EDUCATIONAL PURPOSE

Contents

 1History
o 1.1Technology
o 1.2Application
 2Uses
o 2.1Crime prevention
o 2.2Industrial processes
o 2.3Traffic monitoring
o 2.4Transport safety
o 2.5Sporting events
o 2.6Monitor employees
o 2.7Use in schools
o 2.8Criminal use
o 2.9Home security
 3Prevalence
o 3.1United States
o 3.2United Kingdom
o 3.3Canada
o 3.4South Africa
o 3.5Around the world
 4Video surveillance and terrorism
 5Privacy
 6Technological developments
o 6.1Computer-controlled analytics and identification
o 6.2Retention, storage and preservation
o 6.3Closed-circuit digital photography (CCDP)[105]
o 6.4IP cameras
o 6.5Networking CCTV cameras
o 6.6Integrated systems
o 6.7Wireless security cameras
o 6.8Talking CCTV
 7 Counter measures
 8 CCTV camera vandalism
 9 Cost
Abstract:

The demand for remote monitoring by high-definition, high-quality video has been growing as
high-definition surveillance cameras come on the market and mobile networks for transmitting
that video become capable of higher speeds and larger capacities. We have developed a
prototype high-definition surveillance-camera system to meet this demand using surveillance
cameras capable of shooting high-definition video and a transcoder / camera-control gateway.
Our system uses protocols defined by Peer-to-peer Universal Computing Consortium (PUCC) to
control various kinds of devices over a peer-to-peer network. This system enables remote high-
quality video monitoring from mobile phones by controlling a HDTV-quality video camera using
PUCC protocol.

Introduction

A growing awareness of the need for crime prevention and disaster prevention has led to the
widespread use of remote monitoring using video cameras. For crime prevention, surveillance
cameras are installed in residential areas, shopping districts, financial institutions, and public
transportation facilities to monitor for and record intruders and suspicious individuals. For
disaster prevention, cameras are installed alongside rivers, near volcanoes, and alongside roads
to check for abnormal activity. In this way, remote monitoring has come to be used in a wide
range of fields, but users are now expressing a desire to capture situations with even more detail
by high-quality, high-definition video.
Closed Circuit Television ( CCTV ) Cameras:

Closed-Circuit Television (CCTV), also known as video surveillance, is the use of video
cameras to transmit a signal to a specific place, on a limited set of monitors. It differs
from broadcast television in that the signal is not openly transmitted, though it may employ point
to point (P2P), point to multipoint (P2MP), or mesh wired or wireless links. Though almost all
video cameras fit this definition, the term is most often applied to those used for surveillance in
areas that may need monitoring such as banks, stores, and other areas where security is needed.
Though Video telephony is seldom called "CCTV" one exception is the use of video in distance
education, where it is an important tool.
Surveillance of the public using CCTV is common in many areas around the world. In recent
years, the use of body worn video cameras has been introduced as a new form of surveillance,
often used in law enforcement, with cameras located on a police officer's chest or head. Video
surveillance has generated significant debate about balancing its use with individuals' right to
privacy even when in public.
In industrial plants, CCTV equipment may be used to observe parts of a process from a central
control room, for example when the environment is not suitable for humans. CCTV systems may
operate continuously or only as required to monitor a particular event. A more advanced form of
CCTV, utilizing digital video recorders (DVRs), provides recording for possibly many years,
with a variety of quality and performance options and extra features (such as motion detection
and email alerts). More recently, decentralized IP cameras, some equipped with megapixel
sensors, support recording directly to network-attached storage devices, or internal flash for
completely stand-alone operation.
There are about 350 million surveillance cameras worldwide as of 2016. About 65% of these
cameras are installed in Asia. The growth of CCTV has been slowing in recent years.
History:

The first CCTV system was installed by Siemens AG at Test Stand VII in Peenemünde , Nazi
Germany in 1942, for observing the launch of V-2 rockets. The noted German engineer Walter
Bruch was responsible for the technological design and installation of the system.
In the U.S. the first commercial closed-circuit television system became available in 1949, called
Vericon. Very little is known about Vericon except it was advertised as not requiring a
government permit.

