Sampling Theorem

• Presented by.,
• S.Shanmathee
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 ADC

• Generally signals are analog in nature (eg:speech,weather

signals).
• To process the analog signal by digital means, it is essential
to convert them to discrete-time signal , and then convert
them to a sequence of numbers.
• The process of converting an analog to digital signal is
‘Analog-to-Digital Conversion’.
• The ADC involves three steps which are:
1)Sampling
2)Quantization
3)coding

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 TYPES OF SIGNALS
• Analog signals: continuous in time and amplitude
– Example: voltage, current, temperature,…
• Digital signals: discrete both in time and amplitude
– Example: attendance of this class, digitizes analog
signals,…
• Discrete-time signal: discrete in time, continuous in
amplitude
– Example: hourly change of temperature in Austin

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• During sampling process, a continuous-time signal is
converted into discrete -time signals by taking samples
of continuous-time signal at discrete time intervals.

x(nTs)  x(t )
T=Sampling Interval
x (t)=Analog input signal

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•Sampling theorem gives the criteria for minimum number
of samples that should be taken.
•Sampling criteria:-”Sampling frequency must be
twice of the highest frequency”

fs=2W
fs=sampling frequency
w=higher frequency content 2/6/2015
2w also known as Nyquist rate
•Nyquist rate is defined as the minimum sampling rate for the
perfect reconstruction of the continuous time signals from
samples.
•Nyquist rate=2*highest frequency component
=2*W
•So sampling rate must be greater than or equal to nyquist rate

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•There are two parts,
representation of x(t) in its samples
reconstruction of x(t)
Representation of x(t) in its samples
1.Define x∂(t)
2.Take fourier transform of x∂(t)) (i.e) x∂(f)
3.Relation between x(f) and x∂(f)
4.Relation between x(t) and x(nTs)

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Reconstruction of x(t)
1.Take inverse fourier transform of x∂(f)
2.Show that x(t) is obtained back with the help of
interpolation function

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•While providing sampling theorem we considered fs=2W
•Consider the case that fs < 2W

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Effects of Aliasing,
1.Distortion.
2.The data is lost and it cannot be recovered.
To avoid Aliasing,
1.sampling rate must be fs>=2W.

2.strictly bandlimit the signal to ’W’.

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s(t )  5 cos(50t )  20 sin(300t )  10 cos(100t )
In general form, any continuous signal can be written as
S(t)=A1 cos(jw1t)+ A2 cos(jw2t)+ A3 cos(jw3t)

F1= w1/2∏ = 50∏/2∏ = 25HZ

F2= w2/2∏ = 300∏/2∏ = 150HZ
F3= w3/2∏ = 100∏/2∏ = 50HZ
Here, highest frequency component=150HZ
Hence Nyquist rate=2*150HZ=300HZ

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 s(t )  5 cos(200t )
•What is the minimum sampling rate(nyquist rate)?
Highest frequency=100HZ
So, Nyquist rate=2W=2*100=200HZ
•If sampling frequency is 400HZ then what is the discrete
time signal obtained?
f=freq of continuous signal/sampling freq
=100/400=1/4
Discrete time signal=5 cos(2∏fn)=5 cos (2∏*1/4 n)
=5 cos(∏n/2)
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“SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS”
by Dr.J.S.Chitode

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Optimist: "The glass is
half full."
Pessimist: "The glass is
half empty."
Engineer: "That glass is
twice as large as it
needs to be."
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