GSM TECHNOLOGY

CHAPTER 1

ABOUT THE COMPANY

Bharat Sanchar Nigam Ltd. was incorporated on 15th september 2000 . It took over the business of
providing of telecom services and network management from the erstwhile Central Government
Departments of Telecom Services (DTS) and Telecom Operations (DTO), with effect from 1st
October‘ 2000 on going concern basis.It is one of the largest & leading public sector units providing
comprehensive range of telecom services in India.

BSNL has installed Quality Telecom Network in the country & now focusing on improving it,
expanding the network, introducing new telecom services with ICT applications in villages & winning
customer's confidence. Today, it has about 36.42 million line basic telephone capacity, 7.13 million
WLL capacity, 95.96 million GSM capacity, 34,727 fixed exchanges, 1,17,090 GSM BTSs, 9,594
CDMA Towers, 102 Satellite Stations, 7,73,976 RKm. of OFC, 4751 RKm. of microwave network
connecting 646 districts, 4519cities/towns & 6.25 lakhs villages .

VISION:

 Be the leading telecom service provider in India with global presence.

 Create a customer focused organization with excellence in customer care, sales and marketing.
 Leverage technology to provide affordable and innovative telecom. Services/products across
customer segments.

MISSION:

 Be the leading telecom service provider in India with global presence.

 Becoming the most trusted, preferred and admired telecom brand
 Providing reliable telecom services that are value for money
 Generating value for all stakeholders – employees, shareholders, vendors & business
associates
 Excellence in customer service -friendly, reliable, time bound, convenient and courteous
service
 Offering differentiated products/services tailored to different service segments
 Developing a marketing and sales culture that is responsive to customer needs
 To explore International markets for Global presence

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 Maximizing return on existing assets with sustained focus on profitability

 Changing policies and processes to enable transparent, quick and efficient decision making.

OBJECTIVES:

 To increasing sales revenue with focus on subscriber retention & acquisition by way of
strengthening sales & marketing, quality of service and customer delivery
 Accelerate the pace of expansion of mobile & data services with up-gradation of
technology
 Increasing BSNL visibility in urban, sub-urban and rural areas
 Developing sales and marketing team with attitude towards customer care
 To improve customer care by reducing fault rate, upgrading Customer service Centres
(CSCs) and introducing convergent billing
 Providing a conducive work environment with strong focus on performance to enhance
customer delight towards BSNL services
 Leverage data services to increase BSNL’s customer’s base & revenues by providing
higher bandwidths capabilities for wire line and wireless broadband customers
 To strengthen company’s finances by gainful utilization of its assets through sharing /
monetization of existing infrastructure like land, building and sharing of passive
infrastructure like towers etc.
 Creating Wi-Fi Hot Spots and replacing Legacy wire line exchanges by Next Generation
Network.
 Expanding the reach of fiber network near to the customer premises particularly in
apartment complexes through FTTH in order to meet the ever increasing bandwidth
requirement for both data & video applications
 To leverage the existing infrastructure of BSNL thereby contributing towards nation
building by facilitating the execution of government programmes and initiatives viz.
National Optical Fiber Network (NOFN), Network for Spectrum (NFS), and dwelling on
Smart City concept
 To improve productivity by training and skill development and redeployment of legacy
manpower
 Developing knowledge pool exposed to latest technological advancements
 To explore opportunities in international telecom in developing markets

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CHAPTER 2

COMPANY PROFILE

Bharat Sanchar Nigam Ltd. was incorporated on 15 September 2000 and assumed the
business of providing telecom services and network management from the erstwhile Central
Government Departments of Telecom Services (DTS) and Telecom Operations (DTO) as of 1 October
2000 on a going-concern basis. It is the largest provider of fixed telephony and broadband
services with more than 60% market share, and is the fourth largest mobile telephony provider in
India.

Website: http://www.bsnl.co.in/.

Headquarters: New Delhi,India.

Company Type: Government owned.

Industry: Telecommunications Services:

BASIC AND LIMITED MOBILE TELEPHONE SERVICES: BSNL is the leading service
provider in the country in the Basic Telephone Services. As on 31.03.2012 more than

22.46 million Direct Exchange Lines & more than 4.003 Million WLL Telephone Connections are
existing. BSNL has provided a number of attractive tariff packages & Plans which shall further
strengthen its subscriber base.

CELLULAR MOBILE TELEPHONE SERVICES: BSNL’s GSM Technology based Cellular

Network reached a long way, covering 30,836 cities/towns with a subscriber base of over 9.450 crores
as on 31st March 2012 out of which 9.108 crores cellular telephones are in pre-paid segment.