Technology:

The earliest video surveillance systems involved constant monitoring because there was no way
to record and store information. The development of reel-to-reel media enabled the recording of
surveillance footage. These systems required magnetic tapes to be changed manually, which was
a time consuming, expensive and unreliable process, with the operator having to manually thread
the tape from the tape reel through the recorder onto an empty take-up reel. Due to these
shortcomings, video surveillance was not widespread. VCR technology became available in the
1970s, making it easier to record and erase information, and use of video surveillance became
more common.

During the 1990s, digital multiplexing was developed, allowing several cameras to record at
once, as well as time lapse and motion-only recording. This increased savings of time and money
which then led to an increase in the use of CCTV.
Recently CCTV technology has been enhanced with a shift toward Internet-based products and
systems, and other technological developments.
Applications:

In September 1968, Olean, New York was the first city in the United States to install video
cameras along its main business street in an effort to fight crime. Another early appearance was
in 1973 in Times Square in New York City. The NYPD installed it in order to deter crime that
was occurring in the area; however, crime rates did not appear to drop much due to the
cameras. Nevertheless, during the 1980s video surveillance began to spread across the country
specifically targeting public areas. It was seen as a cheaper way to deter crime compared to
increasing the size of the police departments. Some businesses as well, especially those that were
prone to theft, began to use video surveillance. From the mid-1990s on, police departments
across the country installed an increasing number of cameras in various public spaces including
housing projects, schools and public parks departments. CCTV later became common in banks
and stores to discourage theft, by recording evidence of criminal activity. In 1998, 3,000 CCTV
systems were in use in New York City. A study by Nieto in 2008 found many businesses in the
United States had invested heavily in video surveillance technology to protect products and
promote safe workplace and consumer environments. A nationwide survey of a wide variety of
companies found that 75 percent utilize CCTV surveillance. In private sector CCTV surveillance
technology is operated in a wide variety of establishments such as in industry/manufacturing,
retailing, financial/insurance/banking, transportation and distribution, utilities/communications,
health care, and hotels/motels.
Experiments in the UK during the 1970s and 1980s, including outdoor CCTV in Bournemouth in
1985, led to several larger trial programs later that decade. The first use by local government was
in King's Lynn, Norfolk, in 1987. These were deemed successful in the government report
"CCTV: Looking Out For You", issued by the Home Office in 1994, and paved the way for an
increase in the number of CCTV systems installed. Today, systems cover most town and city
centres, and many stations, car-parks and estates.
Uses:

Crime Prevention:

A 2009 systematic review by researchers from Northeastern University and University of

Cambridge used meta-analytic techniques to pool the average effect of CCTV on crime across 41
different studies. The results indicated that

1. CCTV caused a significant reduction of crime by on average 16%.

2. The largest effects of CCTV were found in car parks, where cameras reduced crime by on
average 51%.
3. CCTV schemes in other public settings had small and non-statistically significant effects
on crime: 7% reduction in city and town centers and 23% reduction in public transport
settings.
4. When sorted by country, systems in the United Kingdom accounted for the majority of
the decrease; the drop in other areas was insignificant.

Industrial processes:

Industrial processes that take place under conditions dangerous for humans are today often
supervised by CCTV. These are mainly processes in the chemical industry, the interior of
reactors or facilities for manufacture of nuclear fuel. Special cameras for some of these purposes
include line-scan cameras and thermographic cameras which allow operators to measure the
temperature of the processes. The usage of CCTV in such processes is sometimes required by
law.

Traffic monitoring:

Many cities and motorway networks have extensive traffic-monitoring systems, using closed-
circuit television to detect congestion and notice accidents.[42] Many of these cameras however,
are owned by private companies and transmit data to drivers' GPS systems.
The UK Highways Agency has a publicly owned CCTV network of over 3000 Pan-Tilt-
Zoom cameras covering the British motorway and trunk road network. These cameras are
primarily used to monitor traffic conditions and are not used as speed cameras. With the
addition of fixed cameras for the active traffic management system, the number of
cameras on the Highways Agency's CCTV network is likely to increase significantly over
the next few years.
 The London congestion charge is enforced by cameras positioned at the boundaries of
and inside the congestion charge zone, which automatically read the licence plates of
cars. If the driver does not pay the charge then a fine will be imposed. Similar systems
are being developed as a means of locating cars reported stolen.
Other surveillance cameras serve as traffic enforcement cameras.

