ht. Libr. Rev.

(1991) 23, 299-319

Automation of Bibliographic
Control for Chinese Materials
in the United States
LEI ZENG”

ABSTRACT
The automation of bibliographic control for Chinese
materials (along with other East Asian language materials) is
significant because of the role this material plays in providing
swift access to information internationally, across physical,
political and linguistic boundaries. Ten years ago, the
Library of Congress (LC) and the Research libraries Group
(RLG) initiated a project for seeking means and methods
to automate Chinese, Japanese and Korean (CJK) bib-
liographic records. Today, most East Asian Libraries in
North America can process their CJK materials in vernacular
languages and scripts in library computers in the same way
as Western-language peers had done for years. This paper
attempts to review some of the important issues involved in
such a movement and the general progress during the last
decade. The review which is concerned with the automation
of bibliographic control for Chinese materials will emphasize
bibliographic utilities in the United States since the auto-
mation has been led primarily by East Asian libraries in
North America rather than by those in mainland China and
Taiwan.

GENERAL PROGRESS
Since the 196Os, there has been an increasing awareness in the United
States of the political and economic importance of East Asia. This
movement has led to an increased interest in East Asian studies, a
large increase in the number of East Asian specialists, and a dramatic
expansion of East Asian language collections. In 1930, East Asian
collections in the United States had some 400000 volumes; half a
century later, these collections have grown to about 8 000 000 volumes
distributed in 9 1 academic libraries.’ However, 10 years ago, most East
Asian libraries in the United States mainly functioned as warehouses
of books rather than as active information service organizations, let

* School of Library and Information Science, University of Pittsburgh

002~7837/91/040299+2i $03.00/O (0 1991 Academic Press Limited
300 L. ZENG
alone as members of a joint information network. The techniques for
automated bibliographic control which were originally developed for
Western-language materials by English- or other Western-language
speaking countries could not handle East Asian materials in a sat-
isfactory manner. Even 7 years ago, conventional computers could only
be used as a help-mate in the circulation of East Asian materials.
Dr Tsuen-hsuin Tsien, Professor Emeritus and Curator Emeritus of
the East Asian Library at the University of Chicago, declared that in
the 1950s and 1960s qualified personnel who would handle the pro-
cessing and control of East Asian library materials were too few and that
the librarians outside the East Asian studies area did not understand the
problems within that area. Efforts to ameliorate this situation took the
form of surveys of East Asian collections in 1959, 1964 and 1975, a
conference on area studies and the library in 1965, and a Summer
Institute for Far Eastern Librarianship in 1969. The joint Program for
Far Eastern Librarianship between the University ofchicago Graduate
Library School and the Department for Far Eastern Languages and
Civilizations, which ran from 1964 to 1979, conferred diplomas, six of
which were PhD degrees, to 35 graduates.’
In 1978, the Library of Congress announced that it would consider
complete romanization of its bibliographic records for machine input
“for all non-r-Oman scripts except Chinese, Japanese and Korean”.3 The
announcement indicated that completely romanized records would be
considered for Slavic and some south and south-east Asian materials,
but not for East Asian materials. This decision was largely influenced
by CEAL (Committee on East Asian Libraries of the Association for
Asian Studies), a professional organization representing about 100 East
Asian libraries and collections and their users in North America. Based
on the results of a nationwide survey conducted at that time, CEAL’s
stand was that “CJK bibliographic records must contain vernacular
scripts for clear and unmistakable identification of names, titles and
meaning and that, before means for inputting East Asian scripts are
available, any romanized record used for machine input should be
accompanied by a corresponding manually made record in the
vernacular script for consultation by the user”.*
In early November 1979, the American Council of Learned Societies
(ACLS) sponsored the Conference on East Asian Character Processing
in Automated Bibliographic Systems. Thirty participants gave pres-
entations addressing such questions as computer processing of East
Asian scripts and how to transfer East Asian bibliographic records into
the national data bases.” The Joint Advisory Committee on the East
Asian Library Program, a group composed of representatives of ACLS,
the Social Science Research Council, and the Association of Research
 BIBLIOGRAPHIC CONTROL OF CHINESE MATERIALS 301
Libraries, soon afterward strongly endorsed a proposal submitted by
the Research libraries Group (RLG) to the Ford, Mellon and Hewlett
Foundations, and the National Endowment for the Humanities for
funding to develop the capacity to include East Asian vernacular rec-
ords in the Research Libraries Information network (RLIN). On
November 30th of the same year, LC and RLG signed an agreement
to seek means and methods to automate CJK bibliographic records.
Under the agreement, RLG would “develop the capability to enter,
manage, store, transmit, and output new bibliographic records con-
taining East Asian scripts in MARC compatible format, cataloged
according to Library of Congress/AACR2 standards”.’ LC agreed that
when this capability was achieved, it would begin cataloging East Asian
titles on-line into the RLIN data base. In June and December 1981,
RLG signed contracts with Transtech International Corporation of
Natick, Massachusetts, to develop an RLG CJK terminal cluster which
would provide computer support for management of bibliographic
records composed in whole or in part CJK characters.7
Between April 1980 and September 1983, RLG developed enhance-
ments to the RLIN, its wholly-owned bibliographic utility, capable of
supporting input, storage, transmission, search, display and printing of
bibliographic records containing East Asian vernacular script. Two
significant developments which contributed to the successful completion
of the RLIN CJK system deserve special mention. The first is the
implementation of character set extensions to the MARC formats
within RLIN to allow both romanized and vernacular data to be
entered in the bibliographic records. This required the definition of two
new fields: the “character set present” and the “alternate graphic
representation” fields in USMARC to make it possible for parallel fields
of romanized and vernacular data to be entered and linked in a record.*
RLG proposed and implemented these MARC extensions for its CJK
enhancements and the extensions are now part of, and included in, the
MARC Formats for Bibliographic Data (Washington, DC: Automated
Systems Office, Library of Congress, 1980) as updated and issued in
1985.’ The second contribution is the creation of the RLIN East Asian
Character Code by RLIN in collaboration with Transtech. (This will
be discussed in the next section).
A new era for East Asian libraries began on 12 September, 1983
when the Library of Congress entered their first on-line cataloging
record containing Chinese vernacular script into the RLIN data base.
As stated by John W. Haeger, Vice President of RLG, the implemen-
tation of CJK marked the beginning of a new era for East Asian
libraries, and brought their materials into the bibliographic main-
stream.“’
302 L. ZENG
An OCLC press release of 18 October, 1983 reported an announce-
ment by the OCLC President, Rowland C.W. Brown, that OCLC and
Asiagraphics of Mt. Sinai, New York had entered into negotiations
leading toward the development of a CJK library support package.
During the next 2 years, however, the plan was stalled. In March 1985,
OCLC invited a group of interested East Asian librarians to a CJK
Advisory Meeting at its headquarters in Dublin, Ohio, to rekindle
its CJK project. Asiagraphics was dropped; a new partner, Eastern
Computers, Inc., was chosen; and the development of the promised
CJK library package went ahead at full speed.g The package, formally
named the OCLC CJK350 system, was completed for a field test in
May 1986. Eleven East Asian libraries in North America participated
in the field test.”
These efforts finally allowed East Asian librarians to process their
CJK materials in vernacular languages and scripts in library computers
in the same way that their Western-language peers had done for years.
This capability has been hailed by librarians and scholars as a dramatic
advance in managing and gaining access to vernacular materials. (Ple-
ase refer to Appendix: Chronology ofAutomation of CJK Bibliographic
Control). For several years, discussions on the capabilities of the RLIN
CJK and OCLC CJK systems as well as on the use of the two systems
composed major parts of the literature on the automation of bib-
liographic control for Chinese materials.” ”

