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2040, the Philippines will need an additional 43.8GW of power. To supply that energy demand,
this paper looks at the possibility of hydroelectric power to meet the Philippines growing energy
demand. Instead of relying on imported energy resources like oil and gas, we can use the natural
resources that is already available for generating power. Hydroelectric power is considered clean
energy, meaning it does not harm the environment unlike conventional power like oil and gas
power plants. Clean renewable energy is an attractive option of power as the global market is
making renewable energy cheaper and more accessible to investors. This makes it important for
Filipino engineering students to study different types of power plants, renewable or conventional
in order to know the technical, economical aspects and government policy that revolve around
designing and maintaining power plants in the Philippines. This paper explores a 4MW run off
river hydroelectric power plant to be built in Talakag, Bukidnon at the Cagayan de Oro river and
assumes that the power plant proposed in this study will only power the Talakag region hence
grid connections and cost will be ignored. This study focuses on the technical calculations, rough
estimated initial costs and the economic feasibility of the run of river plant.
Introduction
The Philippines is an emerging economy and its economy has greatly shifted from
agriculture to industry.In terms of energy use, conventional fossil fuels (oil and gas) are the main
source for its primary energy demands. According to the 2011 primary energy consumption of
the Philippines, 31% of the consumption was met by oil, 20% by coal, 22% by geothermal, 12%
by biomass, 6% by hydro and 1% by other renewable energy like wind, solar and biofuel.As a
developing country, the Philippine energy demand is exponentially increasing by about 5.7%
every year. It is expected that by 2040, the additional capacity needed by the Philippines will be
at 43.8GW. Renewable energy plays a large role in the energy mix or diversity and supply
energy . Some of the policies are income tax holiday up to 7 years, duty-free import of
equipment for renewable energy technologies and so on. In 2012, the government launched the
new feed-in tariff (FIT) which are payments to energy producers for creating renewable energy.
There are three different types of hydroelectric power plants. These are impoundment,
run of river and pumped storage. Impoundment facilities uses a dam to store river water in a
reservoir and would normally have high effective head. Run of river facilities uses a weir and
intake to divert a portion of a river to the penstock and has low to medium effective head. Pump
storage works like a battery in a way that it pumps water uphill to a higher reservoir from a
second lower reservoir. During periods of high electrical demand, the water is released back to
This study explores the possibility of a run of river type hydroelectric power plant on
the Cagayan de Oro river at Talakag, Bukidnon powering only the province of Talakag and not
considering the Mindanao main grid or any grid cost. The Cagayan de Oro river is chosen
because the elevation and hydrometry data was available for this river. These data gives this
study the possibility to plan a rough design a run of river hydroelectric power plant in Cagayan
de Oro river.
3.65MW.
Pro
ject
ed
Lo
ads
roje
cted
energy demand growth starting from 2015 will be at 52.26% and 234.65% by 2021 and 2046
respectively. Talakag experiences peak loads during the months of November to February. Other
2021 2046
Science and Technology for flood forecasting and flood hazard mapping of the Cagayan de Oro
river basin. Their data shows that the minimum volumetric flow of the river is 80m3/s and
and Technology. This study used the Cala-Cala section because it is upstream and closer to our
planned site. This study used the river velocity 0.7174 m/s for our calculations.
Elev
atio
Dat
This data was taken from Google Earth. The elevation at the intake and headrace is 675m
above sea level. The elevation at the tailrace is 645m above sea level. This gives us a gross head
of 30m. We can also determine the penstock length and headrace length through Google Earth
efficiency from manufacturer which is 95.6%, we can get the turbine power needed from the
formula:
Pturbine = 4,186.08 kw
Using the turbine power and the turbine efficiency provided by the manufacturer (91%),
we can get the water power needed for the penstock using the formula:
Pwater = 4600 kw
To predict the performance of the turbine, we need to compute for the specific speed (N =
450rpm).
Ns = 0.2623N(√𝑘𝑘)/ h5/4
Ns = 122.89
From the table below, the turbine we need to use based on the specific speed computed is
a kaplan turbine.
Penstock Design
The water velocity that will be used for the penstock is 4 times the river velocity, which
is 2.87m/s. The volumetric flow rate of water inside the penstock that will be used is 17.55 m3/s.
Using these variables we can get the penstock diameter with the formulas:
Apenstock = 6.12 m2
Dpenstock = √6.12 ∗ 4/ 𝑘
Dpenstock = 2.79m
Using the Darcy friction head loss coefficient formula, we can now get the head loss
Hf = 𝑘𝑘𝑘2 /2𝑘𝑘
Hf = 3.281m
Using the gross head of 30m and the friction head loss of 3.281m, it is now possible to
He = Hg - Hf
He = 30m - 3.281m
He = 26.72m
Calculating for the penstock efficiency using the gross head and effective head:
epenstock = He / Hg
epenstock = 89.06%
Material JIS SS400 Carbon Steel
Length 136.34m
Diameter 2.79m
The intake must be designed to divert 22.55m3/s of water from the Cagayan de Oro river
to fill up the forebay, which acts as the pondage or storage of water for the penstock.