Sporting events:

Many sporting events in the United States use CCTV inside the venue for fans to see the
action while they are away from their seats. The cameras send the feed to a central control
center where a producer selects feeds to send to the television monitors that fans can view.
CCTV monitors for viewing the event by attendees are often placed in lounges, hallways,
and restrooms. This use of CCTV is not used for surveillance purposes.

Transport safety:

A CCTV system may be installed where any example, on a subway train, CCTV cameras may
allow the operator to confirm that people are clear of doors before closing them and starting the
train.

Monitor employees:

Organizations use CCTV to monitor the actions of workers. Every action is recorded as an
information block with subtitles that explain the performed operation. This helps to track the
actions of workers, especially when they are making critical financial transactions, such as
correcting or cancelling of a sale, withdrawing money or altering personal information.
Actions which an employer may wish to monitor could include:

 Scanning of goods, selection of goods, introduction of price and quantity;

 Input and output of operators in the system when entering passwords;
 Deleting operations and modifying existing documents;
 Implementation of certain operations, such as financial statements or operations with cash;
 Moving goods, revaluation scrapping and counting;
 Control in the kitchen of fast food restaurants;
 Change of settings, reports and other official functions.
Each of these operations is transmitted with a description, allowing detailed monitoring of all
actions of the operator. Some systems allow the user to search for a specific event by time of
occurrence and text description, and perform statistical evaluation of operator behaviour. This
allows the software to predict deviations from the standard workflow and record only anomalous
behaviour.

Use in schools:

In the United States, Britain, Australia and New Zealand, CCTV is widely used in school due to
its success in preventing bullying, vandalism, monitoring visitors and maintaining a record of
evidence in the event of a crime. There are some restrictions on installation, with cameras not
being installed in an area where there is a "reasonable expectation of privacy", such as
bathrooms, gym locker areas and private offices (unless consent by the office occupant is given).
Сameras are generally acceptable in hallways, parking lots, front offices where students,
employees, and parents come and go, gymnasiums, cafeterias, supply rooms and classrooms. The
installation of cameras in classrooms may be objected to by some teachers.

Criminal use:

Criminals may use surveillance cameras to monitor the public. For example, a hidden camera at
an ATM can capture people's PINs as they are entered, without their knowledge. The devices are
small enough not to be noticed, and are placed where they can monitor the keypad of the
machine as people enter their PINs. Images may be transmitted wirelessly to the criminal.

Home security
In the early to mid 2000s, companies including ADT, LiveWatch, and SimpliSafe started
offering CCTVs to the consumer market for home safety and security. Cameras typically come
as part of alarm monitoring packages that may also include fire and flood detection.
Prevalence:

There are an estimated 350 million surveillance cameras worldwide as of 2016 compared with
about 160 million in 2012. About 65% of these cameras are installed in Asia. The growth of
CCTV has been slowing in recent years.

United States:

There were an estimated 30 million surveillance cameras in the United States in 2011. Video
surveillance has been common in the United States since the 1990s; for example, one
manufacturer reported net earnings of $120 million in 1995. With lower cost and easier
installation, sales of home security cameras increased in the early 21st century. Following
the September 11 attacks, the use of video surveillance in public places became more common to
deter future terrorist attacks. Under the Homeland Security Grant Program, government grants
are available for cities to install surveillance camera networks. In 2009, there were an estimated
15,000 CCTV systems in Chicago, many linked to an integrated camera network. New York
City's Domain Awareness System has 6,000 video surveillance cameras linked together, there
are over 4,000 cameras on the subway system (although nearly half of them do not work), and
two-thirds of large apartment and commercial buildings use video surveillance cameras. In the
Washington D.C.-area, there are more than 30,000 surveillance cameras in schools, and
the Metro has nearly 6,000 cameras in use across the system.

