This article has been accepted for publication in a future issue of this journal, but has not been

fully edited. Content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI 10.1109/TPWRS.2017.2781905, IEEE
Transactions on Power Systems
1

A Mathematical Model for the Transient

Stability Analysis of a Simultaneous AC-DC
Power Transmission System
Mohammad Tawhidul Alam and Q. Ahsan

DC system
Abstract—The outcome of recent numerical simulation shows PDCpf Post-fault DC power flow
that the conversion of an AC transmission line to a simultaneous
PDcad Additional DC power flow during post-fault
AC-DC line improves the system stability. This paper presents a
mathematical model, suitable for the stability analysis of a condition
simultaneous AC-DC transmission system, transmitting both AC Pacm Maximum value of the AC power in
and DC power simultaneously through an existing AC line. The simultaneous AC-DC system
model is based on the principle of equal area criterion. The Post fault steady AC power
salient feature of this model is the introduction of a solution Difference between Pac and PDcad
technique of an integral component of the model which avoids the
trial and error approach for the analysis. The model development Tcr Critical clearing time for pure AC system
process considers a single machine-infinite bus system with a TCR Critical clearing time in simultaneous AC-
transmission line connecting the machine and the infinite bus. DC system
The process also considers the severe most fault at the sending Vdc DC voltage in simultaneous AC-DC system
end bus. The validation of the model is executed through two
Xgr Summation of Xte and XTr
different approaches; comparison of the results obtained
applying the proposed model to the power system with the Xte Reactance of generator and transformer
published ones in the literature and with the results obtained XTr Reactance of transmission line
using standard software, MATLAB simulink, based circuit ωs Angular frequency
simulations. The model is also applied to a realistic system and
IEEE benchmark systems to verify its capability of evaluating the δ0 Pre-fault steady state torque angle in case of
benefits of a simultaneous AC-DC transmission system. pure AC system
δcr Critical clearing angle for pure AC system
δac Torque angle due to AC power transfer in
Index Terms— Simultaneous AC-DC transmission system, simultaneous AC-DC system
critical clearing angle, critical clearing time, stability
δCR Critical clearing angle in simultaneous AC-
improvement, equal area criterion.
DC system
δm Maximum rotor angle
NOMENCLATURE
I. INTRODUCTION
Eg Internally generated voltage of the generator
Er
Eφm
Receiving end voltage
Maximum phase voltage of pure AC system
T HE necessity of the use of power transmission systems at
their highest capacity is increasing day by day due to ever
increasing demand and the limitations of constructing new
H Inertia constant of the generator transmission infrastructures. As the construction of new
Pl Steady state power flow through pure AC transmission line is a difficult task nowadays, particularly in
line the industrialized countries, the application of series
Pcomb Combined steady state AC-DC power flow compensation can be a short term solution [1]. But, this
Pac Steady state AC power in simultaneous AC- compensation scheme generates subsynchronous resonance
DC system problem. To overcome the limitations of increasing the
loadability of the existing AC transmission line, researchers
Pdc Steady state DC power in simultaneous AC-
are proposing a novel approach of simultaneous AC-DC
Mohammad Tawhidul Alam is with the Electrical and Electronic
power flow through an existing AC line [2]. The simultaneous
Engineering Department, Ahsanullah University of Science and Technology, AC-DC power transmission system also increases the stability
Dhaka, Bangladesh.(e-mail: tawhidul_bclt@yahoo.com) [3].
Q. Ahsan is with the Electrical and Electronic Engineering Department, The stability of a power system is its ability to return to
Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology, Dhaka, Bangladesh. normal or stable operation after perturbation due to
(e-mail: qahsan@eee.buet.ac.bd) abnormalities. The steady state stability limit is one of the

