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Puberty in Boys To educate young boys about their puberty issues

by
Gunjan Sachdeva

Submitted to NIFT in partial fulfilment Of the requirements for the degree of

Master of Design Department of Design Space

Faculty Guide : Mr. Nitin Kulkarni

NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF FASHION TECHNOLGY MUMBAI

Puberty in Boys To educate young boys about their puberty issues

by Gunjan Sachdeva M. DES. Batch Submitted by Ms Gunjan Sachdeva to NIFT in partial

fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Design of the National
Institute of Fashion Technology at New Delhi and hereby certify that in the
judgment of the following members of jury it is worth of acceptance: Name

Institute/ Organization

Signature & Date

- ______________________ - ______________________ - ______________________ -

______________________ - ______________________ - ______________________ -
______________________

Remarks regarding fulfilling further requirements, if any: -

________________________________________________________________ Signature of CC -

Design Space Date:

Abstract Puberty is the period of sexual maturation and achievement of fertility.

Majorly influenced by heredity and/or environmental factors. The parents and
children are not very comfortable in discussing this topic. As a result boys are
not informed about their bodily changes at all. Puberty can be one of the most
confusing and exciting times of a boy's life. During puberty, boys will notice
their bodies develop and change as they begin to look more like a man's body.
During puberty, boys will grow taller, develop more body hair and odour, and will
develop their sexual organs, as well as more sexual feelings. Puberty causes many
physical and emotional changes for every boy's body. Though boys typically begin
puberty between the ages of 9-14 and the changes of puberty follow a pattern, every
boy develops at his own pace. In this study I have gathered experiences of boys
during their puberty and used it to make an interactive mobile app to guide young
boys about their bodily changes and give them detailed information about does and
don�ts.

Keywords: - Puberty, Masturbation, awareness, guide

Acknowledgement I wish to thank all those who helped me. I would like to thank my
mentor Mr Nitin Arun Kulkarni Without whom, I could not have completed this
project. I would also like to thank the people who participated in the interview
and helped me gain a better insight into my research.

Table of contents 1 2 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 2.10 2.11 2.12 2.13 2.14
3 3.1 3.2 4 4.1 4.2 5

Introduction Puberty The Onset of Male Puberty Later Male Puberty Stages Male
Growth during Puberty Male Puberty Hormones Teenage Acne Psychological Changes Male
Puberty Rites around the World Physical changes that occur during puberty in boys
The Male Reproductive System Anatomy of the Male Reproductive System Physiology of
the Male Reproductive System Sperm Masturbation Understanding Freud's theory on
psychology Research Methadology Questionnaire Survey Analysis Prototype Script
Content Conclusion References

3 4 5 6 6 8 8 9 10 11 14 15 18 18 20 26 27 27-1 29 33 33 35 44 45

Objective ?

To study the entire male reproductive system.

To study and understand the different myths of our Indian society.

To make a design product for young boys to guide them through their puberty.

Significance Lack of proper guidance for boys during their puberty. The parents and
children are not very comfortable in discussing this topic. As a result boys are
not informed about their bodily changes at all.

1. Introduction Puberty is nature's way of transforming a child into an adult, in

order to make them fertile for reproduction. While both girls and boys go through
puberty, girls reach puberty and sexual maturity at earlier ages than boys do. Boys
typically begin the process of puberty at age at ages 11�12. And usually complete
puberty by ages 16�17. Girls attain reproductive maturity about four years after
the first physical changes of puberty appear. In contrast, boys accelerate more
slowly but continue to grow for about six years after the first visible pubertal
changes. Most 11- to 14-year-olds are still concrete thinkers � they perceive
things as good or bad, right or wrong. This is normal. They are just beginning to
imagine possibilities, recognize consequences of their actions, and anticipate what
others are thinking. Youth begin to question family and school rules and challenge
their parents. Preteens and teens tend to believe that bad things won't happen to
them. This helps explain why they are risk-takers. Preteens and teens begin to
spend more time with peers and less time with family. In India, boys are not told
about the changes that occur in their body and mind. They are not guided at all by
their parents. In fact most of the boys discover penis erection and ejaculation
themselves or are told by their fellow mates. The first thing they are told about
is Masturbation which makes them curious and thus they tend to masturbate everyday
or even twice a day without realizing it�s not good for their health because they
were not told about it. Some boys may experience ejaculation of sperm in their
sleep, known as wet dreams. These are totally normal occurrences and usually stop
happening as a boy grows older. The only action needed is a little clean-up,
especially if the boy is uncircumcised, to prevent infection from general lack of
hygiene. These facts are not told to them or if it is, it�s told in as hype. So it
is very necessary to guide boys about their puberty for a healthy growing.

Changes that occur in boys during puberty: 1. Scrotum becomes darker 2. Testicles
grow larger 3. Penis grows longer and fuller 4. Pubic hair grows 5. Height and
weight increase 6. Muscles develop 7. Wet dreams occur 8. Voice cracks and gets
deeper 9. Skin and hair become more oily 10. Pimples may appear 11. Underarm and
facial hair grow

2. Puberty Adolescence is more than just a time in your life when you have
incredibly awkward conversations with your nervous parents. It's also the time when
both your body and your mind change, making you stronger, taller, hairier and able
to reproduce, as well as more perceptive and philosophical. This period of
transition between childhood and adulthood is called puberty, and it's the process
of growth and sexual maturation that, for males, occurs generally between the ages
of 9 and 18. It is no small feat. The ability of the body to suddenly "come alive"
and simultaneously advance on several different fronts is nothing short of amazing.
Bones that have already been growing at a remarkable rate reveal that they've just
been warming up for the real show. Glands that have been for the most part dormant
now produce hormones that order different parts of the body to swing into action.
The mind that has for years been concerned 4

with such things as how to catch a bullfrog or build a better kite now finds it has
the capacity to probe life for meaning, to seek out and maintain romantic
relationships, and to plot and plan a path in life. Of course, change comes at a
price for young men: bones hurt, faces erupt in acne, and fear and anxiety arrive
with newfound sexuality and expectations. Voices change, depression may rear its
head and there often seem to be more questions than answers. Some boys start
puberty early, while others don't experience it until later, and it progresses at
different rates for everyone. This difference in growth can cause embarrassment,
anxiety and bullying, and even all three at once if you start getting an erection
while being stuffed into a locker by a bigger boy.

