need to be replaced.
Compensation 17,5 % / segment1)
It is the intention to increase the power transfer between Arizona /
degree 11,7 % / segment2)
Nevada and Southern California within the next few years.
The so called Eldorado-Moenkopi SC is in series with the transmis- Digital control Siemens SIMATIC TDC
sion line leading to the Moenkopi subsation in Arizona and the system
Eldorado-Lugo SC is in series with the transmission line leading 1)
Lugo
to the Lugo substation in Southern California. The Lugo series 2)
Moenkopi
capacitor installation will consist of two segments, one segment
will be a FSC and the other segment will be a TPSC.
The Moenkopi series capacitor installation will consist of three
segments, two segments will be FSCs and the other segment
will be a TPSC.
The Lugo FSC is in service since March 15th, 2006 and the
Moenkopi FSC since June 1st, 2006.

17
 TALA
Thyristor Controlled Series
Capacitor in India – longest in the World
Siemens compensation equipment improves transmission
capacity in Indian high voltage grid
Siemens received this order in May 2004 from the Power Grid
Corporation of India Ltd. in New Delhi to set up four compensa-
tion systems featuring state of the art thyristor technology. The
purpose of this new equipment is to improve the transmission
performance and the reliability of the 400 kV overhead line
between Purnea in eastern India and Gorakhpur in the north
of the country. The order includes the construction and installa-
tion work involved in the systems, along with supply and engi-
neering of all the high-voltage components, the control and
protection devices and the thyristor valves.
China
Pakistan
Nepal
Gorakhpur
Kanpur
Purnea
Muzaffarpur
Indien
18
The Power Grid Corporation of India Ltd. (PGCIL) is constructing
a 475 km long overhead line from Purnea in the state of Bihar
via Muzafarpur to Gorakhpur in the state of Uttar Pradesh. This
project transmits surplus energy from eastern India to the con-
urbations around Delhi, where the existing generation capacity
can no longer meet demand.
For the systems in Purnea and Gorakhpur respectively, Siemens
is supplying two thyristor-controlled Series Compensation Sys-
tems and two fixed compensation systems. Series compensation
systems enhance the transmission capacity of the overhead line
and ensure stability in the grid. The light-triggered thyristors
(LTTs) used are notable for their very high current carrying
capacity and blocking voltage. Direct light-triggered thyristors
make it possible to reduce the number of electronic components
in the converter valves by about 80 %. A further advantage of
this modern thyristor design is that all the firing and monitoring
electronics are at earth potential; the equipment is consequent-
ly accessible during operation.
Siemens is the only supplier to use LTTs in so-called FACTS
(Flexible AC Transmission System) projects. With energy markets
developing and expanding dynamically all over the world, such
solutions provide significant ways of improving the characteristics
of high-voltage transmission networks.
This order underlines the capability of Siemens as undisputed
market- and technology leader in the controlled series compen-
sation technology segment. The project was completed and put
into operation early 2006.
 Purnea FSC & Purnea TCSC &
Gorakhpur FSC Gorakhpur TCSC

Customer Power Grid Corporation of India, Ltd. Power Grid Corporation of India, Ltd.

Project name TALA Project TALA Project

Location New Delhi, India New Delhi, India

Capacitor 24.2 Ohm / 743 MVAr 3.03 Ohm / 3.64 Ohm / 112 MVAr
rating 3200 A nominal current1) 3200 A nominal current3)
23.32 Ohm / 716 MVAr 2.92 Ohm / 3.510 Ohm / 108 MVAr
3200 A nominal current2) 3200 A nominal current4)

Compensation 40 %1) 5–15 %3)

degree 40 %2) 5–15 %4)

Thyristor 125 mm Ø light-triggered thyristors3) 4)

valve data

Digital control SIMATIC TDC SIMATIC TDC

system

1) 2) 3) 4)
Purnea FSC Gorakhpur FSC Purnea TCSC Gorakhpur TCSC

19
 Fengjie
Fengjie Series Compensation System in China
In the summer of 2005, Siemens was awarded a contract to install
the Fengjie Series Compensation System 500 kV AC network.
Fixed series compensation (FSC) was found as the appropriate
solution to provide an increase of power transfer capability using
existing lines, and to stabilize the interconnected networks by
reducing the connecting line impedance. The Fengjie 500 kV
series capacitor station is about 130 km away from Wanxian
Substation, where one of the two 500 kV lines begins, connecting
Chuanyu grid to central China’s mains. Within this project, planned
by the State Grid Corporation of China, Fengjie 500 kV series
compensation station is an important asset. It has a capacity of
2 x 610 MVAr and a compensation level of 35 %. Its FSC system
consists of two capacitors, one in each of the parallel lines located
in Fengjie Substation. It connects Wanxian Substation in the west
with Longquan Substation in the east over a distance of 360 km.
20
Project Outline
Fengjie 500 kV series compensation station is an important station
for the project planned by the State Grid Corporation of China
to connect Chuanyu grid to central China’s mains. Fengjie 500 kV
series compensation station will have a capacity of 2 x 610 MVAr
and a compensation level of 35 %, and its compensation equip-
ment will be of fixed series capacitor (FSC) type. The project now
has two circuits of 500 kV lines, which start in the west from
Wanxian 500 kV Substation and extend to the east to Longquan
500 kV Converter Station with each circuit 360 km in length.
Fengjie 500kV Series compensation station is about 130 km away
from Wanxian 500 kV Substation at Fengjie County, Wanzhou
District, Chongquing City. Fengjie 500 kV series compensation
station began operation in June, 2006.
Customer State Grid Corporation of China