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Transactions on Power Systems
influential factors that normally set a ceiling on the load
carrying capability of a particular transmission line [4-5]. The
index of stability, in case of a transient fault, is measured in
terms of critical clearing time (CCT). The CCT is the
maximum duration to clear the fault for which the system will
be stable.
Yorino et al. [6] proposed a new formulation for transient
stability analysis for electric power systems. Different from
existing methods, a minimization problem is formulated for
obtaining CCT for transient stability. The method is based on
the computation of a trajectory on the stability boundary,
which is referred to a critical trajectory in the paper. The
critical trajectory is defined as the trajectory that starts from a
point on a fault-on trajectory at CCT and reaches a critical
point of losing synchronism.
For transient stability analysis, the direct method requires
less computational time with poor accuracy and the time
domain simulation method is accurate but time-consuming and
thus not suitable for online application. A new hybrid method
for CCT calculation is proposed in [7] with the help of direct
method and time domain simulation which can meet the
requirements of online application.
The existing methods of transient stability analysis rely on
time consuming numerical integration of the fault-on
dynamics. A novel framework is introduced in [8] to eliminate
the need for fault-on dynamics simulation in contingency
screening.
There are some methods to improve the stability and damp
out oscillations of a power system. Among them flexible AC
transmission system (FACTS) based technology is the
prominent one [9-11].
In stability point of view, DC parallel operation with AC
transmission line is more beneficial than AC-AC parallel
transmission lines. In case of AC-DC parallel system the DC
link power flow is highly controllable because of the converter
control system. The effect of controlled DC link on system
stability and damping depends on system operating conditions
which are elaborately analyzed in [12-15]. A. E. Hammad [16]
introduced a generic concept combining transient angle and
voltage stabilities of a parallel AC-DC transmission system. It
also shows that the short-term overloading capability of
HVDC converter can be applied for stabilizing the parallel
AC-DC system.
The simultaneous AC-DC power flow system derives the
benefits of parallel HVDC line without constructing the
separate DC line. In this system of power transmission,
existing AC line conductors are used to carry AC along with
DC power. H. Rahman and B. H. Khan [2] conducted the
numerical analysis for a simultaneous AC-DC transmission
system considering only the transmission line disregarding the
whole system. A feasibility study is performed for small
power tapping from simultaneous AC-DC transmission line in
[17]. Babu et al. [18 ] have studied two control modes such as
independent control and coordinated control of AC and DC
power transmission to maintain the thermal limit line current
in case of simultaneous AC-DC system. A comparison of
power flow is shown among pure AC, HVDC and
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2
simultaneous AC-DC system through the same transmission
line in [19].
H. Rahman and B. H. Khan [3] presented some numerical
simulations for the stability analysis of simultaneous AC-DC
system considering the faults at different locations of
transmission line. A comparative analysis between
simultaneous AC-DC system and pure AC system with series
compensation are also presented in the paper. It shows that
for a transient fault, the magnitude of speed deviation in case
of simultaneous AC-DC system is longer but this speed
deviation reduces to zero at a faster rate compared to the pure
HVAC system. Moreover, at the inception of fault the
generator real power overshoot is longer and the subsequent
real power oscillation as well as duration is longer in pure
HVAC system, while this oscillations are subsided much
faster in case of simultaneous AC-DC system.
K.P. Basu [20] proposed a new technique to improve the
stability of a simultaneous AC-DC system where the system is
no more AC-DC system after clearing the fault until the
system enters into the normal state. In this technique, AC-DC
composite system is converted into only a DC system, by
tripping the AC circuit breakers, just after clearing the fault
and when the system becomes healthy the AC breakers are
turned on to revert to a normal simultaneous AC-DC system.
The application of this technique requires special control
mechanism for circuit breakers operation. The numerical
analysis of [20] shows that for a transient fault the critical
clearing time varies with the variation of post-fault DC power
flow and maximum rotor angle deviation.
A comparative analysis is presented in [21] among the
various methods of transient stability improvement such as
static synchronous series compensator (SSSC), static
synchronous compensator (STATCOM) and simultaneous
AC-DC system. The simulation results show that the stability
limit of the simultaneous AC-DC system is the highest
compared to all other methods. A comparison of voltage
stability between a pure AC system and a simultaneous AC-
DC system is shown in [22]. The simulation considers a
double circuit transmission lines for both pure AC and
simultaneous AC-DC systems. It also shows that the voltage
stability limit of a simultaneous AC-DC system is better than
that of pure AC system.
To date, all the studies conducted on the stability analysis of
simultaneous AC-DC power transmission system are based on
numerical simulations. From the numerical results, it is
difficult to formulate a generalized comment. To investigate
the behavior of a system comprehensively an appropriate
mathematical model is necessary.
In this paper, a mathematical model of a simultaneous AC-
DC transmission system is presented. The model is developed
based on the principle of equal area criterion [23]. The main
advantage of the model is that it avoids the trial and error
approach for the stability analysis by incorporating a solution
technique of an integral component of the model. It is
validated by comparing its results with the published one and
also with those obtained through circuit simulation using
standard software. The model is also applied to a realistic
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Transactions on Power Systems
3