2.1.

The Onset of Male Puberty

While puberty begins and ends at different times for different people, puberty
always begins with the appearance of a substance called gonadotropin-releasing
hormone (GnRH) in the body. The release of GnRH is controlled by the hypothalamus,
the same part of the brain that regulates your temperature and your sleep cycle, as
well as your senses of hunger and thirst. Boys generally begin puberty sometime
around age 10, though it isn't uncommon for it to begin as early as age 9 or as
late as age 12. GnRH is released, the testicles begin to mature and an initial
growth spurt may occur (with average growth being around 2 inches (5.1 centimetres)
a year). Although the growth of the scrotum and testicles is one of the first
outward signs of puberty, boys at this stage are still unable to reproduce. There
may also be the appearance of very fine hair in the pubic area. Boys may
occasionally experience erections. The second general stage of puberty usually
occurs around age 12 or 13. The testicles continue to grow, and this in turn means
that more testosterone will be flowing through the body, spurring more changes. The
boy will continue to grow taller rapidly, at a rate of 2 to 3 inches (5.1 to 7.6
centimetres) a year. What little pubic hair exists may begin to gain some

colour. Erections will become more frequent. The boy's body will begin to take on a
leaner, more adult and masculine shape.

2.2.

Later Male Puberty Stages

The third stage of male puberty occurs around age 13 or 14, but frequently as early
as 11 or late as 16. Pubic hair begins to grow darker and fuller, and the penis now
begins to grow in length. The testicles continue growing, erections become
commonplace and the boy gains in height at a rate of over 3 inches (7.6
centimetres) a year. The voice may begin "breaking" or "cracking." This is when the
boy's voice suddenly and uncontrollably changes pitch midword or sentence, due to
the growth of the larynx and the lengthening of the vocal cords. Stage four of male
puberty commonly takes place when a boy is around 14 or 15 years old. Hair begins
showing up in the armpits and on the face, and pubic hair begins to grow coarse.
The boy's voice will even out and become deeper. The stage-four boy can use this
deeper voice to yell forcefully at the mirror when he sees his new acne, due to his
ever-more-oily skin. He begins to grow taller and even faster, at about 4 inches
(10.2 centimetres) a year. The penis now grows thicker and continues to lengthen.
The final stage of male puberty occurs anywhere from age 14 to age 18. During this
time, a boy will achieve most (but not necessarily all) of his height. His body
shape will have evolved to that of a man's -- his shoulders will be broader, his
muscles developed and fully formed, his arms and legs and chest proportioned for
power and masculine appearance. This is because new muscle fibres are appearing,
and all muscle fibres are getting thicker. Pubic hair will spread out to the inner
thighs and lower stomach. By this stage of puberty, boys -make that young men --
will be shaving, and their pubic hair and sex organs will look fully developed.
While hair and height and body type will look adult and complete, many males will
continue growing and developing into their 20s.

2.3.

Male Growth during Puberty

Growth for pubescent boys establishes a pattern about as unpredictable as a

teenager's time of awakening each morning. There are sudden bursts of growth
followed by seeming 6

inactivity, leading to frustration on the part of the boys who wonder if that first
spike in growth was also the last. This is also a bad stretch of years for parents
who must fork out money for their son's clothes one day that may seem ill-fitting
the very next. Most boys, though, will take growth any way they can get it. After
all, they don't want to have girls their age towering over them for the rest of
their lives. Once boys start really growing, it doesn't take too terribly long to
catch up with the other gender. Between the ages of 12 and 16, boys grow in height
as much as a full foot (.3 meters). Weight gain in this same period can vary from
15 to 65 pounds (6.8 to 29.5 kilograms). The first parts of the body to really gain
in size are the arms, legs, hands and feet. These extremities grow at a faster rate
than the rest of the body. This explains why boys going through puberty are bumping
into people, dropping things and tripping over flat pieces of pavement. Clumsiness
is normal and fortunately goes away once the rest of the body catches up. During
puberty, a boy's face changes shape. The chin gets longer and the nose gets
thicker. The actual muscle tissue and the bone it rests against are changing as
well. Other changes -- not all of them visible -- are taking place. Blood pressure
increases during puberty. This is a good thing, because there is more real estate
for blood cells to travel to as these growth spurts occur. Body odour increases as
the composition of sweat changes. When the bacteria present on the skin come in
contact with the ammonia and urea in the sweat, it can create a smell that attracts
others about as effectively as acne and a cracking voice. A boy's pulse and
metabolism also slow down, a signal that the body is making changes to prepare for
the long haul. The premature appearance of puberty in boys can lead to problems,
such as higher lifetime risk of testicular and problems attaining full growth due
to premature closure of the bones' growth plates. If a very young boy is showing
signs of puberty, a doctor should be alerted.

2.4.