INTERNET SERVICES: BSNL offers Dialup Internet services to the customers by Post- paid
service with the brand name ‘Netone’, and pre-paid service with the brand name ‘Sancharnet’. The
post-paid service is a CLI based access service. Sancharnet is available on local call basis throughout
India to 5 ISDN and PSTN subscribers. The Internet Dhaba scheme of the Company aims to further
promote Internet usage in rural and semi urban areas. To keep pace with the latest and varied value
added services to its customers, BSNL uses IP/MPLS based core to offer world class IP VPN services.
MPLS based VPNs is a very useful service for Corporate, as it reduces the cost involved as well as the

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complexity in setting up VPNs for customers networking. As on 31.07.2010, total Internet customer
base was 37,58,791 and 3289 blocks were covered with Internet Dhabas.

INTELLIGENT NETWORK: BSNL Intelligent Network provides value added services to

customers of fixed line and mobile. At present, BSNL offers Toll Free Phone (TFS), Premium Rate
Service (PRM), India Telephone Card (ITC) now called Universal ITC, Account Card Calling (ACC),
Virtual Private Network (VPN), Universal Access Number (UAN), tele-voting, Universal Personal
Number and Prepaid Fixed line general and PCO (FLPP General and FLPP PCO) IN services. The
Toll free Service (TFS) and Universal Access Number (UAN) are accessible from all Indian Telecom
Operators. The Indian Telephone Card facility with per second pulse and new value added services are
being provided throughout the country. These value added services are provided from five number of
new technology IN platforms (Four General purpose IN and One Mass Calling IN) at Ahmadabad,
Bangalore, Kolkata, Lucknow & Hyderabad.

BROADBAND SERVICES: BSNL has launched its broadband services under brand name “BSNL
BROADBAND” on 14-01-05. This offers High Speed Internet Access with speed ranging from 256
Kbps to 24 Mbps. Ever since its inception BSNL is continuously expanding its broadband network in
response to ever growing demand of broadband service throughout India. Present customer base is
76,86,033 with equipped capacity of 85,26,074. The services provided are

 High Speed Internet Connectivity.

 Band width on Demand (planned).
 Virtual Private Network (VPN) service over broadband.
 Dial VPN services to MPLS VPN customers.
 IPTV services.
 Games on Demand Service.
 VVoBB
 Entertainment portal.

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CHAPTER 3

3.1 INTRODUCTION
GSM stands for Global Services for Mobile communication and is an open, digital cellular
technology used for transmitting mobile voice and data services. GSM supports voice calls and data
transfer speeds of up to 9.6 kbit/s, together with the transmission of SMS (Short Message Service).

This technology is globally accepted and most popular among all countries. It is started in
Europe to integrate all countries with wireless communication. Earlier each country in Europe has its
own standard for wireless communication ,so due to this a person cannot use the same mobile in two
different country and cannot even communicate with the same mobile in different countries, so due
to this fragmentation problem occurred. So to overcome this problem European Union (EU) came
with GSM technology that is accepted by whole continent and standardized by ITU-T. It is a 2 G
technology and world’s first cellular technology and it is most popular 2G technology. Today GSM
operator has largest customer base. In India total cellular operator have more than 550 million
customers and GSM has more than 400 million customer bases alone. It is a second generation
cellular standard developed to cater voice services and data delivery using digital modulation.

Figure 3.1 GSM

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3.2 OBJECTIVES OF GSM

1) To eliminate the fragmentation problem in European Union.

2) To allow interaction with ISDN and PSTN.

3.3 THE GOALS OF GSM

1) Improved spectrum efficiency

2) International roaming

3) Low-cost mobile sets and base stations

4) High-quality speech

5) Compatibility with ISDN and other telephone

6) Company services.

7) Support for new services

3.4 SPECIFICATIONS AND CHARACTERISTICS FOR GSM:

1) Frequency band – the frequency range specified for GSM is 1,850 to 1,990 MHz (mobile
station to base station).
2) Duplex distance – the duplex distance is 80 MHz. Duplex distance is the distance
between the uplink and downlink frequencies. A channel has two frequencies, 80 MHz
apart.
3) Channel separation – the separation between adjacent carrier frequencies. In GSM, this
is 200 kHz.
4) Modulation – Modulation is the process of sending a signal by changing the
characteristics of a carrier frequency. This is done in GSM via Gaussian minimum shift
keying (GMSK).
5) Transmission rate – GSM is a digital system with an over-the-air bit rate of 270 kbps.
6) Access method – GSM utilizes the time division multiple access (TDMA) concept.
TDMA is a technique in which several different calls may share the same carrier. Each
call is assigned a particular time slot.

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7) Speech coder – GSM uses linear predictive coding (LPC). The purpose of LPC is to
reduce the bit rate. The LPC provides parameters for a filter that mimics the vocal tract.

3.5 EVOLUTION OF GSM

In 1982, the European Conference of Postal and Telecommunications administrations (CEPT)

created the Group Special Mobile (GSM) to develop a standard for a mobile telephone system that
could be used across Europe. In 1987, a memorandum of understanding was signed by 13 countries
to develop a common cellular telephone system across Europe. Finally the system created by
SINTEF led by Torleiv Maseng was selected.