system and IEEE benchmark systems. The benefits of =$ %−

simultaneous AC-DC system in the improvement of stability
of an existing transmission system are evaluated and the
results are critically discussed.
II. PROPOSED MODEL
This section presents a mathematical model of a
simultaneous AC-DC transmission system. This system of
transmission converts an existing AC transmission system to
transmit both AC and DC power simultaneously through the
same line. The model incorporates neither the conversion
process, from AC to DC or DC to AC, nor the control
strategies to avoid the complexity in the model. Note that the
objective of the study is to develop an appropriate
mathematical model to evaluate the improvement of
loadability and stability of a transmission line if it is used to
transmit both AC and DC simultaneously compared to the
conventional AC line. The loadability issue is addressed in a
different paper. The evaluation of the proposed model
presented in this paper provides stability indices.
The model development process considers first an AC
transmission system, shown in Fig. 1. The system transmits
power from a single generator to an infinite bus through a long
transmission line. The AC power flow through the
transmission line may be expressed as
Pl =
0 (1)
Where,
Xgr = Xte+XTr (2)
Pl = Power flow through the line in a pure AC system in
per unit (p.u.)
Eg = Internally generated voltage of generator
Er = Receiving end bus voltage
Xte = Reactance of generator and transformer
XTr = Reactance of the transmission line
= Torque angle at pre-fault condition
H = Inertia constant of the generator
ωs = Angular frequency
δcr = Critical clearing angle for pure AC system
Tcr = Critical clearing time for pure AC system
Fig. 2. Simultaneous AC-DC power transmission system
The converted AC system of Fig. 1 into a simultaneous AC-
DC system is illustrated in Fig. 2. In this system, a portion of
AC power is converted to DC and injected into AC system
through the neutral point of a zigzag transformer at the
sending end. At the receiving end, DC power is received from
the neutral point of another zigzag transformer and it is
converted to AC before feeding to the infinite bus. The zigzag
connections are used at the secondary and primary sides of
sending end and receiving end transformers, respectively. The
main purpose of the use of zigzag connected winding is to
avoid the magnetic saturation of transformer due to DC. The
saturation is avoided as two fluxes produced by the DC
current flowing through each of the windings in each limb of
the core of a zigzag transformer are equal in magnitude and
opposite in direction. Therefore, the net DC flux in each limb
at any instant of time is zero.
The power flow curve corresponding to a 3-phase to ground
fault at point F of Fig. 2 is shown in Fig. 3. The fault is
initiated at time Tac and cleared at time TCR. The corresponding
torque angles of Tac and TCR are δac and δCR , respectively as
shown in Fig. 3.

Fig. 1. A.C power transmission system

Considering the severe most 3-phase to ground fault, say at

F of Fig. 1, the generalized expressions of critical clearing
angle and critical clearing time may be written as [23]

δcr = [ −2 − ] (3)

! "#
Tcr = (4)
Where, Fig. 3. Simultaneous AC and DC power flow curve

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During the pre-fault steady state condition, the mechanical
power input is equal to the electrical power consumption if the
losses are neglected. That is
Pac + Pdc = Pm
Where,
Pac = steady state AC power flow
Pdc = steady state DC power flow
Pm = Mechanical power or shaft power
In Fig. 3, Pm1 and Pm2 are two mechanical power inputs and
these are represented by two horizontal lines. That is, Pm1 and
Pm2 remain constant and the summation of Pm1 and Pm2 is
equal to Pm. During pre-fault steady state condition, Pm1 and
Pm2 are equal to Pac and Pdc, respectively.
During the fault condition the transmission line does not
transmit any power. That is, the electrical power consumption
is zero. However, during this period mechanical system
continues to produce energy and due to this mechanical energy
generation during the fault the whole system may be unstable.
To attain a stable condition, after clearing the fault the
electrical system must consume an additional amount of
energy which is equal to the mechanical energy generation
during the fault. That is, for the stability of the system
Mechanical energy Additional electrical energy
generation during the = consumption right after
fault clearing the fault.
δm = Maximum rotor angle
Fig. 3 shows that the DC power flow at the post fault
condition is higher than the steady state DC power. In terms of
(5)
stability, the simultaneous AC-DC transmission system is
advantageous over pure AC system as it can exploit the
overloading feature of the converter system. Note that,
converters can be overloaded up to 50% of their rated
capacities [16] for a shorter duration. If the converters are
operated at overloaded condition, the post fault DC power,
PDCpf , can be determined by multiplying the converter rated
capacity with a factor greater than unity. For example, if the
converters are over loaded by 20% the multiplying factor
The critical clearing angle, ,- , corresponding critical
would be 1.2.
clearing time, and the maximum rotor angle, , of (7) will be
affected due to the increased DC power flow during post-fault
condition. That is, ,- and
can be increased in the
simultaneous AC-DC system by exploiting the overloading
feature of the converter. For different values of the additional
DC power flow, 0 = , ,- and are illustrated in Fig. 4.
For comparison, the power flow curve of pure AC system is
also depicted in the same figure.
The figure clearly shows that with the increased 0 = the
,- increases providing large time for fault clearance. Note
that at the rotor attains the synchronous speed and for any
value greater than that the rotor starts to accelerate.

From the illustration of Fig. 3 the stability condition may be

expressed in terms of its areas as
& + ( = &* + (* − (+ (6)
In Fig. 3, the hatched areas from to ,- represent
mechanical energy generation during the fault and areas with
star represent additional electrical energy consumption after
clearing the fault. The area B5 represents an amount of energy
which is not consumed by the electrical system and this (a) Power flow curve for pure AC system
amount of energy must be compensated by the DC system to
make the mechanical energy generation equal to the electrical
energy consumption.