Male Puberty Hormones

Although puberty can be humiliating, its actual purpose is to enable sexual

reproduction. The process taking place inside a pubescent boy's body to bring about
reproductive ability is quite complex. At around age 9 or so, a boy's central
nervous system sends out a message: "Change!" First, the hypothalamus releases
GnRH. Because this hormone is present in the hypothalamus before puberty, it's
believed that a protein named GPR54 helps get the GnRH out of the hypothalamus at
the right time. When the GnRH reaches the pituitary gland -- a pea-sized gland
located at the base of your brain -- the pituitary gland in turn produces two
important hormones: follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone
(LH). These two hormones also exist before puberty, but once the pituitary is
triggered by the hypothalamus, these hormones are created in much greater
quantities. Early on in puberty, these hormones (which, along with hormones that
trigger development of the testes, are known as gonadotropins) are produced only at
night. In later stages of puberty, when growth is going gangbusters, these hormones
are being produced around the clock and in greater and greater quantities. FSH,
when it reaches the testes, spurs the growth of seminiferous tubules, which are the
channels in the testes in which sperm is produced. Once these tubules are formed
and the infrastructure is in place, the body begins producing sperm. LH, on the
other hand, has a different function. It prompts cells within the testes called
Leydig cells to produce androgens. Androgens are hormones that affect the
development of a male's reproductive ability. Testosterone is the main androgen,
though there are many others. Between the time FSH and LH first reach the testes
and the time a pubescent boy can successfully reproduce, the changes discussed in
the puberty stages section (growth of hair, changes in penis length and width) have
taken place. 2.5.

Teenage Acne

During puberty, a boy's skin on his face, neck, back and chest will eventually
begin to overproduce a type of oil called sebum. Sebum is normally a good substance
-- it keeps the skin waterproof and fends off harmful bacteria. But too much is
definitely not a good thing. 8

Along with excess oil, the pubescent skin is also sloughing off skin cells at a
higher rate, and these skin cells -- and the extra oils -- are trying to exit the
body by travelling through hair follicles and pores to the surface of the skin.
When these pores and follicles get clogged up with this excess matter, there is a
pileup as the skin and oil behind the blockage start building up without anywhere
to escape. A form of bacteria known as Propionibacterium acnes (P. acnes for short)
gets in the mix and causes the blockage to become inflamed. This pushes it outward,
creating the visual sensation known as a "zit." There are many forms of acne, but
the most common one is acne vulgaris. Acne vulgaris is responsible for your garden-
variety pimples, blackheads, whiteheads and the cyst-looking large bumps. There's
pretty much no escaping acne vulgaris -- it afflicts practically everyone at some
point, and boys get it worse than girls during puberty.

2.6.
Psychological Changes

Puberty doesn't just cause great changes and development in a male's body -- it
changes and develops the brain as well. Boys in puberty will begin to show interest
in and understanding of abstract concepts and subjects such as justice, politics,
philosophy and the arts. A pubescent boy will also begin planning out a life for
him and establishing dreams and goals to be realized and fulfilled later in life.
With this radical new worldview and altered sense of self comes anxiety and
confusion. A young man's prior understanding of himself has now been eradicated,
and a new sense of identity must be built from these ruins. The ability to view the
world in entirely new ways means that an adolescent must sort out not only who he
really is as a mature male, but also how this new identity fits into his new
perspective. It's no wonder that on most mornings, it seems much easier to just
stay in bed and sleep. By the time a boy is experiencing puberty, parents are no
longer welcome to accompany him in public, offer advice or breathe. This new
independent streak is actually a good development, because this rejection of
parents' beliefs, morals and general existence means that the pubescent boy is
attempting to find his own way in the world.

Along with new beliefs and new feelings, a growing boy often will form new peer
groups. This will be a time of experimentation, adventure and misadventure. The
important thing for parents is to provide a stable home environment, open arms
should they be needed, and reasonable guidelines and behavioural expectations.
Though parents should give some extra leeway and show extra patience during these
topsyturvy years, they should also keep an eye out for some of the pitfalls of
adolescence, such as depression or substance abuse. This period in life can create
an overwhelming sense of being lost, and not all boys exit this stage feeling like
they've found the answers they need. If parents suspect that teenage
experimentation with drugs or alcohol is the beginning of a greater problem, or if
problems at school or home aren't being resolved through time and attention, it
might be a good idea to encourage your son to talk to a counsellor, a doctor or a
respected member of your religious community.

2.7.

Male Puberty Rites around the World

When a male passes through puberty (or at least reaches the age for it), many
cultures around the world have traditions, customs or ceremonies that mark this
passage in the young man's life. In Quranic teachings, Islamic parents are
instructed to teach their sons about responsibility and adulthood and inform them
that they will be responsible for their actions from the time of their first
ejaculation. After this act, sons are to pray and perform religious observations as
adults do. If a boy has a wet dream, the Quran relates that the son should bathe
himself immediately. If a sexual dream occurs without ejaculation, the boy doesn't
have to clean himself. In Judaism, boys become a bar mitzvah (literally "son of the
commandment") on their 13th birthday. The event marks the moment when the child is
responsible for observing the commandments and all Jewish teachings. Though the
status is automatically conferred upon the boy's birthday, often the boy recites a
blessing before the congregation or helps in leading a service. Afterward, modern
practice has added a celebratory reception that most of us know as "the bar
mitzvah," but it's far from a universal practice. 10

In some parts of the world, such as Malaysia and throughout Southern Africa, boys
are often circumcised around the time they reach age 11 or 12, right around the
onset of puberty. It's believed that pubescent circumcision was used by some
ancient cultures to mimic the genital bleeding experienced by girls. Some
Australian aboriginal tribes also incorporate penis incision or piercing into
puberty rites, as well as circumcision. Many cultures involve other forms of
trials, ordeals or tests that the boy must successfully pass. Apache boys must take
ice baths, while aboriginal Australians sent boys out on long foot journeys, known
as walkabouts, where the boy would pick up and perfect hunting and surviving
skills. Some Native American tribes also sent young men out on vision quests. Death
isn't uncommon in South African puberty rituals, when boys are separated from the
village and effectively starved as part of their initiation. Though most survive
this separation, some others die from infection from the circumcision ceremony that
follows.

2.8.

Physical changes that occur during puberty in boys

2.8.1 Broadening of chest and shoulders Onset of puberty brings many physical
changes in boys. Their chest and shoulders broaden and their muscles start to
develop.

11

2.8.2 Deepening of voice and appearance of facial hair The voice gets deeper. Hair
begins to grow on the face that later develop into moustache and beard.