United Kingdom:

In the United Kingdom, the vast majority of CCTV cameras are not operated by
government bodies, but by private individuals or companies, especially to monitor the
interiors of shops and businesses. According to 2011 Freedom of Information Actrequests,
the total number o0f local government operated CCTV cameras was around 52,000 over
the entirety of the UK.
Although specific legalities of running a home CCTV system in the UK are rather vague there
are published rules and regulations that although are mostly common sense, do include some
laws that most people may not be aware of, including registering with ICO as a data controller if
any CCTV camera catch images of any of the public on, or outside of your property.
An article published in CCTV Image magazine estimated the number of private and local
government operated cameras in the United Kingdom was 1.85 million in 2011. The estimate
was based on extrapolating from a comprehensive survey of public and private cameras within
the Cheshire Constabulary jurisdiction. This works out as an average of one camera for every 32
people in the UK, although the density of cameras varies greatly from place to place. The
Cheshire report also claims that the average person on a typical day would be seen by 70 CCTV
cameras.[66]
The Cheshire figure is regarded as more dependable than a previous study by Michael McCahill
and Clive Norris of Urban Eye published in 2002. Based on a small sample in Putney High
Street, McCahill and Norris extrapolated the number of surveillance cameras in Great London to
be around 500,000 and the total number of cameras in the UK to be around 4,200,000. According
to their estimate the UK has one camera for every 14 people. Although it has been acknowledged
for several years that the methodology behind this figure is flawed,it has been widely quoted.
Furthermore, the figure of 500,000 for Greater London is often confused with the figure for the
police and local government operated cameras in the City of London, which was about 650 in
2011.
The CCTV User Group estimated that there were around 1.5 million private and local
government CCTV cameras in city centres, stations, airports, and major retail areas in the
UK. This figure does not include the smaller surveillance systems such as those that may be
found in local corner shops and is therefore broadly in line with the Cheshire report.
Research conducted by the Scottish Centre for Crime and Justice Research and based on a survey
of all Scottish local authorities, identified that there are over 2,200 public space CCTV cameras
in Scotland.
Defra made it legal in 2017 to have all Abbatoirs in the UK now covered by CCTV to prevent
cruelty to animals during the slaughter process.
Canada:

Project SCRAM is a policing effort by the Halton Regional Police Service to register and help
consumers understand the complex issues of privacy and safety that confront households when
dealing with installations of home security systems. "The SCRAM program enables community
members to voluntarily identify and register their residential video surveillance equipment
through a simple, secure, confidential, online form."It has not been extended to commercial
businesses. A wide-ranging effort to provide registration and monitoring of home security and
systems. "Security camera registration and monitoring is a community-based crime prevention
opportunity and investigative tool that enlists the help of residents and can help prevent crime on
three levels. Residential video surveillance cameras can deter criminals from entering the area,
can prevent crimes from occurring and help solve crimes by providing valuable evidence to
the police."

South Africa:
In South Africa due to the high crime rate CCTV surveillance is widely prevalent but the country
has been slow to implement the latest technology e.g. the first IP camera was released in 1996 by
Axis Communications but IP cameras didn't arrive in South Africa till 2008. In order to regulate
the number of suppliers in 2001 the Private Security Industry Regulation Act was passed
requiring all security companies to be registered with the Private Security Industry Regulatory
Authority (PSIRA).
Around the world:

In Latin America, the CCTV market is growing rapidly with the increase of
property crime. In Asia, different human activities attracted the use of
surveillance camera systems and services, including but not limited to business
and related industries, transportation, sports, and care for the environment.

Video surveillance and terrorism

Material collected by surveillance cameras has been used as a tool in post-event forensics to
identify tactics, techniques and perpetrators of terrorist attacks. Furthermore, there are various
projects − such as INDECT− that aim to detect suspicious behaviors of individuals and
crowds. It has been argued that terrorists won't be deterred by cameras, that terror attacks aren't
really the subject of the current use of video surveillance and that terrorists might even see it as
an extra channel for propaganda and publication of their acts. In Germany calls for extended
video surveillance by the country's main political parties, SPD, CDU and CSU have been
dismissed as "little more than a place for a subjective feeling of security".