With the help of Fig. 3 equation (6) may be expressed in

terms of torque angle and power as
78
. / − = 0,12 − ,- +3 sin ; 7
79:

Where,
Pcomb = Total combined steady state power flow in a
simultaneous AC-DC system
PDCpf = Post fault DC power flow
Pacm = Maximum value of AC Power flow in
simultaneous AC-DC system
(b) Power flow curve for simultaneous AC-DC system
δac = Rotor angle at steady state condition when 0 = <
δCR = Critical clearing angle for simultaneous AC-DC
different values of 0 = : (a) for AC power only (b) when 0 = <
Fig. 4. Power flow curve for pure AC and simultaneous AC-DC system for
system

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Solving the integral part and rearranging the terms, (7) can be

cos − 0,12 ,- = − − 0,12

written as
,- . /
+ cos 13
The analytical solution of (13) is difficult and the numerical
solution through a trial and error approach is a common
practice.
In what follows, a solution technique of (7) for δCR , based

The presence of the term, cos ,- , in (13) requires the

on an empirical expression is proposed.

numerical solution of the equation. The term cos ,- is

derived from the integral component of (7). This paper solves
this integral component by approximating the sinusoidally
varying curve as a steady state value obtained through
(c) Power flow curve for simultaneous AC-DC system
when 0 = =
empirical expression.
sin ; , is
7
The integral component of (7), Q7 8
9:

figure shows that equals to , however, the value may also

depicted in Fig. 5 by the hatched area. Note that although the

be less than or greater than .

when 0 = >
(d) Power flow curve for simultaneous AC-DC system
Fig. 5. Area calculation under the AC curve in AC-DC system

system for different values of 0 = : (c) when 0 = =

Fig. 4. (contd.) Power flow curve for pure AC and simultaneous AC-DC
In Fig. 5, EF represents the maximum AC power flow,
(d) when 0 = >
,
, and AB is a fractional part of it, denoted by .

from δCR to δm . By introducing a factor Ψ, a function of

is the desired steady value, considered to be remain constant
From Fig. 4 may be expressed as
torque angle and the percentage of DC voltage mix in a

− ∅ B 0 = < of Ψ and
simultaneous AC-DC system, may be expressed in terms

= @ B 0 = = C 8
as

+ ∅* B 0 = > =Ψ 14

where Now, the value of must be such that the area ABCD of
∅1 = sin −1
9
G
F H
J Fig. 5, the product of and (δm - δCR), is equal to the area
H I

∅* = − sin F J 10
"L under the AC curve between δCR and δm . That is
"LM8
0 =.
sin ;
7
Area ABCD = Q7 8
of (9) and (10) is the difference between and
9:
(15)
= sin − 0 =
That is

= sin − − 0 =
Using the steady value the integral component of (7) or

= − = 11
(15) may be written as
0
78

0 = = 0,12 − = 12 3 sin ; = − 16
The additional DC power of (11) may be expressed as
,-
79:

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4_ −
],- = ^ 21
,-
That is, (7) may be expressed as
`a . /
. / − = 0,12 − ,-
+ − ,- 17 Combining (4), (20) and (21) the expression of the critical
clearing time of simultaneous AC-DC system, TCR , can be
To determine the empirical values of Ψ several power expressed in terms of the critical clearing time of pure AC
system, Tcr , as
values of Ψ is determined for each system. The average −
systems are considered. Using the trial and error approach the
],- = ] % ^b1 − cd e 22
. / \
values of Ψ of all the systems, for a particular DC voltage Z 0,12 + [ % − . /
mix and for a particular torque angle, are presented in Table

voltage mix the values of Ψ for different power system lie in a ],- = & ] % 23
A1 of Appendix-A. Tables A2 and A3 show that for the same

values of Ψ for different power systems are very much close

narrow band and similarly for the same torque angle the Where,

& = d1 − eF J #
"Mf8g 78 7LM "
Z"h9ij k "LM8 [ 7Ml 7m "Mf8g
DC voltage mix or angle are different the values of Ψ are
to each other, respectively. However, when the percentage of

distinctly different. Using the average values of Ψ from the Equation (23) shows that the critical clearing time of
Table A1 a generalized expression of Ψ in terms of percentage
AC system if the value of & is greater than unity.
simultaneous AC-DC system will be higher than that of pure
of DC voltage mix and torque angle is developed through
curve fitting technique of MATLAB. The expression is Note that, if the rise time delay is considered for the post
fault DC power flow, just after clearing the fault, from its zero

U = 1.525X * − 0.05398 * − 1.344X + 0.0648

value to final value, 0,12 , the actual area under the DC curve

− 0.2912 X + 0.9738 18
from ,- to
−
will be a bit lower than the area given by
0,12 ,- and the magnitude of decrease in area
Where, δ is the torque angle of the generating unit and k is depends on converter characteristics and its reactive power
the percentage of DC voltage mix. The expression of k may be
management system.
presented as

Y=
X = 19
III. MODEL VALIDATION

∅
This section presents the validation of the proposed model.