2.8.3 Appearance of body hair and pubic hair Hair begins to grow on the chest, in
the armpits, hands, legs and in the groin area. Hair in the groin region is called
pubic hair.

12

2.8.4 Increase in size of genitals The penis and the testicles grow bigger in size.

2.8.5 Growth spurt During puberty boys experience a rapid growth in height over a
span of 2 to 3 years. This rapid growth in height is called growth spurt.

13

2.8.6 Ability to ejaculate Boys become capable of ejaculating which is ejection of

semen through the penis. The first ejaculation marks the attainment of sexual
maturity in a boy's life.

2.9

The Male Reproductive System The purpose of the organs of the male reproductive
system is to perform the following functions:

To produce, maintain, and transport sperm (the male reproductive cells) and
protective fluid (semen)

To discharge sperm within the female reproductive tract during sex

To produce and secrete male sex hormones responsible for maintaining the male
reproductive system

14

Unlike the female reproductive system, most of the male reproductive system is
located outside of the body. These external structures include the penis, scrotum,
and testicles. 2.10

Anatomy of the Male Reproductive System

2.10.1 Penis: This is the male organ used in sexual intercourse. It has three
parts: the root, which attaches to the wall of the abdomen; the body, or shaft; and
the glans, which is the cone-shaped part at the end of the penis. The glans, also
called the head of the penis, is covered with a loose layer of skin called
foreskin. This skin is sometimes removed in a procedure called circumcision. The
opening of the urethra, the tube that transports semen and urine, is at the tip of
the penis. The glans of the penis also contains a number of sensitive nerve
endings. The body of the penis is cylindrical in shape and consists of three
circular shaped chambers. These chambers are made up of special, sponge-like
tissue. This tissue contains thousands of large spaces that fill with blood when
the man is sexually aroused. As the penis fills with blood, it becomes rigid and
erect, which allows for penetration during sexual intercourse. The skin of the
penis is loose and elastic to accommodate changes in penis size during an erection.
Semen, which contains sperm (reproductive cells), is expelled (ejaculated) through
the end of the penis when the man reaches sexual climax (orgasm). When the penis

15

is erect, the flow of urine is blocked from the urethra, allowing only semen to be
ejaculated at orgasm. 2.10.2 Scrotum: This is the loose pouch-like sac of skin that
hangs behind and below the penis. It contains the testicles (also called testes),
as well as many nerves and blood vessels. The scrotum acts as a "climate control
system" for the testes. For normal sperm development, the testes must be at a
temperature slightly cooler than body temperature. Special muscles in the wall of
the scrotum allow it to contract and relax, moving the testicles closer to the body
for warmth or farther away from the body to cool the temperature. 2.10.3 Testicles
(testes): These are oval organs about the size of large olives that lie in the
scrotum, secured at either end by a structure called the spermatic cord. Most men
have two testes. The testes are responsible for making testosterone, the primary
male sex hormone, and for generating sperm. Within the testes are coiled masses of
tubes called seminiferous tubules. These tubes are responsible for producing sperm
cells 2.10.4 Epididymis The epididymis is a sperm storage area that wraps around
the superior and posterior edge of the testes. The epididymis is made up of several
feet of long, thin tubules that are tightly coiled into a small mass. Sperm
produced in the testes moves into the epididymis to mature before being passed on
through the male reproductive organs. The length of the epididymis delays the
release of the sperm and allows them time to mature. 2.10.5 Spermatic Cords and
Ductus Deferens Within the scrotum, a pair of spermatic cords connects the testes
to the abdominal cavity. The spermatic cords contain the ductus deferens along with
nerves, veins, arteries, and lymphatic vessels that support the function of the
testes.

The ductus deferens, also known as the vas deferens, is a muscular tube that
carries sperm superiorly from the epididymis into the abdominal cavity to the
ejaculatory duct. The ductus deferens is wider in diameter than the epididymis and
uses its

16
internal space to store mature sperm. The smooth muscles of the walls of the ductus
deferens are used to move sperm towards the ejaculatory duct through peristalsis.
2.10.5 Seminal Vesicles The seminal vesicles are a pair of lumpy exocrine glands
that store and produce some of the liquid portion of semen. The seminal vesicles
are about 2 inches in length and located posterior to the urinary bladder and
anterior to the rectum. The liquid produced by the seminal vesicles contains
proteins and mucus and has an alkaline pH to help sperm survive in the acidic
environment of the vagina. The liquid also contains fructose to feed sperm cells so
that they survive long enough to fertilize the oocyte. 2.10.6 Ejaculatory Duct The
ductus deferens passes through the prostate and joins with the urethra at a
structure known as the ejaculatory duct. The ejaculatory duct contains the ducts
from the seminal vesicles as well. During ejaculation, the ejaculatory duct opens
and expels sperm and the secretions from the seminal vesicles into the urethra.
2.10.7 Urethra Semen passes from the ejaculatory duct to the exterior of the body
via the urethra, an 8 to 10 inch long muscular tube. The urethra passes through the
prostate and ends at the external urethral orifice located at the tip of the penis.
Urine exiting the body from the urinary bladder also passes through the urethra.
2.10.8 Prostate The prostate is a walnut-sized exocrine gland that borders the
inferior end of the urinary bladder and surrounds the urethra. The prostate
produces a large portion of the fluid that makes up semen. This fluid is milky
white in colour and contains enzymes, proteins, and other chemicals to support and
protect sperm during ejaculation. The prostate also contains smooth muscle tissue
that can constrict to prevent the flow of urine or semen. 2.10.9 Cowper�s Glands
The Cowper�s glands, also known as the bulb urethral glands, are a pair of pea-
sized exocrine glands located inferior to the prostate and anterior to the anus.
The Cowper�s glands secrete a thin alkaline fluid into the urethra that lubricates
the urethra and neutralizes acid from urine remaining in the urethra after
urination. This 17