IMPORTANT ISSUESONTHEAUTOMATIONOF CJK

BIBLIOGRAPHIC CONTROL
Primary issues concerning the automation of CJK bibliographic control
were first raised in the CJK project initiated in 1980 pioneered by
RLIN. RLG pl anned three components as non-roman support: (1)
the development of a video display terminal, (2) the development of
character sets, and (3) the enhancement of existing RLIN software to
support the creation, maintenance, retrieval, display and transmission
of records using these scripts. 22 Of these issues, the development of a
method of encoding Chinese characters for computer use was the most
critical at the beginning stage.
Standard Code for Vernacular Characters
There are a number of critical issues concerning East Asian character
set/codes:
(1) are the Chinese, Japanese and Korean languages written in a
single unified script or in three distinct and historically separate
scripts?
 BIBLIOGRAPHIC CONTROL OF CHINESE MATERIALS 303
(2) who should have the responsibility for administration of the
official character set/code?
(3) what should be the role of national agencies?
(4) how should they interface with other agencies both in Asia and
in other areas of the world? and
(5) how can we best devise an overall structure which facilitates the
exchange of bibliographic data from country to country and
from system to system, while at the same time supporting the
independent data formats already in place?23,24

Two aspects of Chinese characters should be considered. First,

Chinese characters are not only used as the unique writing language in
mainland China and Taiwan, but also have formed an indispensable
component of both the Japanese and Korean languages. Second,
Chinese characters have been simplified in the People’s Republic of
China and Japan, while in Taiwan, the traditional form is preferred.
This may result in there being various ways of writing the same Chinese
character. Furthermore, in the late 1970s and early 198Os, the People’s
Republic of China, Taiwan, and Japan had been experimenting with
their own systems and developed their character sets independently,
and tailored them for use in their own communities. Over 200 plans
and methods for encoding Chinese characters emerged at that time;
these can be grouped into four major categories: phonetic encoding
methods, numerical encoding methods, individual character encoding
methods, and the component-parts (i.e. radicals -the component in a
character giving a clue to the meaning of the character) encoding
methodsz5--‘”
Even in 1980, RLG had no intention of establishing a new code for
the machine representation ofvernacular characters. However, the base
standards from which RLG worked--CCCII, a 3-byte Chinese Character
Code for Information Interchange published as a standard in Taiwan,”
CCGCSII, a Code of Ch inese Character Graphics Setfor Information Interchange
(using 16 bits) which was published as a national standard in China
(GB2312-80) in 1981, ‘,” JIS, the Japanese Industrial Standard, and KIPS,
the Korean Information Processing System3’--had proven notoriously
unstable, while work across the three complex orthographic environ-
ments, related but divergent, had been excruciating.lg By 1983, RLIN
had developed its RUN East Asian Character Code (REACC) . This is the
only East Asian character set that incorporates all character graphics
lists in the four major East Asian character sets noted above and
internally links all their common variant forms. These linkages enable
users of diverse linguistic backgrounds to search for one character
form and retrieve all its related forms. In all, this expandable REACC
304 L. ZENG

character set consists of 15 850 characters which include 13 650 Chinese

characters, I74 Japanese kana, and 2026 Korean hangul.‘6,‘7’“’ In order
to make OCLC’s CJK records compatible with RLIN’s CJK records
so that both sets of CJK records can be exchanged without technical
difficulty, OCLC adopted REACC and its character set.16’17 In 1988,
the RUN East Asian Character Code was approved by the National
Information Standards Organization of the United States.”
A standard code for vernacular characters has been a topic of con-
tinuing world-wide interest. Meetings and conferences which have
focused on the theme of East Asian character processing in libraries
were held in Canberra (1982), Hong Kong (1984), Seoul (1985), and
Tokyo (the IFLA Pre-Conference Seminar on Multilingual Multiscript
Processing of 1986). The 1987 International Conference on Scholarly
Information Networks: East Asian Applications and International Co-
operation had as topics, East Asian character set/code control and
handling and the international exchange of scholarly information,
including bibliographic information. RLG, Data Communication Cor-
poration of Seoul, National Center for Science Information System,
Japan, and Utlas International of Toronto presented position papers
at the Conference. The organizer of the Conference perceived an
urgent need for the co-ordination of activities among the various regions
both in Asia and around the globe in order to assure reasonable data
compatibility.23