In (19), Y= is the DC voltage of simultaneous AC-DC

system and ∅ is the maximum phase voltage of pure AC
system. The value of k signifies a percentage of maximum
phase voltage of original AC system which is replaced by DC
Two different approaches are applied to validate the model;
one, by comparing the results obtained using the proposed
model with the published ones and other one, by comparing
the results of the proposed model with those obtained through
standard software based circuit simulation. Note that, the
>
validation and the application of the model of section IV do

> are not included in the development

voltage mix in simultaneous AC-DC system. The scenarios not include scenarios corresponding to for
corresponding to considering the shorter duration of the overloading of the
of expression (18) considering the safe overloading duration( converter.
shorter duration) of converter. If a system is converted from a
A. Validation Through Published Result
pure AC system to a simultaneous AC-DC system the
maximum phase voltage of the AC-DC system must be same In this mode of validation, a published paper [20] is
as ∅ , since the insulators are designed for the pure AC considered. This paper simulates a 345kV, 50Hz, 400km,
system. Due to creepage distance limitation the value of k single circuit AC transmission line. The line transmits power
must be within the range, 0 ≤ k < 0.5. That is, the percentage from a 550MVA, 24kV power plant to an infinite bus. The
of DC voltage will be less than 50% of ∅ . details of the operating conditions and parameters are
presented in Appendix-B.
Now, rearranging the terms of (17) the expression of δCR can The simulation of simultaneous AC-DC system presented in

. /
be written as [20] considers (i) 50% DC voltage mix, (ii) Steady state power
,- = − − 20
flow of 0.9 pu with a transmission angle of 800, and (iii) a 3-
Z 0,12 + [ phase to ground fault at the load terminal of the sending end
The expression for the critical clearing time of the bus. The simulation also considers that during post fault
condition only the DC power is allowed to flow and the AC
simultaneous AC-DC system, TCR, can be written by just
breakers are on when the system becomes stable.
replacing \ by . / in (4) as

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With these fault conditions, [20] evaluates the amount of TABLE II

post-fault DC power flow required for given values of critical
clearing time and maximum torque angle deviation from the
steady state value. However, the proposed model evaluates the
critical clearing time for given values of fault conditions and
control variable, DC power flow. Therefore, the critical
clearing time is evaluated using the proposed model for the
determined value of DC power flow and the assumed value of
maximum torque angle deviation of [20]. The evaluated
critical clearing time by the proposed model is compared with
that of the considered one of [20] in Table I.
TABLE I
COMPARISON OF THE RESULTS OF PROPOSED MODEL WITH THOSE OF
PUBLISHED ONE
Critical clearing time
Post Maximum rotor (ms)
fault DC angle deviation from
power steady state position
flow(p.u) (Electrical degrees) Published
[20]
0.93 360 100
1.033 360 200
1.052 720 300
Table I clearly shows that the results of the proposed model
is very close to [20] with a maximum and average differences
of 1% and 0.61%, respectively.
B. Validation Through the Results of Standard Software
Based Circuit Simulation
In this approach, circuit simulation is performed for the
validation of the proposed mathematical model of a
simultaneous AC-DC transmission system. The well
established software, MATLAB simulink is used in this
purpose. This approach considers a power system consisting
of a 345kV, 400km long single circuit transmission line. A
detail description of the system along with MATLAB
simulink circuit model of the simultaneous AC-DC system is
presented in Appendix-C.
For the stability analysis, a pre-fault steady state power flow
of 605MW with a transmission angle of 440 is considered. The
analysis also considers a 3-φ to ground fault at the load
terminal of the sending end bus. With this system and fault
conditions the proposed model is applied to evaluate critical
clearing times for different percentage of DC voltage mix.
MATLAB simulink based circuit simulation are also used to
evaluate critical clearing time for the similar system and fault
conditions. The results obtained through these two simulation
tools are compared in Table II.
COMPARISON OF CCTS OBTAINED USING PROPOSED MODEL AND MATLAB
SIMULINK BASED CIRCUIT SIMULATION
Critical clearing time (ms) obtained through
Vdc Difference
Mix(%) Developed MATLAB Simulink based (%)
Model circuit simulation
20 282 284 0.7
30 325 318 -2.2
40 366 352 -3.9
49.7 378 380 0.5
Table II clearly shows that with the increase of DC voltage
mix the value of critical clearing time increases, as expected.
It also shows that the results obtained through developed
Difference
(%) model are very close to those obtained through circuit
Proposed simulation. The average difference between the results of two
model
different simulation tools is 1.82% for the DC voltage mix
variation from 20% to 49.7% and the highest difference is
99 1.0
3.9%. In this analysis, the overloading of the converters is
201 -0.5 considered as 50% of their rated capacity during post-fault
299 0.33 condition.
IV. APPLICATION OF THE PROPOSED MODEL
To investigate the applicability of the proposed model
Montana 500kV transmission system [1] and IEEE benchmark
systems are considered. In each case of application, two
independent stability analysis are performed; one considering
the system as a pure AC and other one considering the
transmission system as a simultaneous AC-DC power flow
through the same line.
A. Montana 500 kV Transmission System
Montana 500 kV transmission line is used to transmit power
from East, Colstrip, to west, Taft. The eastern Montana
generation system has four coal-fired thermal units of
2272MW. The necessary parameters of the transmission
system are presented in Appendix-D.
The stability analysis considers a maximum power flow
condition keeping the recommended stability margin of 30%
for HVAC long transmission line [4]. In this condition, the
load flow study provides a power flow of 1028 MW at an
angle of 44.470. With this pre-fault steady state condition and
a 3-phase to ground fault at the load terminal of the sending
end bus the stability analysis for pure AC system shows a
CCT of 175ms.
In case of simultaneous AC-DC transmission system, critical
clearing times are evaluated for different percentage of DC
voltage mix and different transmission angles of simultaneous
AC-DC system. During the variation of DC voltage mix a
constant transmission angle of 44.470 of AC power flow and
during the variation of transmission angle a constant DC
voltage mix of 49.5% are considered.