fluid enters the urethra during sexual arousal prior to ejaculation to prepare the
urethra for the flow of semen. 2.11 Physiology of the Male Reproductive System
2.11.1 Spermatogenesis Spermatogenesis is the process of producing sperm and takes
place in the testes and epididymis of adult males. Prior to puberty, there is no
spermatogenesis due to the lack of hormonal triggers. At puberty, spermatogenesis
begins when luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) are
produced. LH triggers the production of testosterone by the testes while FSH
triggers the maturation of germ cells. Testosterone stimulates stem cells in the
testes known as spermatogonium to undergo the process of developing into
spermatocytes. Each diploid spermatocyte goes through the process of meiosis I and
splits into 2 haploid secondary spermatocytes. The secondary spermatocytes go
through meiosis II to form 4 haploid spermatid cells. The spermatid cells then go
through a process known as spermiogenesis where they grow a flagellum and develop
the structures of the sperm head. After spermiogenesis, the cell is finally a sperm
cell, or spermatozoa. The spermatozoa are released into the epididymis where they
complete their maturation and become able to move on their own. 2.11.2
Fertilization Fertilization is the process by which a sperm combines with an
oocyte, or egg cell, to produce a fertilized zygote. The sperm released during
ejaculation must first swim through the vagina and uterus and into the fallopian
tubes where they may find an oocyte. After encountering the oocyte, sperm next have
to penetrate the outer corona radiata and zona pellucida layers of the oocyte.
Sperm contain enzymes in the acrosome region of the head that allow them to
penetrate these layers. After penetrating the interior of the oocyte, the nuclei of
these haploid cells fuse to form a diploid cell known as a zygote. The zygote cell
begins cell division to form an embryo.

2.12 Sperm A male who has reached puberty will produce millions of sperm cells
every day. Each sperm is extremely small: only 1/600 of an inch (0.05 millimetres
long). Sperm develop 18
in the testicles within a system of tiny tubes called the seminiferous tubules. At
birth, these tubules contain simple round cells, but during puberty, testosterone
and other hormones cause these cells to transform into sperm cells. The cells
divide and change until they have a head and short tail, like tadpoles. The head
contains genetic material (genes). The sperm use their tails to push themselves
into the epididymis, where they complete their development. It takes sperm about 4
to 6 weeks to travel through the epididymis. The sperm then move to the vas
deferens, or sperm duct. The seminal vesicles and prostate gland produce a whitish
fluid called seminal fluid, which mixes with sperm to form semen when a male is
sexually stimulated. The penis, which usually hangs limp, becomes hard when a male
is sexually excited. Tissues in the penis fill with blood and it becomes stiff and
erects (an erection). The rigidity of the erect penis makes it easier to insert
into the female's vagina during sexual intercourse. When the erect penis is
stimulated, muscles around the reproductive organs contract and force the semen
through the duct system and urethra. Semen is pushed out of the male's body through
his urethra � this process is called ejaculation. Each time a guy ejaculates, it
can contain up to 500 million sperm. When the male ejaculates during intercourse,
semen is deposited into the female's vagina. From the vagina the sperm make their
way up through the cervix and move through the uterus with help from uterine
contractions. If a mature egg is in one of the female's fallopian tubes, a single
sperm may penetrate it, and fertilization, or conception, occurs. This fertilized
egg is now called a zygote and contains 46 chromosomes � half from the egg and half
from the sperm. The genetic material from the male and female has combined so that
a new individual can be created. The zygote divides again and again as it grows in
the female's uterus, maturing over the course of the pregnancy into an embryo, a
foetus, and finally a newborn baby.

19

2.13 Masturbation Masturbation is the self-stimulation of the genitals to achieve

sexual arousal and pleasure, usually to the point of orgasm (sexual climax). It is
commonly done by touching, stroking, or massaging the penis until an orgasm is
achieved. Masturbation is a very common behaviour, even among people who have a sex
partner. In one national study, 95% of males and 89% of females reported that they
have masturbated. Masturbation is the first sexual act experienced by most males
and females. In young children, masturbation is a normal part of the growing
child's exploration of his or her body. Most people continue to masturbate in
adulthood, and many do so throughout their lives. While it once was regarded as a
perversion and a sign of a mental problem, masturbation now is regarded as a
normal, healthy sexual activity that is pleasant, fulfilling, acceptable, and safe.
It is a good way to experience sexual pleasure and can be done throughout life.
Masturbation is only considered a problem when it inhibits sexual activity with a
partner, is done in public, or causes significant distress to the person. It may
cause distress if it is done compulsively or interferes with daily life and
activities.

2.13.1 Negative side effects of masturbation. One side effect of masturbation is

that subsequent ejaculations will take longer. Masturbating can sometimes create an
individual orgasm effect where we train our bodies to respond to our own familiar
touch and have a reduced response to other people�s touch, resulting in a tougher
time reaching climax with others. Boy�s hard-ons may also be affected by
masturbation as well. After each ejaculation, the firmness of the next erection may
get slightly softer and spongier, depending on how close apart the erections are.
There�s little evidence that too many erections or masturbation will have an effect
on erection in the future.

20

2.13.2 Masturbation and guilt Masturbation can also have a negative psychological
impact on a person. Many people feel shame and guilt because of their masturbation
habits. Whether it�s a cultural, religious or moral issue, people can be very hard
on themselves. The tug of war between what feels natural and pleasurable versus
what they were told to refrain from can have lasting harmful effects on a person�s
self-esteem, confidence and self-love. Psychosomatic effects can also occur, where
physical symptoms are the result of psychological factors (feeling shame, guilt,
anxiety can manifest into things like headaches, back pain, chronic pain, etc).
Masturbation is a healthy sexual behaviour. Like other behaviours, when over
practiced or addicted it can lead to both psychological and physiological
imbalances. The biggest effect of over masturbation is mental rather than physical;
person in habit of it gradually shifts away from normal intercourse and finds
masturbation more satisfying and pleasurable. People in habit of it always seek few
moments of loneliness to masturbate, even slightest arousal can make them aroused
and they may feel the urge to discharge. This situation can promote problems like
low libido and lack of orgasm.

