PART B

Answer two (2) of the following three (3) questions.

QUESTION 4
(a)
For the rainfall estimation, the information reported back from an ascending radiosonde is
presented in Table Q4a.
i. If 85% of the precipitable water is produced from the air up to an elevation of 6400 m to
form rainfall at the ground level, what would be the depth of the rainfall?
ii. If the temperature at ground level is 20 °C and condensation occurs at 2000 metres ASL,
what would be the temperature at 4800 m?

Table Q4a
Elevation (m) 0 800 1200 2000 2800 3200 4800 5600 6400

Pressure (kPa) 100 97 95.5 92 89 87.5 80 77.5 75

Vapour pressure (kPa) 2.65 2.15 1.95 1.75 1.45 1.35 1.00 0.90 0.85

(b)
After the passage of a cyclone over the Northern Queensland, the rainfall stations A, B and C within
an urban catchment shown in Figure Q4b, recorded 8.5 mm, 12.5 mm and 9.0 mm respectively.
Estimate the average rainfall over the catchment by arithmetic and Thiessen polygon methods and
compare the results. (Outlet of the catchment shown as “O” at stormwater gauging station).

Figure Q4b
(c)
What is the monthly volume of evaporation in m3 from a 10 m by 5 m private pool with the following
data was measured on that day?

Net Radiation = 185 W/m2

Air Temperature = 25 °C
Humidity = 90 %
Wind run = 20 km/day measured at 2m above the surface
Wind function f(u) for that day can be calculated as (73 + 0.44u) W/m2/kPa (u is in km/day)
Vapour pressures are in kPa and Psychrometric constant can be taken as 0.065 kPa/°C.

(9 + 2 + 7 + 7 = 25 marks)

QUESTION 5

(a)
The ordinates of a 4-hour unit hydrograph with 1 cm excess are given in Table Q5a for2 hour intervals:
i. Estimate the size of the catchment in ha.
ii. Derive the 2-hour unit hydrograph for the catchment.

Table Q5a
Time (hr) 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16

U4(t) (m3/sec) 0 2.35 7.00 9.75 7.50 4.20 3.00 1.80 0

(b)
Estimate the runoff hydrograph for a rain lasting for 4 hours with rainfall excess of 6 mm in the first 2
hours and 18 mm in the second 2 hours.

(4 + 15 + 6 = 25 marks)
QUESTION 6
(a)
i. If the 100 yr and 10 yr ARI floods have a magnitude of 260 m3/s and 170 m3/s respectively
and assuming that the flood peaks are described by the Gumbel distribution, what is the
probability of having a flood as great or greater than 240 m3/s in any year?
ii. If the 240 m3/s flood is to be adopted as the design flood spillway, what is the probability
that the design flood will be exceeded at least once in a 5-year period of construction?

(b)
The time of concentration for a 2.5 ha catchment has been estimated as 20 minutes.

i. Using the Rational method, estimate the peak runoff for a storm of 25 mm/hr of 10
minutes’ duration. Assume the coefficient of runoff as 0.6 and the time-area relationship
to be linear.
ii. Plot the hydrograph and estimate the volume of runoff.

(11 + 4 + 6 + 4 = 25 marks)
 FORMULA SHEET
5 𝑦1 1
2 1
1 1 𝐴3 12 = (√1 + 8𝐹𝑟22 − 1)
𝑄 = 𝐴𝑅ℎ3 𝑆02 = 𝑆 𝑦2 2
𝑛 𝑛 23 0
𝑃

(𝑦2 − 𝑦1 )3
1 ℎ𝐿 =
𝑞2 3 4𝑦1 𝑦2
𝑦𝑐 = ( )
𝑔

𝑏𝑠 𝑄 2
1=
2 𝑔𝐴3
𝑦𝑐 = 𝐸𝑐
3
𝐸2 − 𝐸1
𝐿=
𝑆0 − 𝑆̅𝑓
𝑉
𝐹𝑟 =
√𝑔𝑦𝑚 𝐾𝑉 2
ℎ𝐿 =
2𝑔

𝑉2 𝐾|𝑉22 − 𝑉12 |
𝐸 =𝑦+ ℎ𝐿 =
2𝑔 2𝑔

2
𝑄 = 𝐶𝑑 𝐿′ √2𝑔𝐻 3
3

𝐿′ = 𝐿 − 0.1𝑛𝐻

8 𝜃 5
𝑄= 𝐶𝑑 √2𝑔 tan ( ) 𝐻 2
15 2

3
𝑄 = 𝐶𝑏𝐻 2

𝑄2
𝑀 = 𝐴ℎ̅ +
𝑔𝐴

𝐹
= 𝑀1 − 𝑀2
𝜌𝑔

𝑦2 1
= (√1 + 8𝐹𝑟12 − 1)
𝑦1 2
 𝑎𝑇
𝑒𝑠 = 0.6108 exp ( )
𝑇+𝑏 (𝑓0 − 𝑓𝑐 )(1 − 𝑒 −𝑘𝑡 )
𝐹 = ∫ 𝑓. 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑓𝑐 𝑡 +
𝑘
𝑑𝑒𝑠 𝑎𝑏𝑒𝑠
= ∆=
𝑑𝑇 (𝑇 + 𝑏)2 𝐷
𝑎 = 17.27 𝑏 = 237.3 𝑈𝐷/2 (𝑡) + 𝑈𝐷/2 (𝑡 − 2 )
𝑈𝐷 (𝑡) =
2
622𝑒
𝑞=
𝑝 𝑥 = 𝑥̅ + 𝐾𝑇 𝑆

Moisture Content = 0.1𝑞̅ × ∆𝑝 √6 1

𝐾𝑇 = − ( ) (0.5772 + ln (− ln (1 − )))
𝜋 𝑇
1 𝑁𝑥 𝑁𝑥 𝑁𝑥
𝑃𝑥 = ( 𝑃𝐴 + 𝑃𝐵 + 𝑃 )
3 𝑁𝐴 𝑁𝐵 𝑁𝐶 𝐶 𝐵 𝑔
𝐾𝑇 = 𝐵 (1 + 𝑔 (𝐵 + 1))
6 18
𝑊𝐴 𝑃𝐴 + 𝑊𝐵 𝑃𝐵 + 𝑊𝐶 𝑃𝐶 + 𝑊𝐷 𝑃𝐷
𝑃𝑥 =
∑𝑊 𝑔
𝐵 = 𝑧𝑇 −
6
1
𝑊=
𝑟2 t (y) 100 50 20 10
zT 2.326 2.054 1.645 1.282
𝜆 = 2.50025 − 0.002365𝑇

𝐸 = 𝑓(𝑢)(𝑒𝑠 − 𝑒𝑎 ) 1
𝑄= 𝐶𝐼𝐴
𝑓(𝑢) = 1.3 + 0.016𝑢 360

6.94(𝑛𝐿)0.6
∆. 𝑅𝑛 + 𝛾𝑓(𝑢)(𝑒𝑎𝑠 − 𝑒𝑎 ) 𝑡0 =
𝐸= 𝐼 0.4 𝑆 0.3
∆+𝛾
6.99(𝑛𝐿)0.6
900 𝑡0 =
0.408∆(𝑅𝑛 − 𝐺) + 𝛾 𝑇 + 273 𝑢2 (𝑒𝑠 − 𝑒𝑎 ) 𝑖𝑒0.4 𝑆00.3
𝐸𝑇 =
∆ + 𝛾(1 + 0.34𝑢2 )

𝑓 = 𝑓𝑐 + (𝑓0 − 𝑓𝑐 )𝑒 −𝑘𝑡