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TABLE III increases. It indicates that at higher DC voltage mix the

COMPARISON OF CRITICAL CLEARING TIME OF SIMULTANEOUS AC-DC
SYSTEM WITH THAT OF PURE AC SYSTEM FOR DIFFERENT DC VOLTAGE MIX
system will remain stable for higher duration of the existence
of the fault. However, Table IV shows that with the increase
Critical clearing time in millisecond of transmission angle of the AC power flow of AC-DC system
Vdc Mix(%) the critical clearing time decreases. It indicates that with the
Simultaneous AC-DC
system
Pure AC system higher AC power flow in a simultaneous AC-DC system the
system will remain stable only for lower duration of fault. In
20 326 175
this analysis, the overloading of the converters is considered
30 348 175 as 20% of their rated capacity during post-fault condition.
40 365 175 Tables III and IV and Fig. 6 show that the critical clearing
49.5 376 175 time can be increased by decreasing the transmission angle of
AC power flow of simultaneous AC-DC system even when
the increment by DC voltage mix is exhausted. In general it is
Tables III and IV compare the critical clearing times of observed that the rate of increase by controlling the DC
simultaneous AC-DC transmission system with that of pure voltage mix is higher than that by controlling transmission
AC system for different percentage of DC voltage mix and for angle.
different transmission angle of AC power flow of For the further validation of the developed model a time
simultaneous AC-DC system, respectively. The comparison domain simulation is performed on the application example
considers the pure AC system only with the condition of and the results are compared with the model output in Table
maximum power flow for a 30% stability margin and in this V. The transient response of rotor angle of time domain
case the CCT is 175ms for a 3-phase to ground fault. simulation under this fault condition is also presented in
In Fig. 6, the percentage variation of critical clearing time Appendix E. The comparison shows that the model provides
with respect to that of pure AC system for different percentage stability indices of reasonable accuracy.
of DC voltage mix and for different transmission angles are
TABLE V
depicted. STABILITY(CCT) COMPARISON FOR THE MONTANA 500KV TRANSMISSION
SYSTEM
TABLE IV
CCT in millisecond
COMPARISON OF CRITICAL CLEARING TIME OF SIMULTANEOUS AC-DC Steady state rotor
Difference
SYSTEM WITH THAT OF PURE AC SYSTEM FOR DIFFERENT TRANSMISSION angle Through Through time (% )
ANGLES angle(degree) developed domain
model simulation
Critical clearing time in millisecond
Power transmission 30 306 330 7.2
angle (degree) Simultaneous AC- 50 283 298 5.0
Pure AC system
DC system
70 258 273 5.4
20 408 175
30 395 175
40 382 175 B. IEEE benchmark systems
44.47 376 175
The developed model is also applied to IEEE benchmark
50 368 175
models; first and second. In this analysis all the resistances
60 353 175
and series capacitive compensations of the benchmark systems
are neglected. During the pure AC system analysis the CCTs
are evaluated considering maximum loading with 30% steady
state stability margin for these two IEEE benchmark systems,
like the Montana 500 kV system analysis. The CCTs of pure
AC system and simultaneous AC-DC system are compared in
Tables VI and VII. The results of Tables VI and VII present
the variation of CCTs with the variation of percentage of DC
voltage mix and transmission angle, respectively.

It is observed that Tables VI and VII exhibit similar

Fig. 6. Percentage variation of critical clearing time with the variation of DC
voltage mix and transmission angle
Table III clearly shows that with the increase of DC voltage
mix in a simultaneous AC-DC system the critical clearing time
observations of Tables III and IV. That is, with the increase of
DC voltage mix in a simultaneous AC-DC system the CCT
increases, however, with the increase of transmission angle of
the AC power flow of simultaneous AC-DC system the CCT
decreases.