Privacy:

Many civil liberties campaign groups, academics and consultants have published research papers
into CCTV systems. Opponents of CCTV point out the loss of privacy of people under
surveillance, and the negative impact of surveillance on civil liberties. Furthermore, they argue
that CCTV displaces crime, rather than reducing it. Critics often dub CCTV as "Big Brother
surveillance", a reference to George Orwell's novel Nineteen Eighty-Four, which featured a two-
way tele-screen in every home through which The Party would monitor the populace.
Proponents of CCTV cameras argue that cameras are effective at deterring and solving crime,
and that appropriate regulation and legal restrictions on surveillance of public spaces can provide
sufficient protections so that an individual's right to privacy can reasonably be weighed against
the benefits of surveillance. However, anti-surveillance activists have held that there is a right to
privacy in public areas. Furthermore, while it is true that there may be scenarios wherein a
person's right to public privacy can be both reasonably and justifiably compromised, some
scholars have argued that such situations are so rare as to not sufficiently warrant the frequent
compromising of public privacy rights that occurs in regions with widespread CCTV
surveillance. For example, in her book Setting the Watch: Privacy and the Ethics of CCTV
Surveillance, Beatrice von Silva-Tarouca Larsen argues that CCTV surveillance is ethically
permissible only in "certain restrictively defined situations", such as when a specific location has
a "comprehensively documented and significant criminal threat". Her central reasoning is that
widespread CCTV surveillance violates citizens' rights to privacy and anonymity within
the public sphere by jeopardizing both their liberty and dignity. She concludes that CCTV
surveillance should therefore be reserved for specific circumstances in which there are clear and
reasonably demonstrated benefits to its implementation and few ethical compromises.
In the United States, the Constitution does not explicitly include the right to privacy although
the Supreme Court has said several of the amendments to the Constitution implicitly grant this
right. Access to video surveillance recordings may require a judge's writ, which is readily
available. However, there is little legislation and regulation specific to video surveillance.
All countries in the European Union are signatories to the European Convention on Human
Rights which protects individual rights including the right to privacy. The EU's Data Protection
Directive regulates access to personal data including CCTV recordings. This directive is
translated into the national law of each country within the European Union.
In the United Kingdom the Data Protection Act 1998 imposes legal restrictions on the uses of
CCTV recordings and mandates the registration of CCTV systems with the Data Protection
Agency. In 2004, the successor to the Data Protection Agency, the Information Commissioner's
Office clarified that this required registration of all CCTV systems with the Commissioner, and
prompt deletion of archived recordings. However, subsequent case law (Durant vs. FSA) limited
the scope of the protection provided by this law, and not all CCTV systems are currently
regulated. Nonetheless, private sector personnel in the UK who operate or monitor CCTV
devices or systems are considered security guards and have been made subject to state licensing.
A 2007 report by the UK Information Commissioner's Office, highlighted the need for the public
to be made more aware of the growing use of surveillance and the potential impact on civil
liberties. In the same year, a campaign group claimed the majority of CCTV cameras in the UK
are operated illegally or are in breach of privacy guidelines. In response, the Information
Commissioner's Office rebutted the claim and added that any reported abuses of the Data
Protection Act are swiftly investigated. Even if there are some concerns arising from the use of
CCTV such as involving privacy, more commercial establishments are still installing CCTV
systems in the UK.
In 2012, the UK government enacted the Protection of Freedoms Act which includes several
provisions related to controlling and restricting the collection, storage, retention, and use of
information about individuals. Under this Act, the Home Office published a code of practice in
2013 for the use of surveillance cameras by government and local authorities. The aim of the
code is to help ensure their use is "characterized as surveillance by consent, and such consent on
the part of the community must be informed consent and not assumed by a system operator.
Surveillance by consent should be regarded as analogous to policing by consent."
In Canada, the use of video surveillance has grown very rapidly. In Ontario, both
the municipal and provincial versions of the Freedom of Information and Protection of Privacy
Act outline very specific guidelines that control how images and information can be gathered by
this method and or released. In some areas in Ontario the use of surveillance cameras are strictly
prohibited and controlled based on individual by-laws.
Computer-controlled analytics and identification:
Computer-controlled cameras can identify, track, and categorize objects in their field of view.
Video content analysis (VCA) is the capability of automatically analyzing video to detect and
determine temporal events not based on a single image. As such, it can be seen as the automated
equivalent of the biological visual cortex.
A system using VCA can recognize changes in the environment and even identify and compare
objects in the database using size, speed, and sometimes color. The camera's actions can be
programmed based on what it is "seeing". For example; an alarm can be issued if an object has
moved in a certain area, or if a painting is missing from a wall, or if a smoke or fire is detected,
or if running people are detected, or if fallen people are detected and if someone has spray
painted the lens, as well as video loss, lens cover, defocus and other so called camera tampering
events.
VCA analytics can also be used to detect unusual patterns in an environment. The system can be
set to detect anomalies in a crowd, for instance a person moving in the opposite direction in
airports where passengers are supposed to walk only in one direction out of a plane or in a
subway where people are not supposed to exit through the entrances.
VCA can track people on a map by calculating their position from the images. It is then possible
to link many cameras and track a person through an entire building or area. This can allow a
person to be followed without having to analyze many hours of film. Currently the cameras have
difficulty identifying individuals from video alone, but if connected to a key-card system,
identities can be established and displayed as a tag over their heads on the video.
There is also a significant difference in where the VCA technology is placed, either the data is
being processed within the cameras (on the edge) or by a centralized server. Both technologies
have their pros and cons.
A facial recognition system is a computer application for automatically identifying or verifying
a person from a digital image or a video frame from a video source. One of the ways to do this is
by comparing selected facial features from the image and a facial database.
The combination of CCTV and facial recognition has been tried as a form of mass surveillance,
but has been ineffective because of the low discriminating power of facial recognition
technology and the very high number of false positives generated. This type of system has been
proposed to compare faces at airports and seaports with those of suspected terrorists or other
undesirable entrants.
Computerized monitoring of CCTV images is under development, so that a human CCTV
operator does not have to endlessly look at all the screens, allowing an operator to observe many
more CCTV cameras. These systems do not observe people directly. Types of body-movement
behavior, or particular types of clothing or baggage.
To many, the development of CCTV in public areas, linked to computer databases of people's
pictures and identity, presents a serious breach of civil liberties. Conservative critics fear the
possibility that one would no longer have anonymityin public places. Demonstrations or
assemblies in public places could be affected as the state would be able to collate lists of those
leading them, taking part, or even just talking with protesters in the street. Comparatively
harmless are people counter systems. They use CCTV equipment as front end eyes of devices
which perform shape recognition technology in order to identify objects as human beings and
count people passing pre-defined areas.