2.13.3 Masturbation and Myths ?

Excessive masturbation can lead to erectile dysfunction. Reality: "Erectile

dysfunction does not result from masturbation," Spadt says. "What can happen with
either sex is they masturbate frequently and become used to a certain touch, be it
vibration or one's own hand." Because of this, she says, "they may become
habituated to that sensation and find it more difficult to have an orgasm with
their partner." Masturbation will make you go blind. Reality: "Many myths about
masturbation, such as this one, come from beliefs back when people believed sex was
only meant for procreation," Shuey says. Because masturbation isn't for
procreation, it was considered problematic. "People also believed sex could lead to
insanity, tuberculosis, hairy palms, and death," she says. "Obviously, none of
these things are true," she says.

21

Masturbation is not a normal part of sexual development. Reality: "Individuals are

sexual beings from birth to death," Shuey says. An analysis of data on sexual
behaviour involving more than 800 teenagers ages 14 to 17 who responded to the
National Survey of Sexual Health and Behaviour showed that nearly three-quarters of
boys and almost half of girls reported having masturbated.

Masturbation myth: There are no health benefits to masturbation. Reality:

"Masturbation has a number of health benefits," Shuey says. "They include better
sleep, reduced stress and tension, fewer headaches, improved concentration,
increased selfesteem, a more youthful appearance, and better fitness." There are
also a number of specific sexual health benefits for women, particularly in older
women, including less vaginal dryness and pain during sex.

Masturbation myth: Children don't engage in masturbation. Reality: Masturbation is

perfectly healthy at any age. "It may not be masturbation as we know it, but even
little kids touch and explore their genitals because it feels good," Shuey says.
"There are even ultrasound images where we can see masturbation occurring in
uterus." According to Planned Parenthood, experts recommend that parents teach
young children that touching their sex organs for pleasure is a normal part of
sexual health, but that it should be done in private.

Masturbation myth: You can masturbate too much. Reality: According to the American
Psychological Association, masturbation is only considered "too much" if it gets in
the way of daily activities, such as going to school or work or meeting friends.
Also, if masturbation causes physical soreness, emotional issues (you can't think
about anything else), problems with your relationship, or habituation issues (when
only the type of stimulation you engage in during masturbation will lead to an
orgasm), it may be a signal to cut back, Spadt says. But she says that a
masturbation habit gets to this point for only a very few people.

People only engage in masturbation when they are alone. Reality: "Some people
masturbate together, and they incorporate masturbation into their sexual
repertoires," Spadt says. Some couples enjoy watching each other masturbate, and
some like to masturbate themselves to orgasm after other forms of sexual contact.
"Mutual masturbation" is also a great way to have safe sex and prevent unwanted
pregnancy.

22

2.13.4 The Benefits of Masturbation Although there may be an evolutionary reason

for why the habit of masturbation has stuck around for so long, the lists of
benefits from the act of self-pleasing do not end with fertility. The orgasm so
often achieved as a result of masturbation releases endorphins into the body. These
hormones can help to relieve stress, relieve sexual tension, help offset insomnia,
and boost metabolism, Everyday Health reported. Orgasms, achieved by oneself or
with the help of a partner, were also found to suppress the pain of a migraine and
at times even halt the actual migraine process altogether, Live Science reported.
�There's a [portion] of patients with migraines, about one-third, who experience
relief from a migraine attack by sexual activity," said study researcher Stefan
Evers, a neurologist and headache specialist at the University of Munster in
Germany. Alexander Masukop, a neurologist and director of the New York Headache
Centre added to Live Science that �having an orgasm in any way shape or form� will
help with migraine relief. Although attitude toward masturbation have become
enormously more liberal during past decade or two, it is still rare for writers on
sex to take a wholly unequivocal stand on autoerotism. The point is continually
made that masturbation is not as bad as it was once said to be, but the concomitant
point that it is actually good and beneficial is rarely stated.

23

2.13.5 Psychological Changes The physical changes that occur during puberty give
rise to a variety of social and emotional changes as well. First, the ongoing
physical maturation process directly affects body and brain to alter children's
needs, interests, and moods. Then, as children start to look and act differently,
an array of social influences further accelerate the social and emotional changes
children experience. As children observe that their bodies are changing, they may
experience a new and unfamiliar set of social experiences. Reinforced by their
first enjoyable experiences of sexual arousal, and by their peers and culture, they
become interested in forming what can become intense, romantic, and sometimes
sexualized relationships with others. Also, as these bodily changes become visible
to others, children may begin to experience being treated differently by others.
For example, more rapidly maturing youth may experience an increase in their
popularity, while their more slowly maturing peers may experience a decline in
popularity. Youth may also notice that other people are suddenly paying a great
deal more attention to how they look than they are accustomed. The physical changes
associated with puberty become the basis for new emotional experiences. For
example, it is common for parents to note their children become more moody and
irritable during this period of their lives. This moodiness is commonly attributed
to the sudden and fluctuating hormonal levels, or "raging hormones". It is
certainly true that sex hormones are powerful chemical agents that can affect mood.
During puberty, the body is adjusting to these fluctuating hormone levels and this
fluctuation does create mood swings. However, there are several other physical
causes accounting for increased moodiness apart from fluctuating hormones.