The weir must be able to discharge, according to the hydrometry data, a maximum of of
102.45 m3/s. This value was taken by subtracting the maximum river discharge of 125m3/s to the
If we assume W = 3h, we can calculate the height and width of the weir which is 3.34m
Width 50m
Height 10m
Q in headrace 22.55m3/s
Q in penstock 17.55m3/s
Q of spillway 4.45m3/s
To make sure that the safe compressive strength done on the forebay is less than the safe
load of 218 tons/m2, we need to get the area of one side of the forebay
Aforebay = 250m2
Using the area of the forebay and the maximum weight of water stored in the forebay, we
can now get the compressive force done on the sides of the forebay
Since 99.7 tons/m2 is less than the required maximum safe compressive force of 218
A spillway is needed in the forebay in order to discharge excess water coming from the
headrace. To compute the area needed for the spillway, we need to get the discharge difference
between the headrace and penstock and the velocity of the water from the intake which is equal
Aspillway = 10.45m2
The time it takes to fill up the forebay before discharge on the spillway occurs is:
following formula:
Vf = Wf / 𝜌
Vf = 22.47 m3
The turbine diameter according the the manufacturer is 3.5m. We can assume that the
bedplate width or diameter is 3.6m. Using the bedplate width, we can get the upper width of the
a = w +2c
a = 4.2m
Getting the lower width of the foundation (b), we assume that the width is equal to the
length of the foundation. We shall also assume a factor of safety of 5 and a soil bearing capacity
of 3000 lbs/ft2.
b = √𝑘(𝑘 𝑘 )/(𝑘 𝑘)
b = 4.67m
Using the upper and lower width of the foundation, we can now get the depth of the
machine foundation.
h = 2Vf / (a+b)b
h = 1.08m
To determine the weight of foundation per ton, we divide the weight of foundation to the
volume of foundation.
To determine the compressive force done on the foundation, we use the formula;
forces of 2.66 tons/m3 and 218.73 tons/m2 respectively. The weight of steel bar reinforcements is
Below is the data needed for the cement mix of concrete and the amount of materials
Generator
● 450 rpm
● 16 poles
● 4000 kw capacity
● 60 Hz
● 95.6% efficiency
TURBINE
● 2234-10498 kw capacity
● 91% efficiency
The material cost is taken from the Norwegian Water Resources and Energy Directorate.
Using different costs from different projects, they projected the average cost of different
equipment using power capacity, volumetric flow and other important factors.
Generator 19,230,000.00
Penstock 30,970,260.82
Headrace 19,084,136.01
Forebay 6,105,000.00
Building 26,622,945
Intake 12,916,150
Trashrack 1,025,600
Transformer 18,460,800
Land 10,260,673.08
according to the IRENA cost analysis. This study will assume 4% of the initial cost will be the
To identify the estimated return of investment and plant profit and revenue, we must
Using these factors, it is estimated that the initial investment will be paid after 6 years of
operation (2024), Maximum ROI will be achieved after 19 years of plant operation at 126.10%.
At year 19, it is expected that the total return of investment will be at Php 503,167,910.14.
The plant will be profitable until the 19th year of operation. This is because of the
combination of rising maintenance cost, feed in tariff regression and the 10% discount rate
Sources & References
● https://www.doe.gov.ph/sites/default/files/pdf/announcements/acd_15_phil_energy_plan
_2017-2040.pdf
● https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1876610217323263
● http://www.fitariffs.co.uk/fits/
● https://www.energy.gov/eere/water/types-hydropower-plants
● https://dream.upd.edu.ph/assets/Publications/UP-DREAM-River-Reports/FMC/DREAM-
Flood-Forecasting-and-Flood-Hazard-Mapping-for-Cagayan-de-Oro-River-Basin.pdf
● http://cdo.ustp.edu.ph/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/5.-IECT0915.pdf
● https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1876610214007395
● https://www.iea.org/policiesandmeasures/pams/philippines/name-43253-en.php
● https://www.irena.org/documentdownloads/publications/re_technologies_cost_analysis-
hydropower.pdf
● http://www.codecogs.com/library/engineering/fluid_mechanics/machines/turbines/specifi
c-speed-and-unit-conditions.php
● https://qd-greef.en.made-in-china.com/product/pXHQKLYuRfUG/China-50Hz-60Hz-
Permanent-Magnet-Generator-for-Hydro-Wind-Turbine.html
● http://www.electway.net/product/Horizontal_type_generator.html