In 1989, GSM responsibility was transferred to the European Telecommunications Standards

Institute (ETSI) and phase I of the GSM specifications were published in 1990. The first GSM
network was launched in 1991 by Radio linja in Finland with joint technical infrastructure
maintenance from Ericsson. By the end of 1993, over a million subscribers were using GSM phone
networks being operated by 70 carriers across 48 countries.

Figure 3.2 cellular subscribers world wide

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3.5.1 GSM around the world

GSM statistics in India

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CHAPTER 4

4.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM

Figure 4.1 Block diagram

4.2 DESCRIPTION

The basic architecture of the GSM is described in the figure(4.1):

The abbreviations used in the figure above are described herein under:

4.2.1 HLR- Home Location Register:

HLR is database, which holds very important information of subscribers. It is mostly known
for storing and managing information of subscribers. It contains subscriber service profile, status of
activities, information about locations and permanent data of all sorts. When new connections are
purchased, these subscribers are registered in HLR of mobile phone companies.

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4.2.2MS-Mobile station:

It consists of mobile equipment and SIM. At the time of manufacturing, an international mobile
equipment number (IMEI) is programmed in ME.A SIM is required to activate the GSM services. A
international mobile subscriber identification (IMEI) number is programmed along with security
parameter and algorithm. The called number is not linked to ME but to SIM.

A SIM has following data stored in it. MSISDN (mobile subscriber isdn) IMSI (international
mobile subscriber identity) - 15 digit number. TMSI (temporary mobile subscriber identity) – 4 octets,
allocated by VLR, continuously changed.IMEI (international mobile equipment identity) unique,
permanently assigned to MS.

Figure 4.2 Mobile station

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4.2.3 AUC- Authentication Center:

AUC is small unit which handles the security end of the system. Its major task is to authenticate
and encrypt those parameters which verify user’s identification and hence enables the confidentiality
of each call made by subscriber. Authentication center – AUC makes sure mobile operators are safe
from different frauds most likely to happen when hackers are looking for even smallest loop wholes in
systems.

4.2.4 MSC- Mobile Services Switching Center:

MSC is also important part of SS, it handles technical end of telephony. It is build to perform
switching functionality of the entire system. It’s most important task is to control the calls to and from
other telephones, which means it controls calls from same networks and calls from other networks.
Toll ticketing, common channel signaling, network interfacing etc are other tasks which MSC is
responsible for.

Figure 4.3 MSC

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4.2.5 VLR- Visitor Location Register:

Figure 4.4 VLR

VLR performs very dynamic tasks; it is database which stores temporary data regarding
subscribers which is needed by Mobile Services Switching Center-MSC VLR is directly connected to
MSC, when subscribe moves to different MSC location, Visitor location register – VLR integrates to
MSC of current location and requests the data about subscriber or Mobile station (MS) from the Home
Location Register –HLR. When subscriber makes a call the Visitor location register-VLR will have
required information for making call already and it will not required to connect to Home Register
Location - HRL again.

4.2.6 BSS-The Base Station System:

The base station system have very important role in mobile communication. BSS are basically outdoor
units which consist of iron rods and are usually of high length. BSS are responsible for connecting
subscribers (MS) to mobile networks. All the communication is made in Radio transmission. The Base
station System is further divided in two systems. These two systems, they are BSC, and BTS.

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Figure 4.5 BSS

4.2.7 BTS – The Base Transceiver Station:

Subscriber, MS (Mobile Station) or mobile phone connects to mobile network through BTS; it
handles communication using radio transmission with mobile station. As name suggests, Base
transceiver Station is the radio equipment which receive and transmit voice data at the same time. BSC
control group of BTSs.

Figure 4.6 BTS

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4.2.8 BSC – The Base Station Controller:

The Base Station normally controls many cells; it registers subscribers, responsible for MS
handovers etc. It creates physical link between subscriber (MS) and BTS, then manage and controls
functions of it. It performs the function of high quality switch by handover over the MS to next BSC
when MS goes out of the current range of BTS, it helps in connecting to next in range BTS to keep the
connection alive within the network. It also performs functions like cell configuration data, control
radio frequency in BTS.

4.2.9 SIM-Subscriber Identity Module:

One of the key features of GSM is the Subscriber Identity Module, commonly known as a SIM
card. The SIM is a detachable smart card containing the user's subscription information and phone
book. This allows the user to retain his or her information after switching handsets. Alternatively, the
user can also change operators while retaining the handset simply by changing the SIM.

Figure 4.7 SIM

4.2.10 OSS -The Operation and Support System:

OMC- Operations and maintenance center is designed to connect to equipment of MSC- Mobile
Switching Center and BSC-Base Station Controller. The implementation of OMC is called OSS-The
Operations and Support System.OSS helps in mobile networks to monitor and control the complex
systems. The basic reason for developing operation and support system is to provide customers a cost
effective support and solutions. It helps in managing, centralizing, local and regional operational
activities required for GMS networks.

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REFERNCES:

[1] www.gsmworld.com
[2] www.gsacom.com
[3] www.whytelecom.com
[4] www.wikipedia.com
[5] www.google.com
[6] www.ask.com
[7] www.search.com

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