Fluid Mechanics and Machinery [9054] Experiment No.

EXPERIMENT No. 4
1.0 Title:
To study and verify Bernoulli’s Theorem.
2.0 Prior Concepts:
Energy, Potential Energy, Kinetic Energy, Pressure Energy, Total Energy, Types of
Fluid.
3.0 New Concepts:
Proposition 1: Energy
Energy is defined as the capacity to do work. It exists in various forms and can change
from one from to another. The different forms of energy of flowing liquid are i) Potential
Energy (Potential Head) ii) Kinetic Energy (Velocity Head) iii) Pressure Energy (Pressure
Head).
Concept Structure:

Prospositon 2 : Potential Energy ( Potential Head)

It is the energy possessed by a liquid particle by virtue of its position it is due to configuration
or position above some suitable height or datum line. it is denoted by z.
Proposition 3 : Kinnetic Energy (Velocity Head)
IT is the energy possessb by a liquid particle by vertue of it is due to the velocity of flowing
liquid and is measured as V Where ‘v’ is the velocity of flow and ‘g’ is acceleation due to
2

gravity ( 9 = 9.8 1m / S2 ) 2g
Propositon 4 : Pressure Energy ( Pressure )
It is the energy possessed by a liquid particle by virtue of its existing pressure. It is due to the
pressure of liquid and measured as p / w. where ‘p’ is intensity of pressure and ‘w’ is the
specific weight of liquid.
Propositon 5 : Total Energy (Total Head)
It is the sum of potential energy, kinetic energy and the pressure energy. It is denoted ad E and
mathematically it is expressed as E = potential energy + kinectic energy + pressure energy. E
= Z + ( V2 / 29) + ( P/ W)

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Fluid Mechanics and Machinery [9054] Experiment No. 4

Bernoulli’s Theorem:
This theorem states that, for an ideal, incompressible fluid when the flow is steady and
continuous then the sum of pressure energy, kinetic energy and potential energy is con-
stant.

Mathematically it is expressed as

(p/W)+(V2/2g)+ Z = constant

where p/W = Pressure Energy

V2/2g = Kinetic Energy
Z = Potential Energy
Bernoulli’s theorem can also be stated as for a steady incompressible and ideal fluid, the
total energy at any point of fluid is constant.
4.0 Learning Objectives:
Intellectual Skills:
¾ To understand concept of total energy.
¾ To understand the application of Bernoulli’s theorem.

Motor Skills:
¾ Ability to calculate potential energy, kinetic energy or velocity head, pressure
energy or pressure head.
¾ Ability to take and read observations.
¾ Ability to adjust flow rate through pipe.

5.0 Apparatus:
Piezometer, scale, measuring cylinder, collecting tank, stopwatch etc.

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Fluid Mechanics and Machinery [9054] Experiment No. 4

1.0 Figure:

The apparatus consists of an inlet tank and outlet tank connected by a flow channel. The
channel tapers for a length of 20 cm and gradually enlarges in a length of 35 cm, On top of
the flow channel piezometer tubes are fixed at a distance of 5 cm for the measurement of
pressure head. To calculate the flow, into the inlet tank and out of the outlet valves are
provided. The flow can be of obtained by controlling inlet and outlet valves suitably. After a
while a steady state will be reached.

7.0 Stepwise Procedure:

•Open the valve so that the water can accumulate in the tube.
After raising water in piezometer attached at various point, open the outlet valve in such a way
that level of water rising up remains the same.

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Fluid Mechanics and Machinery [9054] Experiment No. 4

Litre

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Fluid Mechanics and Machinery [9054] Experiment No. 4

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11

Litre

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Fluid Mechanics and Machinery [9054] Experiment No. 4

10.0 Result:
The total energy head is found to be …………….. m of water

11.0 Conclusion:
• The value of total energy head is ……………. (same/different) at different points.
• The reason for not getting the total energy head constant is / are
……………………………………………………….( the flow is not steady/ frictional losses
in pipe/ turbulent flow / loss of energy due to centrifugal force / all of above)

Student shall write conclusion under guidance of teacher keeping in view the value of total
energy at diferent points.

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11.0 Questions:
Write answers to Q……,Q……,Q……,Q……,Q……
(Teacher shall allot the questions)
1. Define energy and its types for moving fluids.
2. What do you understand by the term total head of a moving fluid.
3. What do you understand by the term pressure head and velocity head.
4. Derive Bernoulli’s Equation.
5. State the Limitations of the Bernoulli’s theorem.
6. Name some practical applications of Bernoulli’s Theorem
7. Sketch any application of Bernoulli’s thermo.
8. Water is flowing through a tapered pipe having end diameters of 150 mm and 50 mm
respectively. Find the discharge at the larges end velocity head at the smaller end, if
the velocity of water at the larger end is 2 m/s. What do you understand by the term
discharge?
9. What do you understand by the term continuity equation?
10. What are the various types of flow lines?
11. What is ‘separation’ of liquid?
12. What is the effect of ‘separation’ on flowing liquid?
13. What is the assumption of Bernoulli’s theorem?
14. For which type of flow Bernoulli’s Equation is applicable?

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Fluid Mechanics and Machinery [9054] Experiment No. 4

15. How is piezometric head of a flow represented?

16. Draw HGL based on experimental values.
17 Draw TEL based on experimental values.
18 A 300mmX 150mm venturimeter is provided in a vertical pipeline carrying oil of spe-
cific gravity 0.9, the flow being upwards. The difference in elevations of the throat sec-
tion and entrance section of the venturimeter is 300mm.The differential U-tube mer-
cury manometer shows a gauge deflection of 250mm.Calculate i) discharge of oil ii)
pressure difference between entrance and the throat section.
(Space for answers)

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Fluid Mechanics and Machinery [9054] Experiment No. 4

Signature of teacher

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Fluid Mechanics and Machinery [9054] Experiment No. 4

Number of tubes Vs p/w +z

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