Project name Fengjie

Location Fengjie County, Wanzhou District,

Chongquing City

System fixed Series Capacitor

Capacitor 35.3 Ohm / 2 x 610 MVAr

rating

Compensation 35 %
degree

21
 North–South
Interconnection III
Renewable Energy Resources for Megacities

The major part of Brazil’s energy is generated by hydroelectric

Customer INTESA
power plants. The hydrologic conditions in the north of Brazil
are well suited to produce enough hydroelectric power to fulfill Project name North–South Interconnection III
the energy demand of the south.
Location in Eletronorte´s substations in
In 2006, after the first two north-south interconnection lines had
Colinas, Miracema, and Gurupi
proved their worth, the Brazilian electricity regulatory agency in Furnas’ substation Peixe II
(ANEEL) awarded a contract for a third parallel line, North–South
Interconnection III. In the middle section of the transmission System fixed series capacitor
line from Colinas (Tocantis) down to Serra da Mesa II (Goiás),
Capacitor 200 MVAr FSC1)
power had to be transmitted over the enormous distance of rating 2 x 194 MVAr FSCs2) 3)
696 km. The contract for this segment, the longest of the three 130 MVAr FSC3)
segments, was awarded to INTESA, a consortium of Eletronorte, 343 MVAr FSC4)
Chesf, Engevix, and a private investor. To avoid losses and prevent
voltage stability problems in this line segment, known as Lot B, Compensation 51 %1)
degree 70 %2) 3)
Siemens, in a consortium with Areva, supplied five fixed series
70 %3)
capacitors (FSCs), line protection, and substation HV equipment. 68 %4)
Siemens, as the consortium leader, installed four FSCs at
1) 2) Miracema 3) Gurupi 4) Peixe
Eletronorte’s substations Colinas, Miracema, and Gurupi, and Colinas II
one at Furnas’ substation Peixe II, within a delivery time of
14 months. So an interconnection between north and south
was indispensable.
Due to the high complexity of power grids, the degree of line
compensation had to be determined carefully for each section.
(Line compensation should definitely be as high as possible;
however, if it exceeds 70 %, sub-synchronous resonances appear,
and these should be avoided).

22
East–West FSCs
Fixed Series Compensation
at Lucknow, Bareilly, and Unnao

Powergrid Corporation of India, Ltd., an Indian government

Customer Powergrid Corporation of India, Ltd.
entity, is the only agency responsible for transmission of power
across the country. In its current five-year plan, the Indian govern- Project name Fixed Series Compensation at
ment has set the target “Power for All by 2012”. In India, where Lucknow, Bareilly, and Unnao
efficiency of power transmission is now approximately 52 %, substations associated with
the enhancement of transmission capacity will play a vital role enhancement of transmission
capacity in the east-west corridor
in achieving the target.
of the northern region
The project focuses on the enhancement of the transmission
capacity of the northern grid. Sites are at Lucknow, Bareilly, and Location 400 kV Gorakhpur-Lucknow lines
Unnao, in the state of Uttar Pradesh. Unnao Substation belongs at Lucknow Substation
to the Uttar Pradesh state government, while Lucknow and 400 kV Bareilly-Mandolla lines
at Bareilly Substation
Bareilly belong to Powergrid. The Bareilly FSC plant will have local
400 kV Unnao-Bareilly lines
control as well as remote control from Powergrid’s Lucknow at Unnao Substation
Substation.
System fixed series capacitor

Capacitor 2 x 189 MVAr FSCs1)

rating 2 x 187 MVAr FSCs2)
2 x 311 MVAr FSCs3)

Compensation 30 %1)
degree 30 %2)
45 %3)

Digital control SIMATIC TDC

system

1) 2) 3)
Lucknow Bareilly Unnao
23
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Siemens AG
Energy Sector
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91058 Erlangen, Germany

Siemens AG
Energy Sector
Power Transmission Division
Power Transmission Solutions
Freyeslebenstrasse 1
91058 Erlangen, Germany
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