24

Lack of Sleep Children's moodiness can be affected by their lack of sleep. There
are both physical and social reasons for why sleep deficits may occur during
puberty. First, the body's sleep-wake cycle is dependent upon a "circadian rhythm"
which in turn, is influenced by hormones. During puberty, a natural shift occurs in
a teen's circadian rhythm that causes them to feel more fully alert later at night.
Unfortunately, they must still rise early for school and other activities. As a
result, they get less sleep than they require. This occurs just as their
educational, extracurricular, and social schedules become more demanding. Youth may
also develop an irregular sleep pattern, such as a desire to "sleep-in' during the
weekends, while simultaneously sleeping less during weeknights. This lack of sleep
can increase irritability and decrease concentration ability, and contribute to
children suddenly finding it difficult to complete tasks that were once simple.
This new struggle only adds to their frustration and moodiness. Adolescent Brains
Are Still Maturing A second factor that complicates adolescent moodiness is that
their brains are still physical maturing: Children's brains are not fully developed
until they are in their early 20's! This incomplete brain development is
responsible for much of the cognitive and emotional immaturity that can so easily
frustrate parents. Cognitive immaturity refers to youths' still-developing thinking
skills which are not yet as sophisticated and reliable as those characteristic of
adults. Cognitively immature people lack good judgment. Immature thinking result in
a youths' having difficulty thinking things through so as to anticipate the
consequences of their actions and make informed decisions or choices based upon
those anticipated consequences. As a result, youth easily appear (and can indeed
be) impulsive, hasty, and even selfish. The brain's incomplete physical development
is also in large part responsible for youthful emotional immaturity. Youth have
more difficulty than mature adults in regulating their emotions and putting events
in proper perspective. Emotion

25

regulation is an important ability because it enables people to consciously control

(within limits) how strongly they will feel emotions like anger, joy or fear. Such
control helps people limit the emotional highs and lows that are commonly called
"mood swings." To make things worse, during periods of high emotional arousal, the
brain's thinking capacity is temporarily further diminished. Parents need to know
about children's still-immature brain structure, sleep alterations and changing
hormones and the emotional and cognitive immaturity that results from this still-
developing state so that they can regard their children's behaviour in proper
perspective. Though adolescent children may become moody and make poor choices,
they are not doing this purely out of spite, but rather because they cannot be
substantially otherwise at this point in their development. Despite their
resistance, parents need to continue to provide their adolescent children with
clear behaviour guidelines and set and enforce age-appropriate behaviour limits.
Through doing so parents provide children with the proper mixture of safety and
freedom they require to enable and enhance their further growth. Children need
enough room to express their individuality and to practice (and sometimes fail)
independent decision-making AND they need to be protected from the consequences of
their worst decisions in order for them to thrive.

2.14 Understanding Freud�s Theory on psychology Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) was a

Viennese doctor who came to believe that the way parents dealt with children's
basic sexual and aggressive desires would determine how their personalities
developed and whether or not they would end up well-adjusted as adults. Freud
described children as going through multiple stages of sexual development, which he
labelled Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latency, and Genital. In Freud's view, each stage
focused on sexual activity and the pleasure received from a particular area of the
body. In the oral phase, children are focused on the pleasures that they receive
from sucking and biting with their mouth. In the Anal phase, this focus shifts to
the anus as they begin toilet training and attempt to control their bowels. In the
Phallic stage, the focus moves to genital stimulation and the sexual identification
that comes with having or not having a penis. During this phase, Freud 26

thought that children turn their interest and love toward their parent of the
opposite sex and begin to strongly resent the parent of the same sex. He called
this idea the Oedipus complex as it closely mirrored the events of an ancient Greek
tragic play in which a king named Oedipus manages to marry his mother and kill his
father. The Phallic/Oedipus stage was thought to be followed by a period of Latency
during which sexual urges and interest were temporarily nonexistent. Finally,
children were thought to enter and remain in a final Genital stage in which adult
sexual interests and activities come to dominate. Another part of Freud's theory
focused on identifying the parts of consciousness. Freud thought that all babies
are initially dominated by unconscious, instinctual and selfish urges for immediate
gratification which he labelled the Id. As babies attempt and fail to get all their
whims met, they develop a more realistic appreciation of what is realistic and
possible, which Freud called the "Ego". Over time, babies also learn about and come
to internalize and represent their parents' values and rules. These internalized
rules, which he called the "Super-Ego", are the basis for the the developing
child's conscience that struggles with the concepts of right and wrong and works
with the Ego to control the immediate gratification urges of the Id An Easy
Explanation of his theory: You pass by an ice cream shop and feel a sudden urge to
eat ice cream but you don't have a single penny on you. Id - You go inside the shop
and steal some ice cream cups when no one's looking as you need to have ice cream
right NOW. Ego - You want to steal some ice cream cups but since you fear getting
caught, you abstain. Super Ego - You were tempted to steal but then you knew you
would feel terrible about yourself for having committed theft. So you go home / to
a nearby ATM, get some money and go back to the ice cream shop.

Research Methodology Secondary Research: Study of Anatomy of male body along with
all the changes that take place during puberty. Paying special attention to areas
like Masturbation, Wet dreams and Nocturnal Erections. 27

Primary Research: Original data collected from boys who have already passed puberty
to gather their experiences and thus use it to educate pubescent boys. 3.1

Survey Sample Size = 116 Sample had issues revealing their identities so thus were
not ready to fill. Thus i chose a modern way to find the random sample. The sample
was found on a hook-up app named Tinder. Questionnaire line was forwarded and
people from different backgrounds participated and shared their experiences.

28

3.2 Survey Analysis

Religion
Age

Christian 10 to 15

Sikh

16 to 20

Hindu

21 to25

Muslim

26 to 30

Jain

Guidance

Family Details Joint Yes

Nuclear

No Stayed in Hostel

About Erection

Frequency Hardly any Once in a week Twice a week

Yes

Thrice a week

No

More than 4 times Everyday Story !!

29

About Wet Dreams

Frequency Hardly any Once in a week Twice a week Yes

Thrice a week

No

More than 4 times Everyday Story !!

Shared with Parents?

Yes No Friend

Psychological Effect

Masturbation Frequency/week Zero 1 to 2 times 3 to 4 times 5 to 6 times more than 7

30

Positive Negative

Who told about Masturbation

Guilt feeling?