A number of library automated systems have developed CJK enhance-

ments. For example, RLIN, OCLC, URICA, ATLAS, UTLAS,
LIBMAN, and DOBIS/LIBIS have all introduced CJK programs into
the market. However, actual installations are still limited except for
those using RLIN and OCLC, which are the two major on-line catalog-
ing networks operational in the United States and which have created
significant data bases. 3 A comparison between RLIN CJK and OCLC
CJK becomes a necessary step in the decision making process when a
library initiates a project to automate its East Asian material processing.
Some librarians with experience of both RLIN CJK and OCLC CJK
operation have presented their comments on both systems.9,25s32-34
The RLIN CJK project was initiated by RLG at Stanford University
in April 1980. LC created the first vernacular record containing Chinese
script on-line in the RLIN data base on 12 September, 1983. By 1990,
there were 25 member libraries of RLG contributing CJK cataloging
records to the RLIN CJK data base, which is now reaching half a
million records. Their new Multiscript Workstation (MSW) is based on
 BIBLIOGRAPHIC CONTROL OF CHINESE MATERIALS 305
an IBM AT-class computer which supports CJK, Cyrillic and Hebrew
scripts.32
OCLC made a public announcement and a commitment on 18
October, 1983 to develop a similar system that would process CJK ver-
nacular script~.~ The OCLC CJK350 system was introduced in 1987. It
is not a separate on-line system or a separate data base by itself. Rather,
it is an enhancement to the cataloging function of the OCLC Online
System. The CJK350 Workstation can be used to process information
in Chinese, Japanese, Korean, Vietnamese, English, French, German,
Spanish, and other roman-alphabet languages using a standard key-
board without special CJK keycaps. Five input methods are provided
to users of various backgrounds. As of 3 1 March, 1991,54 CJK systems
had been installed at 33 institutions; 28 in the United States, five
in overseas countries including Australia, Hong Kong, Korea and
Taiwan. The OCLC data base currently holds more than 450000
unique records for East Asian language materials; more than 300 000
CJK records have vernacular characters.3” A comparison between the
RLIN CJK and OCLC CJK systems, based on a literature review, is
shown in Table 1.
In general, the RLIN on-line system provides a more advanced
search structure and an on-line CJK thesaurus. Since it has a larger
CJK data base than OCLC, searching and evaluation of the matching
records on RLIN are less time-consuming than on OCLC.’ According
to the experience of the University of Illinois regarding the cost of
operating a CJK system, RLIN is more expensive in both hardware
and maintenance.34 On the other hand, since the OCLC CJK350 system
was developed a few years later than the RLIN system, it is able to take
advantage of the most advanced technology and offer some “state of the
art” features. For instance, it uses a standard OCLC English language
keyboard rather than one that is specially designed. For generating
CJK characters, it provides multiple input methods. Furthermore, the
CJK350 system is PC-based and offers three software packages for on-
line cataloging, card production and word processing.g

lmprouing the OCLC CJK350 System

Although suggestions for improvement can be found from the studies
comparing the two major CJK systems, there are few studies which
focus on how the OCLC CJK350 system should be improved. Since
the CJK350 system is only one component of OCLC, many features
which could be enhanced, such as the subject search function, will
depend upon the improvement of the whole system. Lee Jay (1 989)36
of Asian Shared Information and Access (ASIA) provided several
suggestions for the OCLC CJK system to consider. He pointed out that
306 L. ZENG

TABLE I
Systems comparison

Features RLIN OCLC Remarks

Hardware PC-based multiscript PC-based The first generation

workstation, multipurpose RLIN CJK runs on
supporting CJK, workstation, the AT configuration
Hebrew & Cyrillic. supporting CJK, which is several times
Malay & Vietnamese faster than that of the
PC upon which the
OCLC CJK runs
Keyboard 179 keys Standard OCLC’s needs less
training, seems more
friendly
Software Interface with Support word Card printing locally
dBASE III & Lotus processing & CJK is favoured by CJK
l-2-3. card printing locally libraries since card
catalogs still provide
major access for CJK
users
Input method Character- Four pronunciation- OCLC’s input
component entry based and one method is more
system character- versatile than
component-based RLIN’s
entry methods
Character set Incorporates all CJK Inherited RLIN’s Switching between
character into one character set but character subsets
character set divides it into subsets creates additional
keystrokes and breaks
the consistency of
tY Pi%
Search method Word, phrase, Distinctive search RLIN offers much
Boolean operator, etc keys (numeric & more powerful
derived); no subject, search capabilities
keyword or Boolean
searching
Editing Transmission by By field RLIN’s editing
function pages function is more
efficient
Thesaurus Online reference to Coding list in hard RLIN’s online
35 000 characters COPY thesaurus is very
helpful
 BIBLIOGRAPHIC CONTROL OF CHINESE MATERIALS 307