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TABLE VI technique by introducing a solution approach of its integral

IMPROVEMENTS IN CRITICAL CLEARING TIME FOR DIFFERENT DC VOLTAGE
MIX
component. The model is an analytical tool for power
transmission expansion planners and designers.
First benchmark system Second benchmark system
The validation of the model through different approaches
Vdc Critical clearing time Critical clearing time
clearly shows that the results obtained by the application of
Mix in millisecond Percentage in millisecond Percentage
(%) Simultaneous Pure of Simultaneous Pure of the proposed model are close to the published ones as well as
AC-DC AC improvement AC-DC AC improvement to those obtained through circuit simulation using standard
system system system system software.
20 150 126 19 249 120 107 The application of the proposed model in a realistic system
30 170 126 35 261 120 117 and in IEEE benchmark systems clearly reveal that the critical
clearing time for a severe most fault in a simultaneous AC-DC
40 191 126 52 268 120 123 system is much higher than those of same pure AC system.
49.5 205 126 63 272 120 126 This finding matches with the finding of the published
numerical simulation results. The higher stability, higher
critical clearing time, can be achieved in a simultaneous AC-
TABLE VII
IMPROVEMENTS IN CRITICAL CLEARING TIME FOR DIFFERENT TRANSMISSION DC system because of the short time overloading feature of
ANGLES the converters after clearing the fault.
First benchmark system Second benchmark system The application also reveals that the critical clearing time
angle (degree)
Transmission

Critical clearing time Critical clearing time

can be increased by decreasing the transmission angle even
in millisecond Percentage in millisecond Percentage when the increment of DC voltage mix is exhausted.
Simultaneous Pure of Simultaneous Pure of
AC-DC AC improvement AC-DC AC improvement
system system system system APPENDIX-A
20 226 126 79 296 120 146

evaluation of U, presented below.

There are five systems, which are considered for the
30 217 126 72 286 120 138
System-1: Presented in Appendix C.
40 209 126 66 277 120 130
System-2: Very much similar to the system-1 and only change
44.4 205 126 63 272 120 126 in the line reactance. In this case the line reactance is
considered as 0.292 Ω/km/phase.
50 200 126 59 266 120 121
System-3: The system presented in [2].
60 191 126 52 256 120 113 System-4: Similar to system -3, the only difference is in line
voltage level. In this case the transmission line voltage is
It is also seen that the overall stability improvement in considered as 450kV.
double circuit transmission system is much higher than that of System-5: Similar to system -4, the only difference is in line
single circuit transmission system. Note that the IEEE first and length. The line length of system -5 is 500km.
second benchmark systems are single and double circuit
AVERAGE VALUES OF U FOR DIFFERENT DC VOLTAGE MIX AND
TABLE A1
systems, respectively.
TRANSMISSION ANGLE

Vdc mix(%)
V. CONCLUSION
10 20 30 40 50
Conventional approaches have limited scope to improve the Angle(degree)
stability of the existing AC transmission system. Therefore, 20 0.848 0.78 0.69 0.662 0.642
the researchers are putting emphasis on the simultaneous AC- 35 0.844 0.766 0.664 0.634 0.61
DC transmission system. Simulation results show that 50 0.854 0.734 0.632 0.602 0.572
significant increment in transient stability can be achieved by 65 0.83 0.706 0.594 0.558 0.528
transmitting AC and DC power simultaneously through the
VALUES OF U FOR DIFFERENT DC VOLTAGE MIX WITH 350 TRANSMISSION
existing AC line. This paper presents an analytical model of a TABLE A2
simultaneous AC-DC power transmission system with a view ANGLE
to facilitate a comprehensive and generalized analysis for the
transient stability of such a transmission system. By using the % of Vdc System-1 System-2 System-3 System-4 System-5 average
developed expression it can easily be determined which 10 0.86 0.85 0.84 0.84 0.84 0.844
parameter of the system impacts how much on the 20 0.8 0.78 0.76 0.76 0.74 0.766
improvement of stability. 30 0.71 0.67 0.65 0.65 0.64 0.664
The stability analysis of simultaneous AC-DC system is 40 0.66 0.64 0.63 0.62 0.61 0.634
generally based on either numerical iterative technique or time 50 0.64 0.61 0.61 0.6 0.59 0.61
domain circuit simulation both of which are time consuming.
But, the model presented in this paper avoids the iterative