Parents Friend Cousin

Yes Internet

No

Movies Discovered myself

Age

Define Sex Only intercourse Only Oral and intercourse

10 to 13 14 to 17

Masturbation, Oral and intercouse

18 to 21

Effect of Masturbation on sex life

Medium used

yes

Porn

No

Magazine

No Effect

Imagination

Most Unanswered Queries 31

? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?

Why Erection? Penis has a strange bone Nocturnal Erection Sperm Count Female
Reproduction Wet Dream Male Boobs Libido

? ? ? ?

Masturbation and Infertility Shaving/Waxing of pubic hair Stamina issues for

Athletes Masturbation and Weakness

Most Popular Myths ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?

Lose Weight Pimples Impotency Sex Addiction God Feels Bad Flaccid penis Eyesight
backache Hairy Palm
? ?

Mental Retardation Inflation in arm veins

Best Medium for Education

32

Video Mobile App Comic book Sex Education Classes

Prototype Mobile App 4.1 Script What is Puberty? ? ? ? ? ?

Changes Why me Beginning How can I avoid FAQs

Anatomy ? Height ? Hair ? Voice ? Genitals ? Embarrassing moments Hygiene ?

Shaving

? ? ?

Body odor Keep clean Ache 33

Masturbation ? ? ?

What is it? Effects Myths

What is it?

? ? ?

How is it done? Why is it hype? How to handle?

Sex

Pedophilia ? ? ?

Good touch Bad touch Whom to report

Girls ? ? ? ?

How they are different Attraction Menstruation Boundaries

Relationships ? ? ? ?

With Parents With Friends With Partner With Teachers

34

4.2

Content

35

36
37

38

39

40

41

42

43

5.

Conclusion Today, kids are exposed to so much information about sex and
relationships on TV and the Internet that by the time they approach puberty, they
may be familiar with some advanced ideas. And yet, talking about the issues of
puberty remains an important job for parents because not all of a child's
information comes from reliable sources. One should not wait for a child to come
with questions about his changing body � that day may never arrive, its OK talk to
you about this sensitive topic. Since the toddler years, kids have questions and
most of your discussions probably come about as the result of your child's
inquiries. It's important to answer these questions about puberty honestly and
openly � but don't always wait for your child to initiate a discussion. By the time
kids are 8 years old, they should know what physical and emotional changes are
associated with puberty. There is so much of information which a young boy should
be given during their puberty. Indian families neglect them and leave them alone to
fight with their bodily changes alone. Oh Boy ! Aims at making the puberty phase a
little easier for pubescent boys and parents. Guidance on puberty is as important
for a guy as it is for a girl.

44

References Webliography ? ? ? ? ?

? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?

? ? ?

Retrieved February 10, 2015, from http://www.simplypsychology.org/SigmundFreud.html

Retrieved February 10, 2015, from http://www.medicinenet.com/puberty/article.htm
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10, 2015, from
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s.html/context/1101 Retrieved February 24, 2015, from
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masturbation?p=2 Retrieved February 10, 2015, from http://www.haqjo.com/side-
effects-ofmasturbation-addiction/ Retrieved February 9, 2015, from
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step-heading Retrieved March 7, 2015, from
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2015, from http://www.dukemedicine.org/blog/when-pubertytoo-early Retrieved March
4, 2015, from https://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20130620204731AAz15k7 45

? ? ? ? ? ?

? ? ? ? ?

Retrieved March 7, 2015, from

http://www.healthychildren.org/English/agesstages/gradeschool/puberty/Pages/Concern
s-Boys-Have-About-Puberty.aspx Retrieved February 10, 2015, from
http://www.livestrong.com/article/91324-fivestages-puberty/ Retrieved February 10,
2015, from http://health.howstuffworks.com/sexualhealth/male-reproductive-
system/male-puberty.htm Retrieved February 10, 2015, from
http://menstrupedia.com/articles/puberty/physical-changes-boys Retrieved March 18,
2015, from http://www.pamf.org/parentingteens/health/growth-development/pre-
growth.html Retrieved April 2, 2015, from
http://www.columbia.edu/itc/hs/pubhealth/modules/reproductiveHealth/anatomy. html
Retrieved April 9, 2015, from
http://www.columbia.edu/itc/hs/pubhealth/modules/reproductiveHealth/contracep
tion.html Retrieved April 12, 2015, from
http://menstrupedia.com/articles/puberty/emotional-changes Retrieved April 10,
2015, from http://menstrupedia.com/articles/puberty/whatspuberty Retrieved March 6,
2015, from http://www.africaw.com/forum/f15/the-good-andharmful-effects-of-
masturbation-t1856/ Retrieved April 23, 2015, from
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in.html Retrieved April 27, 2015, from
http://www.slideshare.net/caitlinmarie/whats-goingon-down-there

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Christiansen ,HORMONES AND SPORT, Behavioural effects of androgen in men and women.
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parents 4. R�ubab G. Arim � Jennifer D. Shapka, The Impact of Pubertal Timing and
Parental Control on Adolescent Problem Behaviours 5. Lisa M. Sontag , Julia A.
Graber and Katherine H. Clemans , The Role of Peer Stress and Pubertal Timing on
Symptoms of Psychopathology During Early Adolescence 6. Steve Palmer ,My 6 Golden
Rules for Dealing With Boys and Puberty

46

7. Valery Belyanin , Psycholinguistic perspective on proposals regarding sexual

education in ontario 8. Balazs Tarnai, Effective interventions for socially
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Kaestle & katherine r. Allen , The role of masturbation in healthy sexual
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A. Yule, Lori A. Brotto, and Boris B. Gorzalka , Sexual fantasy and masturbation
among asexual individuals 13. W.Smith and Jeffrey D.Wilhelm , What�s Going down?
14. Yu, Fei, Talking sex with your kids

47
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