TABLE I continued

Authority file Display all diacritics Does not display OCLC’s authority
display diacritics file search may
result in confusion
and misleading
results
Authority searches Permits an authority OCLC’s capability is
have to be done search while necessary and
separately inputting a record convenient
Communica- Private dedicated Dial-access line Operation cost of
tion cost line. $5000 installation RLIN seems too high
$65 000 per year for a single library
(fixed)
Database size 800 000 records 450 000 records CJK records have a
(as of March (Includes lower hit rate on the
1991) duplicates) OCLC database
thanon RLIN's.
OCLC & RLIN
agreed to exchange
CJK records created
after September
1988 through LC

since OCLC merges the CJK records with all other records, each search
key has to go through the entire data base currently containing nearly
22 million records. OCLC may index the language code in the fixed
field and the 042 field so that CJK search keys could go through the
CJK records and bypass millions of other records. Another suggestion
is that OCLC should develop and validate a CJK stop-word list for
those common terms such as Chung-kuo (China), Nihon (Japan), or
Koria (Korea) so that common terms could be ignored in the indexes.
He also suggested that OCLC should develop a CJK data base subset
and maintain a separate telecommunication line for CJK users in order
to avoid a “traffic jam”; that an on-line thesaurus would be necessary;
and that OCLC CJK should change from using an 8-bit microcomputer
to 16- or 32- bit hardware.
In her MLS thesis based on a survey of East Asian libraries in the
United States, Elman ( 1990)37 made I7 suggestions for improvement
of the OCLC CJK350 system. Emphasizing the process of on-line
cataloging, she suggests improving search capability and card pro-
duction efficiency as well as a clean up of duplicate records. She had,
for the first time, mentioned the possibility of co-operation in order to
308 L. ZENG

develop a system interface with a local OPACs. This could be a very

important dimension for OCLC CJK development because to date
none of the local automated library systems has the capability of pro-
cessing and displaying CJK vernacular characters. Adding CJK
characters to the authority file and to CJK serials records are other two
potential areas for CJK improvement.
After nearly 5 years of successful operation of CJK350 system, OCLC
decided to develop a second generation CJK system, tentatively named
CJK Plus, in order to

(1) eliminate the dependency on the proprietary hardware;

(2) eliminate the difficulty of maintenance and increasing cost associ-
ated with scarce parts for an outmoded workstation model;
(3) apply the latest available technology to streamline with OCLC’s
other products such as PRISM service, and build flexibilities for
future revisions; and
(4) solve the known problems in the current CJK350 system. In
short, CJK Plus is going to serve OCLC CJK users better.35

The OCLC data base currently holds more than 450 000 unique
records of East Asian language materials (including tapeloaded records
created by LC and RLIN CJK- members); there are more than 300 000
CJK records with vernacular characters, of which over 150000 are
Chinese records.35 This number, however, is still small compared with
the volume of Chinese materials available worldwide. In order to over-
come the problem of limited CJK resources within North America, a
search for international co-operation has been a first consideration for
the major bibliographic utilities since the first implementation of CJK
systems in the mid- 1980s. Thus in issues related to the further devel-
opment of OCLC CJK on-line cataloging, concern over quantity has
prevailed over concern for quality, at least initially.

Romanization: Wade-Giles vs Pinyin

Rather than the twenty-six letters of the alphabet in the West, Chinese
writing consists of approximately 40 000 unique Chinese characters.
Romanization, or the conversion of Chinese characters to romanized
syllables, is based on the pronunciation of each character. A system
using romanized letters is an absolutely essential tool for most West-
erners to enter the Chinese intellectual universe.38 The Wade-Gilessystem,
which successfully adopted 26 Roman letters, was developed in the
185Os, and has been used by the Library of Congress in LC cards for
main entry and romanized Chinese MARC records for decades. The
@zin (or spelling out) romanization system, which also uses 26 Roman
 BIBLIOGRAPHIC CONTROL OF CHINESE MATERIALS 309
letters, was officially adopted in 1958 in mainland China. It has been
used world-wide as an official romanization system.
In 1981, LC made a decision to stay with the Wade-Giles system3g
which means that the main entry on the MARC format and all access
through the MARC record would continue to use this romanization
system. However, the Library of Congress realized that, as of 1990,
all other US Federal agencies use pinyin (including the Board on
Geographic Names) and that on the international scene LC records
for Chinese publications are incompatible with those produced by
European libraries such as the British Library. In addition, with the
use of pinyin by all news agencies, national and international, “the
Library of Congress and the North American library community are
now isolated in their continued use of Wade-Giles. Spontaneously then,
discussion has begun once again on the question of whether we should
switch to pinyin.”
In responding to the Library of Congress’ paper “Pinyin: possible
approaches for cataloging and automation”40 distributed in March,
1990, the Committee of East Asian Libraries (CEAL) conducted a
survey among its member libraries on the question of a switch from
Wade-Giles to pinyin.3g The conclusions drawn from this survey con-
ducted during March to July urged the Library of Congress to stay
with the Wade-Giles system because it is unnecessary for East Asian
libraries to switch to pinyin when their primary clientele are comfort-
able using Wade-Giles; and there are no standards of pinyin either in
China or elsewhere regarding word division. While this survey dem-
onstrated a preference of East Asian libraries in North America for the
Wade-Giles system, a letter and a paper prepared by the Program
Officer and CJK Specialist ofRLG, Karen Smith-Yoshimura ( 1990a) ,*I
showed an opposite opinion. In the paper entitled “RLG responses to
LC’s discussion”,42 RLG stated its wish for the Library of Congress to
re-open this issue for the East Asian library community. Recognizing
that on-line retrieval would be the main means of searching for Chinese-
language materials in the future, and that “internationalization” of
bibliographic data would be a trend, the greatest impact of Chinese
romanization would be thus on the over 90% of members’ Chinese-
language holdings that were not yet represented in machine-readable
form. Importing pinyin data would increase the pinyin ZJSWade-Giles
dichotomy to a far greater extent in the future. “lfwe do not start long-
range planning now, we anticipate far greater access problems down
the line”.
In January, 1991, LC proposed the following courses of action:

( 1) prepare guidelines for word division; and

310 L. ZENG

(2) explore possibilities for machine conversion of existing MARC

records from Wade-Giles to pinyin romanization (or the addition
of pinyin data to the Wade-Giles records) .43

Wade-Giles us pinyin, though related to two romanization systems,

is more a policy issue than a technical one. No study comparing them
in a real practical environment nor any statistical or comprehensive
theoretical analysis has been reported in the literature. But since the
Library of Congress re-opened the topic, it is expected that studies in
the area approaching a perfect romanization system will be reported
in the future.