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VALUES OF U FOR DIFFERENT TRANSMISSION ANGLE WITH 40% DC

TABLE A3 TABLE C
PARAMETERS OF THE DIFFERENT COMPONENTS OF A TRANSMISSION SYSTEM
VOLTAGE MIX CONSIDERED FOR CIRCUIT SIMULATION
Sl. No. Component Parameter
Angle System-1 System-2 System-3 System-4 System-5 average (i) z = 0.01755 +j0.3292 Ω/km/phase
(degree) (iii) Single ckt
20 0.69 0.67 0.65 0.65 0.64 0.662 (iv) Three phase
(v) 60Hz
35 0.66 0.64 0.63 0.62 0.61 0.634 01 Line
(vi) 400km
50 0.63 0.6 0.6 0.59 0.58 0.602 (vii)345kV
(viii) Thermal limit current = 1.8kA
65 0.57 0.56 0.55 0.55 0.54 0.558 ACSR twin bundle conductor
1100MVA, 24kV, 60Hz, H= 7 s, the parameters on
its own base – Xd =1.305 , Xd´ =0.3 , Xd˝ =0.3 , Xq
APPENDIX-B 02 Generator =0.474 , Xq˝=0.243 , X =0.18 , Stator resistance
Rs=0.00285 , Td´ =1.01s, Td˝ =0.053s , Tqo˝ =0.1s ,
The power system considered in [20] is used to validate the
proposed model. The system transmits power from a 550 Generator 1100MVA, 24/132 kV, 60Hz, 10% reactance.
03
Transformer
MVA , 24kV, alternator through a single circuit, three phase, ∆-Y, 1100MVA, 132/345kV, 60Hz, 16% reactance.
345kV, 50Hz, 400km AC transmission line to an infinite bus. Transformer
(pure AC)
04 (At the sending
The parameters of different components are given in Table B. end of the line)
∆-Z, 500MVA, 132/172.5kV, 60Hz, 16% reactance.
(AC-DC)
Y -∆ 1100MVA, 345/132kV, 60Hz, 16%
Transformer reactance.(Pure AC)
TABLE B (At the
05 Z -∆ 500MVA, 172.5/132kV, 60Hz, 16% reactance
PARAMETERS OF THE DIFFERENT COMPONENTS OF SINGLE CIRCUIT receiving end
TRANSMISSION SYSTEM [20] of the line) (AC-DC)
Sl. No. Component Parameter
The Rectifier and Inverter are 12-pulse converters
(i) x = j116.8 Ω/phase using two 6-pulse thyristor bridges connected in
(iii) Single ckt series, DC current (rated)=5.4kA, Smoothing
(iv) Three phase 06 DC system
(v) 50Hz reactor=0.5H, Rectifier firing angle(minimum)=50,
01 Line Inverter Extinction angle(minimum)=140.
(vi) 400km
(vii)345kV
(viii) Thermal limit current = 1.8kA
ACSR twin bundle conductor
550MVA, 24kV, 50Hz, 30% transient reactance,
02 Generator
H=3.5 s.
Generator 550MVA, 24/132 kV, 50Hz, 10% reactance.
03
Transformer
Transformer 550MVA, 132/345kV, 50Hz, 8% reactance. (pure
(At the AC)
04
sending end of 275MVA, 132/172.5kV, 50Hz, 8% reactance. (AC-
the line): DC)
Transformer 550MVA, 345/132kV, 50Hz, 8% reactance. (Pure
(At the AC)
05 receiving end 275MVA, 172.5/132kV, 50Hz, 8% reactance (AC-
of the line) DC)

06 DC system DC system rated voltage 141kV. Fig. C. MATLAB simulink circuit model for simultaneous AC-DC system

APPENDIX-C
The parameters of different components of the power system
considered for the validation of the proposed model through
circuit simulation are presented in Table C. Fig. C represents
the circuit model with MTLAB simulink for the simultaneous
AC-DC transmission system.
APPENDIX-D
Montana 500kV transmission system transmits power from
the East (Colstrip) to west (Taft). The eastern Montana
generation system has four coal-fired thermal units of a total
capacity of 2272MW [1]. For the application of the proposed
model only 500kV double circuit transmission line from
Colstrip to Taft, excluding other portion of the power system,
is considered. Colstrip with the generation capacity of
2272MW of an equivalent single machine and Taft are
considered as a generator and infinite bus, respectively. The
simulation also does not consider Broadview and Garrison
buses in between Colstrip and Taft. The parameters of
different components of this system are presented in Table D.

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TABLE D REFERENCES
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04 the sending end Hill, Inc, 1994.
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for 50 degree, (c) for 70 degree

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Transactions on Power Systems
[20] K. P. Basu, “Stability Enhancement of Power System by Controlling
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Mohammad Tawhidul Alam was born in Bangladesh in
1977. He received B.Sc. (Engg.) degree from Dhaka
University of Engineering and Technology (DUET) in 2002,
and M.Sc. (Engg.) degree from Bangladesh University of
Engineering and Technology(BUET) in 2008. He obtained his
Ph.D. degree in 2016 in the department of Electrical and
Electronic Engineering at Bangladesh University of
Engineering and Technology, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
Dr. Alam served as a lecturer at Bangladesh College of
Leather Technology from 2003 to 2008. Currently, he is
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12
serving as a faculty member in the Department of Electrical
and Electronic Engineering of Ahsanullah University of
Science and Technology, Dhaka, Bangladesh. His research
interests include HVDC, power system stability and renewable
energy.
Q. Ahsan was born in Bangladesh in 1951. He graduated
from Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology
(BUET), Dhaka in 1975. Dr. Ahsan did his M. Sc.
Engineering from the same university in 1980 and Ph. D from
the University of Ottawa, Canada in 1984.
Dr. Ahsan joined in the Department of Electrical and
Electronic Engineering of BUET as a lecturer in 1976 and he
became a full professor in 1988. He has worked as a visiting
faculty in a number of Universities at home and abroad. Dr.
Ahsan has also worked as a consultant of many important
national and international projects.
He has published around 90 technical papers in the reputed
national and international journals and conferences. He is the
author of couple of books and a chapter of a book. He is the
recipient of a number of awards.