REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN

INTRODUCTION

ENGR. KEVIN PAOLO V. ROBLES, MSCE

Professor
CONCRETE

Concrete is a mixture of sand, gravel, crushed rock, or

other aggregates held together in a rocklike mass with a paste of
cement and water. Sometimes one or more admixtures are
added to change certain characteristics of the concrete such as
its workability, durability, and time of hardening.

REINFORCED CONCRETE

Reinforced concrete is a combination of concrete and steel

wherein the steel reinforcement provides the tensile strength
lacking in the concrete.
ADVANTAGES OF USING REINFORCED
CONCRETE AS A STRUCTURAL MATERIAL
1. It has considerable compressive strength per unit cost compared with most other
materials.

2. Reinforced concrete has great resistance to the actions of fire and water and, in fact, is
the best structural material available for situations where water is present.

3. Reinforced concrete structures are very rigid.

4. It is a low-maintenance material.

5. As compared with other materials, it has a very long service life.

6. It is usually the only economical material available for footings, floor slabs, basement
walls, piers, and similar applications.

7. A special feature of concrete is its ability to be cast into an extraordinary variety of shapes
from simple slabs, beams, and columns to great arches and shells.

8. In most areas, concrete takes advantage of inexpensive local materials (sand, gravel, and
water).

9. A lower grade of skilled labor is required for erection as compared with other materials
such as structural steel.
DISADVANTAGES OF USING REINFORCED
CONCRETE AS A STRUCTURAL MATERIAL

1. Concrete has a very low tensile strength, requiring the use of tensile reinforcing.

2. Forms (which are expensive) are required to hold the concrete in place until it hardens
sufficiently. In addition, falsework or shoring may be necessary to keep the forms in
place for roofs, walls, floors, and similar structures until the concrete members gain
sufficient strength to support themselves.

3. The low strength per unit of weight of concrete leads to heavy members. This becomes
an increasingly important matter for long-span structures, where concrete’s large dead
weight has a great effect on bending moments.

4. Similarly, the low strength per unit of volume of concrete means members will be
relatively large, an important consideration for tall buildings and long-span structures.

5. The properties of concrete vary widely because of variations in its proportioning and
mixing. Furthermore, the placing and curing of concrete is not as carefully controlled as
is the production of other materials, such as structural steel and laminated wood.
CONCRETE

CEMENT AND WATER

• Used in binding aggregates ( sand and gravel)
• Water/cement ratio greatly affects the strength of
concrete

CURING OF CONCRETE
• Curing is performed by submerging the specimen
underwater. This is done in order to prevent moisture
loss. Rapid moisture loss leads to cracking and loss of
strength of the concrete specimen

Note : Ideally, the maximum strength of concrete is

attained at the 28th day of curing.
STRESS – STRAIN RELATIONSHIP OF CONCRETE
Proportionality Limit. Stress is
fc proportional to strain

Hooke’s Law. The stress is directly

proportional to strain up to the
Ultimate Compressive proportionality Limit
Strength
fc’ 𝝈 = 𝑬𝜺
where E is the Modulus of Elasticty
Break Point
Proportionality Elastic Elastic Limit. The material returns to
Limit Limit its original shape when the load is
removed.
Non-Linearly
Elastic
Ultimate Compressive Strength. The
Region highest stress on the stress-strain
curve.
Linearly
Elastic Break Point / Rupture. Failure occurs.
Region The concrete cracks in tension.
𝜀max
𝜀c
𝒇𝒓 = 𝟎 . 𝟔 𝟐 𝝀 𝒇 𝒄 .
(from NSCP 2015)
DESIGN CODES

Design codes provide detailed technical standards and are

used to establish the requirements for the actual structural
design. It should be realized, however, that codes provide
only a general guide for design.

“The ultimate responsibility for the design lies with

the structural engineer.”

National Structural Code of the Philippines 2015

ELASTIC MODULUS OF CONCRETE, Ec

From NSCP 2015

𝑬𝒄 = 𝟒𝟕𝟎𝟎𝝀 𝒇𝒄. ; in MPa ; For Normal Weight Concrete (NWC) ; NWC = 2300 kg/m3

𝑬𝒄 = 𝒘𝒄𝟎. 𝟎𝟒𝟑 𝒇𝒄. ; in MPa ; for other weights, wc : mass density, kg/m3

Where : 𝜆 – factor considered for the type of concrete

𝜆 = 1.00 if Normal Weight Concrete (NWC)

𝜆 = 0.75 if Light Weight Concrete (LWC) (below 2300 kg/m3)

ULTIMATE COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF CONCRETE, fc’
- the load-carrying capacity of the uncracked portions of the concrete reaches a
maximum value

Commercial Available fc’ of Concrete

17 MPa - Lowest value according to NSCP 2015

21 MPa - 3 ksi

28 MPa - 4 ksi
CONVERSION : 1 ksi = 6.895 MPa
34 MPa - 5 ksi
DESIGN ANALYSIS OF REINFORCED CONCRETE

WORKING STRESS DESIGN (WSD)

METHOD
The behavior of concrete is LINEAR ELASTIC.
The consideration is up to the proportionality
limit

ULTIMATE STRESS DESIGN (USD)

METHOD

The behavior of concrete is NON-LINEAR

ELASTIC. The consideration is up to the
ultimate strength.
STEEL
TYPES OF STEEL REINFORCEMENT

LONGITUDINAL BARS PRE-STRESSED STRUCTURAL STEEL

(rebars) STEEL SHAPES
Plain Bar – smooth surface High Tension Cable Wide Flange, Angle Bar, C-
Deformed Bar – ridges and lugs; Wires Section, Rectangular, Tubular,
used to anchor the steel to etc…
concrete.

Note : Reinforcing Steel Bars are strategically placed where concrete is weak in tension
LONGITUDINAL BARS

Nominal Sizes
(diameter in mm)
10
12 Nominal Length
16 (in m) Yield Points
20 6 ASTM PNS NSCP Color
25 7.5 (ksi) (MPa) (MPa)
28 9 33 230 230 White
32 10.5 40 275 280 Yellow
36 12 60 415 420 Green
STRESS – STRAIN RELATIONSHIP OF STEEL
Proportionality Limit. Stress is
fs proportional to strain

Hooke’s Law. The stress is directly

proportional to strain up to the
Ultimate Tensile Strength
proportionality Limit

𝝈 = 𝑬𝜺
Break Point
where E is the Modulus of Elasticty
Elastic Esteel = 200,000 MPa
Limit
Proportionality
Limit Yield Point Elastic Limit. The material returns to
its original shape when the load is
removed.
Necking
Ultimate Tensile Strength. The highest
Region
stress on the stress-strain curve.
Elastic
Region Break Point / Rupture. Failure occurs.

𝜀s Yield Point. The point at which

constant stress is applied but the
strain is continuously increasting
CONCRETE : SHRINKAGE AND CREEP

SHRINKAGE CREEP
Contracting of a hardened concrete mixture due to Additional deformation because of the load applied
the loss of water/moisture. Shrinkage temperature for a very long time.
bars are used.