Impact of CJK slystemson the East Asian Libraries in the United States
In order to find out how academic/research libraries in the United
States incorporate the RLIN CJK and the OCLC CJK350 systems into
their local systems, Karen T. Wei ( 1986a),44 Wen-kai Kung,45 Hee-
Jung Lee ( 1985)46 and Su-erh T. Elman ( 1990)37 conducted surveys
among the East Asian libraries in the United States. Only Elman’s
survey covered both RLIN CJK users and OCLC CJK users. Elman’s
survey shows that the most important function of CJK systems is cata-
loging because of increased cataloging productivity. Authority control
is listed as the second benefit. Other important benefits include
improved staff morale and improved library image. Inter-library loan
(including record searching and verification) is the third important
function; however, it is not widely utilized.
Major problems of the two CJK systems as seen by the libraries are
different. OCLC CJK users ranked searching methods much higher
than that of RLIN, while RLIN CJK users ranked high costs much
higher than that of OCLC. Both groups selected “inadequate for public
use” as one of the three most serious problems of the systems. Quality
of records, though listed by the investigator as one of the major
problems, was not specifically discussed in the paper. However, the
responding libraries rated benefits of CJK systems higher than their
problems. This indicated that the merits of these two systems were seen
as more important than their problems.37
Nevertheless, the East Asian collections in the United States are
still not fully integrated into the main collections of their parent institu-
tions. Although most institutions include romanized CJK records in
their local library systems, they do not serve a practical purpose
because romanized records are not always legible to users or even
well-trained librarians. Card catalogs are still the major forms of
public access. The major barriers for the development plan are
hardware and software limitations, as well as insufficient funding.
 BIBLIOGRAPHIC CONTROL OF CHINESE MATERIALS 311
“Low priority” and lack of expertise of personnel are also important
factors.

National and International Co-operation

It should be noted that from the beginning of the OCLC CJK project,
the two CJK systems have worked co-operatively at several important
decision points such as the adoption of the RLIN East Asian Character
Code and the agreement of the two systems for exchanging CJK records
created after September 1988 through the Library of Congress. For
international co-operation, both RLIN and OCLC have been in
contact with East Asian libraries abroad.‘61’7,32~3g.47~
5o
Several upcoming projects will add a significant number of CJK
records through OCLC or RLIN:

(1) a project for loading 70 000 Chinese-MARC records created by

the National Central Library, Taiwan is continuing;
(2) Loading of J a p anese-MARC records onto the OCLC data base
is also planned;
(3) The Henry Lute Foundation and the National Endowment for
the Humanities (NEH) h ave awarded grants to support a co-
operative project between OCLC and the National Library of
China, Beijing, for creating a computerized catalog of Chinese
library materials from the Republican period-items published
between the fall of the Q’ing Dynasty (1911) and the proc-
lamation of the People’s Republic (1949). This self-contained
collection of materials is not currently available anywhere else
in the world;51
(4) since 1988, retrospective conversion has spreaded among large
research and academic East Asian libraries which will result in
the addition of millions of CJK records; and
(5) while the Library of Congress has been using RLIN CJK to
process all of its East Asian monographs, it has decided to adopt
OCLC CJK350 system for its CONSER operation.“* This will
add a large number ofserial C*JK records with vernacular charac-
ters to the data base;
(6) besides its connection with the British Library for CJK shared
cataloging, RLG is reportedly communicating with libraries of
the Chinese Academy of Sciences in the People’s Republic of
China for some joint automated programs.”

The national libraries in East Asia are all currently engaged in

progressive automated programs, although fully automated libraries
and large library systems and bibliographic data bases similar to those
312 L. ZEN’S