Retention, storage and preservation:

Most CCTV systems may record and store digital video and images to a digital video
recorder (DVR) or, in the case of IP cameras, directly to a server, either on-site or offsite.
There is a cost in the retention of the images produced by CCTV systems. The amount and
quality of data stored on storage media is subject to compression ratios, images stored per
second, image size and is effected by the retention period of the videos or images. DVRs store
images in a variety of proprietary file formats. Recordings may be retained for a preset amount
of time and then automatically archived, overwritten or deleted, the period being determined by
the organisation that generated them.

Closed-circuit digital photography (CCDP):

Closed-circuit digital photography (CCDP) is more suited for capturing and saving
recorded high-resolution photographs, whereas closed-circuit television (CCTV) is more
suitable for live-monitoring purposes.
However, an important feature of some CCTV systems is the ability to take high resolution
images of the camera scene, e.g. on a time lapse or motion-detection basis. Images taken with a
digital still camera often have higher resolution than those taken with some video cameras.
Increasingly, low-cost high-resolution digital still cameras can also be used for CCTV purposes.
Images may be monitored remotely when the computer is connected to a network.

IP cameras:

A growing branch in CCTV is internet protocol cameras (IP cameras). It is estimated that 2014
was the first year that IP cameras outsold analog cameras. IP cameras use the Internet
Protocol(IP) used by most Local Area Networks(LANs) to transmit video across data networks
in digital form. IP can optionally be transmitted across the public internet, allowing users to view
their cameras through any internet connection available through a computer or a phone, this is
considered remote access. For professional or public infrastructure security applications, IP
video is restricted to within a private network or VPN ,or can be recorded onto a remote server.