in the United States are still rare in the area. Their efforts in pursuit of’
library automation during the past decade or so have been directed
towards revision of cataloging codes, to make them compatible with inter-
national standards such as AACR2 and ISBDs, development of special
character sets for the automation of vernacular scripts, compilation
of national bibliographies, and establishment of national MARC for-
mats based on UNIMARC and/or USMARC.’ By 1982, Taiwan had
completed and published the Chinese MARC format based on
UNIMARC and LC MARC, a new version of Chinese cataloging
rules which incorporates AACR2 and ISBD, and a list of Chinese
subject headings.53,54 OCLC conducted tests of the adaptability of
Chinese MARC tapes to the OCLC data base and is working on
some remaining incompatibility problems. The National Library of
China in Beijing has, in recent years, been experimenting with the LC
MARC tapes in acquisitions and cataloging. Continuing projects
include the creation of a national bibliographic data base, publica-
tion in electronic form of the national bibliography of China, and
production of Chinese MARC tapes.gX55
Problems exist in the transmission of bibliographic data between
CJK data bases in East Asia and North America. For instance, unified
cataloging practices need to be established with every cataloging agency
adhering to international standards such as AACR2, ISBD and
UNIMARC. Consistency in the choice of romanization systems for
use in bibliographic records needs to be maintained. As pointed out
by Thomas H. Lee, Associate Librarian of Indiana University Library,
“the key word now is standardization” and to do this, not only East
Asian libraries in North America, but also all the national biblio-
graphic agencies in East Asia need to devote their best efforts to im-
prove the international exchange of bibliographic data and sharing of
resources.’
In conclusion, the automation of bibliographic control for Chinese
materials, along with Japanese and Korean materials, has moved into
the mainstream of library automation in the on-line environment since
the mid-1980s. Among the contributions made, the RLIN CJK system
and the OCLC CJK350 system are the most distinguished. To date,
about half a million CJK bilingual bibliographic records have been
entered on the data bases of these two library utilities, among them
over 50% are Chinese records. However, this is still a small number
compared with the huge number of Chinese materials available in the
world, Many issues related to policy and technology for the further
development of the Chinese bibliographic control become critical.
Meanwhile, although they present unique problems and represent a
significant subset of the records held by bibliographic utilities, CJK
 BIBLIOGRAPHIC CONTROL OF CHINESE MATERIALS 313
bibliographic records have not been well-investigated. The literature
on CJK bibliographic control has concentrated on the introduction of
CJK systems, comparisons between the RLIN CJK and OCLC CJK
systems, and the impact that the automation of bibliographic control
has had on East Asian libraries in North America. Romanization,
retrospective cataloging, and the transferal of CJK records with or
without vernacular into the integrated library systems employed by the
parent institutions of East Asian libraries are new topics of recent years,
but literature in these areas is rare, most being reported in the form of
news, letters and notes. No comprehensive study on the quality of
CJK bibliographic records in on-line data bases has been reported.
Nevertheless, a new era has already begun, and the future of automated
bibliographical control for Chinese and other vernacular materials in
the whole world will be very exciting.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The author would like to thank Dr Edie Rasmussen and Dr Doris

Hayashikawa of the University of Pittsburgh for their help in the writing
of this paper.

REFERENCES

‘rsuneishi, Warrent (1987) Current status of East Asian Collections in the North
America. Journal of Library and Znformation Science 13(2), pp. 199-209.
2 Martinique, Edward (1988) Summer Institute on East Asian Librarianship (1988:
Seattle). CEAL Bulletin 85, pp. 23-27.
Library of Congress. (1978) Library offers pl ans for romanization. Library of
Congress Information Bulletin 37 (43)) pp. 654-655.
4 Lee, Thomas H. (1979) Results of a survey on the romanization and automation
of East Asian catalog CEAL Bulletin 58, pp. 38-41.
records.
5 CEAL (1980) ACLS Conference on East Asian Character Processing in Auto-
mated Bibliographic Systems. CEAL Bulletin 61, pp. g--17.
Library of Congress. (1980) LC/RLG agreement concluded on cataloging of East
Asian scripts. Library of Congress Information Bulletin 39 (6)) pp. 42-43.
CEAL (1982) Research Library Group and Transtech Corporation sign contract
for RLG CJK cluster. CEAL Bulletin 67, pp. 47748.
Crawford, Walt (1984) MARCfor Library Use: Understanding the USMARC Formats.
White Plains, NY. Knowledge Industry Publications, Inc. pp. 97-102, 154.
Lee, Thomas H. (1988) The development of CJK bibliographic databases in
North America and East Asia. Cataloging & Class$cution Quarterly 8(3/4), pp. 111
126.
10 RLG (1988) RLG celebrates fifth anniversary of CJK. CEAL Bulletin 85, p. 43.
11 Tsiang, Amy Ching-Fen (1988) Experiences in OCLC CJK online cataloging at
the UCLA Oriental Library. CEAL Bulletin 85, pp. 8-.lO.
314 L. ZENG

12 Fischer, Russell G. (1984) The CJK ‘I’erminal: RLG and Transtech’s achievement.
Library Hi Tech l(4), pp. 27-34.
13 Hu, David Y. (1985a) OCLC and its CJK software. Journal of Educational Media
C!? Libray Sciences 23(I), pp. 63-75.
14 Hu, Lily H. (198513) Automation of East Asian bibliographical records in the
University of Melbourne Library. East Asian Librarians’ Group of Australia Newsletter
8(March), pp. l-4.
15 Huang, Hong-chu ( 1985) Th e d evelopment of RLIN’s automated system in East
Asian languages material. Journal OfEducationaL Media @ Library Sciences 23(l), pp,
76-85.
16 Wang, Andrew H. (1985a) OCLC CJK automated library information network.
Journal of Library and Information Science 11(2), pp. I43- 153.
17 Wang, Andrew H. ( 1985b) OCLC ‘s cataloging capability in the Chinese, Japanese
and Korean languages. Journal of Educational Media &3 Library Sciences 23( I), pp,
57-62.
18 Rogers, Gloria H. (1986) From cards ‘to online: the Asian connection. information
Technology and Libraries 5(4), pp. 280-284.
I9 Haeger, John W. (1987) The CJK enhancements to the RLIN system: a review
of basic issues. In: C. Bossmeyer and S. W. Massil (Eds) Automated Systemsfor Access
to Multilingual and Multiscript Library Materials: Problems and Solutions. New York.
K. G. Saur. pp. 156-162.
20 Smith-Yoshimura, Karen (1987) RLG’s East Asian studies program. Journal of
Library and Information Science 13(2), pp. 133-l 40.
21 Yu, Abraham J. (1989) An efficient way to copy and insert fields into OCLC CJK
records. CEAL Bulletin 88, pp. 54-57.
22 Bales, Kathleen and Tucker, Alan (1988) The RLIN database: current status,
work in progress, future developments. Cataloging 6Y ClassiJication Quarterly 8(3/4),
pp. 79-89.
23 Cain, Jack (1988) Speech presented at the plenary session of the Committee on
East Asian Libraries on March 24, 1988 in San Fransisco. Reprinted in CEAL
Bulletin 85, pp. 20-23.
24 Cain, Jack (1990) The development of Chinese ideogramic processing for a shared
cataloging system. Program 24(2), pp. 141-153.
25 Tam, Kwok-kan (1986) Automation of East Asian colIections in the U.S.: current
state and problems. Journal of Library and Information Science I2( l), pp. 34-40.
26 Yang, Chen-Chau (1985) Application and design considerations CJK for infor-
mation interchange code. Journal of Library and Information Science 11 ( l), pp. 24-32.
27 Shi, Y. (1989) Facilitating Chinese character entry and information retrieval
through regular expression searching. Library and Information Science Research 11(4),
pp. 335-356.
28 Shi, Y and Larson, R. (1990) Chinese online--problems and solutions. Znformation
Technology and Libraries 9(2), pp. 144-154.
29 Maier, John H. ( 1987) General progress in automation of Chinese and other Asian
materials: an overview. Special Libraries 78( 3)) pp. l&i- 190.
30 Miyazawa, Akira (1987) Character set and its control in an online cataloging
system: applications at the Center for Bibliographic Information. In C. Bossmeyer
and S. W. Massil (Eds) Automated Systems for Access to Multilingual and Multiscript
Library Materials: Problems and Solutions. New York. K.G. Saur. pp. 148-155.
31 OCLC (1987) Studies in automatic cataloging. In: Annual Review of OCLCResearch:
J@y 1986June 1987. Dublin, OH: OCLC.
32 Hu, Lily H. (1990) Online cataloging systems for Chinese, Japanese and Korean
 BIBLIOGRAPHIC CONTROL OF CHINESE MATERIALS 315
collections: an evaluation report from the University of Melbourne. LASZE: hzr-
mation Bulletin of the Library Automated Systems information Exchange 20(4), pp. 7c-79.
33 Wei, Karen T. (1989b) RLIN CJK vs OCLC CJK. Journal of Educational Media
@ Library Sciences 24(l), pp. 82-94.
34 Wei, Karen T. and Noguchi, Sachie (1989) RLIN CJK versus OCLC CJK: the
Illinois experience. Library Resources &+’ Technical Services 33(2), pp. 140-15 1.
35 Kotaka, Hisako (1991) 1991 OCLC CJK350 updates brief notes. Distributed
at the OCLC CJK350 Users Meeting (April 12, 1991, Le Meridien, New Orleans)
36 Lee, Jay (1989) Cataloging CJK online: the ASIA experience. Journal of Librav
and Information Science 15(I), pp. 22-34.
37 Elman, Su-erh T. (1990) Automation in East Asian Libraries in the United States:
A Survey Result. (MLS Thesis). Los Angeles. Graduate School of Library and
Information Science, UCLA, 1990.
38 ‘Tao, Hanyu and Cole, Charles (1990) Wade-Giles or Hanyu pinyin: practical
issues in the transliteration of Chinese titles and proper names. Cataloging @
Clussijcation Quarterly 12 (2)) pp. 105- 117.
39 Lee, Thomas H. (1990) A letter to Rather, Lucia J., Director for Cataloging,
Collection Services, Library of Congress on July 20, 1990. Reprinted in CEAL
Bulletin 90, i-iii.
40 Library of Congress. (1990) P’ m y’ m: Possible approaches for cataloging and auto-
mation. Prepared by Collections Services, Library of Congress, March 30, 1990,
distributed at the CEAL Annual Meeting on April 3, 1990 in Chicago. Reprinted
in CEAL Bulletin 90, pp. 5&62.
41 Smith-Yoshimura, Karen (1990a) A letter to Rather Lucia, Director of Catalog-
ing, Collection Services, Library of Congress on July 20, 1990. Reprinted in CEAL
Bulletin 91, p. 35.
42 Smith-Yoshimura, Karkn (1990b) RLG response to LC’s discussion paper on
pinyin. Reprinted in CEAL Bulletin 91, pp. 36-41.
43 Avram, H.D. (1991) Memorandum to “Those interested in Chinese roman-
ization” , January 3, 1991. Reprinted in CEAL Bulletin 92, p, 32.
44 Wei, Karen T. (1986a) Current status and future trends of East Asian library
automation in North America. Information Technolqey and Libraries 5(2), pp. 14s
146.
45 Kung, Wen-kai. (1986) Computerized cataloging of East Asian vernacular
materials in non-RLIN libraries of North America. CEAL Bulletin 80, pp. 5-10.
46 Lee, Hee-Jung. (1985) A study of automated cataloging system for Chinese, Japanese and
Korean Materials (MLS thesis). Los Angeles. Graduate School of Library and
Information Science, UCLA, 1985.
47 Brown, Rowland C.W. (1988) Library Technology Applications and Inter-
national Co-operation. In: International Symposium on New Techniques and Applications
in Libraries: Sept. 8-11, 1988; Xi’an, PRC. Xi’an. Xi’an Jiao Tong University Press.
pp. 551-557.
48 Little, Thompson M. (1988) OCLC’s international initiatives and the online union
catalog. Cataloging & Clas$ca&n Quarterly 8(3/4), pp. 67-78.
49 Wang, Andrew H. (1988) The role of OCLC in promoting Chinese culture. In:
International Symposium on new Techniques and Applications in Libraries: Sept. 8-l 1,
1988; Xi’an, PRC. Xi’an. Xi’an Jiao Tong University Press. pp. 529-532.
50 Wei, Karen T. (1988) Computer applications in East Asian libraries: current
status and future trends. In: International Symposium on New Techniques and Applications
in Libraries: Sept. 8-11, 1988; Wan, PRC. Xi’an. Xi’an Jiao Tong University Press.
pp. 456-462.
316 L. ZENG
51 OCLC (1989) Use of OCLC CJK350 system grows. OCLC Newsletter 181, p. 31.
52 Martinique, Edward (1990) Report of the 1990 Plenary Session. C&IL Bulletin
90, pp. 25-29.
53 Lee, L. T.-C. et al. (1981) Chinese MARC. Its present status and future devrl-
opment. Journal of Library and Information Science 7( I), pp. 1 l- 18.
54 Wang, Chen-ku (1982) The development of library automation as a foundation
of the National Library Network in Taiwan. Journal of Educational Media &? Library
Science 20(2), pp. 106107.
55 Sun, Beixin (1985) Automation development at the National Library of China.
Library Resources and Technical Services 29(4), pp. 367-368.