Networking CCTV cameras:

The city of Chicago operates a networked video surveillance system which combines CCTV
video feeds of government agencies with those of the private sector, installed in city buses,
businesses, public schools, subway stations, housing projects etc. Even homeowners are able to
contribute footage. It is estimated to incorporate the video feeds of a total of 15,000 cameras.
The system is used by Chicago's Office of Emergency Management in case of an emergency
call: it detects the caller's location and instantly displays the real-time video feed of the nearest
security camera to the operator, not requiring any user intervention. While the system is far too
vast to allow complete real-time monitoring, it stores the video data for later usage in order to
provide possible evidence in criminal cases.
New York City has a similar network called the Domain Awareness System.
London also has a network of CCTV systems that allows multiple authorities to view and control
CCTV cameras in real time. The system allows authorities including the Metropolitan Police
Service, Transport for London and a number of London borough to share CCTV images
between them. It uses a network protocol called Television Network Protocol to allow access to
many more cameras than each individual system owner could afford to run and maintain.
The Glynn County Police Department uses a wireless mesh-networked system of portable
battery-powered tripods for live megapixel video surveillance and central monitoring of tactical
police situations. The systems can be used either on a stand-alone basis with secure
communications to nearby police laptops, or within a larger mesh system with multiple tripods
feeding video back to the command vehicle via wireless, and to police headquarters via 3G.

Integrated systems:

Integrated systems allow different security systems, like CCTV, access control, intruder alarms
and intercoms to operate together. For example, when an intruder alarm is activated, CCTV
cameras covering the intrusion area are recorded at a higher frame rate and transmitted to an
Alarm Receiving Centre.

Wireless security camera:

Many consumers are turning to wireless security cameras for home surveillance. Wireless
cameras do not require a video cable for video/audio transmission, simply a cable for power.
Wireless cameras are also easy and inexpensive to install, but lack the reliability of hard-wired
cameras. Previous generations of wireless security cameras relied on analog technology; modern
wireless cameras use digital technology which delivers crisper audio, sharper video, and a secure
and interference-free signal.

Talking CCTV:

In Wiltshire, UK, 2003, a pilot scheme for what is now known as "Talking CCTV" was put into
action; allowing operators of CCTV cameras to order offenders to stop what they were doing,
ranging from ordering subjects to pick up their rubbish and put it in a bin to ordering groups of
vandals to disperse. In 2005 Ray Mallon, the mayor and former senior police officer
of Middleborough implemented "Talking CCTV" in his area.
Other towns have had such cameras installed. In 2007 several of the devices were installed
in Bridlington town centre, East Riding of Yorkshire.

Countermeasures:

Due to the widespread implementation of surveillance cameras, glasses are being built which can
defeat CCTV cameras. In December 2016 a form of anti-CCTV and facial recognition sunglasses
called 'reflectacles' were invented by a custom-spectacle-craftsmen based in Chicago named
Scott Urban. They reflect infrared and, optionally, visible light which makes the users face a
white blur to cameras. The project easily surpassed its funding goal of $28,000 and reflectacles
will be commercially available by June 2017.

CCTV camera vandalism:

Unless physically protected, CCTV cameras have been found to be vulnerable against a variety
of (mostly illegal) tactics.]

 Some people will deliberately destroy cameras. Some cameras can come with dust-tight,
pressurized, explosion proof, and bullet-resistant housings.
 Spraying substances over the lens can make the image too blurry to view.
 Lasers can blind or damage them. However, since most lasers are monochromatic, color
filters can reduce the effect of laser pointers. But filters also impair image quality and overall
light sensitivity of cameras. Also, complete protection from lasers of any wavelength would
require use of completely black filters, rendering the camera useless.

Cost:

The security camera installation cost in Los Angeles, United States ranges from US$300 to
US$3,500. On average, however, the cost can be anywhere from US$893 – US$2,267. The price
will go up depending on specific requirements or the extent of the security that will be required.