APPENDIX

Chronology of Automation of CJK Bibliographic Control

Date Issue Event

-__
1978 Romanized CEL.L survey on the romanization and auto-
CJK record mation of East Asian catalog records. CEAL’s
stand: CJK bibliographic records must contain
vernacular scripts’
1978 Romanized LC announces consideration of completing
record romanization of its bibliographic records for
machine input for all non-roman scripts except
Chinese, Japanese and Korean2
1979 November CJK automation American Council of Learned Societies sponsors
the Conference on East Asian Character Pro-
cessing in Automated Bibliographic Systems3
1980 November CJK automation RLG submits a proposal to foundations and
proposals NEH for funding for a CJK automation project’
1980 November LC/RLG CJK LC and RLG sign agreement to seek means
agreement and methods to automate CJK bibliographic
record?
1981 Romanization LC makes a decision to stay with the Wade-Giles
system6
1981 CJK cluster RLG signed contracts with Transtech Inter-
national Corporation of Natick, Massachusetts,
to develop an RLG CJK terminal cluster’
1983 Character set RLG develops RLIN East Asian Character
Code (REACC)
1983 September CJK on-line September 1983, the Research Library Group
0-G) unveiled the world’s first on-line,
networked-based, library processing and infor-
mation retrieval system for East Asian materials.
1983 Standard AACR2 Workbook for East Asian Publication
published. (planning for revision by the Sub-
committee on Technical Processing, reported in
199oy
1983 CJK project OCLC announces plans for developing a CJK
library support package
 BIBLIOGRAPHIC CONTROL OF CHINESE MATERIALS 317
1985 CJK project OCLC CJK Advisory Meeting, Dublin, Ohio.
OCLC announces start of a CJK project’”
1986 May CJK on-line OCLC CJK350 system completes field test”
1986 International IFLA Pre-Conference Seminar on Multilingual
exchange Multiscript Processing, Tokyo
1987 January CJK on-line OCLC starts the CJK enhancement work on
romanized LC records”
1987 May Tapeloading OCLC starts tapeloading of LC’s “Book CJK”
into the OLUC”
1987 CJK MARC MARC, Distribution Service (MDS)-~-Books
distribution CJK that contains Chinese, Japanese and
service Korean records, is generated by LC.
1987 December CJK character International Conference on Scholarly Infor-
set/international mation Networks: East Asian Applications,
exchange December 8-l 1, 1987, Tokyo. Topics: (1) East
Asian (i.e. CJK) character set/code control and
handling; and (2) the international exchange of
scholarly information, including bibliographic
information’g
1988 July Seminar Summer Institute on East Asian Librarianship
(July 18-29, 1988, University of Washington,
Seattle, Washington) I4
1988 Standard The East Asian Character Code that under-
pins CJK is approved, unanimously, by the
National Information Standards Organization”
1988 Trade mark CJK becomes a registered trade mark of the
Research Libraries GroupI
1988 Workstation RLG releases its new multiscript workstation
(MSW). The MSW is based on an AT-class
personal computer’7.‘”
1988- RECON” Retrospective cataloging projects begin in East
Asian libraries of OCLC CJK-members”
1989 CJK MARC MARC Distribution Service (MDS) ~~ Books
distribution CJK is completed by a new distribution service
service for CJK bibliographic records contributed from
institutions via OCLC of Dublin, Ohio
1989 Dial access OCLC reports that OCLC has developed CJK
asychronous on-line communication software for
dial access users; the preliminary software ver-
sion for the asynchronous mode was sent to over-
seas user?
1989 Rare books RLG completes a Chinese rare books project,
project Phase I, the creation and refinement of
cataloging standards and guidelinesz3
1989 CONSER LC decides to adopt the OCLC CJK350 system
for its CONSER operatio#
1989 September LC cards The Cataloging Distribution Service of the
Library of Congress discontinues the CJK cata-
log card distribution service on September 30,
198g3”
1990 RECON Retrospective cataloging projects begin in East
Asian libraries of RLIN CJK members’”
318 L. ZENG

1990 CONSER The Serial Record Division plans to use the

OCLC database for CJK vernacular serial
records as part of the CONSER program’”
1990 March Romanization LC issues a paper “Pinyin: possible approaches
for cataloging and automation””
1990 May-July Romanization CEAL conducts a survey among its member
libraries on a Wade-Giles and pinyin switchZH
The conclusions urge the Library of Congress to
stay with the Wade-Giles systcm2”
1990 Romanization RLG responds to LC’s discussion. Applauds LC
for reopening this issue to the East Asian library
community. RLG is eager to assist in devising
long-term strategies as well as an interim solu-
tion’”
1990 Full-text East Asian Library of the University of Wash-
data base ington installs a large full-text database of
the Twenty-five Dynastic Histories of China,
being developed by the Academia Sinica in
Taiwan3”“’
1990 December Tapeloading OCLC starts tapeloading of “contributed CJK”
records created by RLIN members after Sep-
tember 1988s4
199 1 January Romanization LC proposes the following course of action:
1. Prepare guidelines for word division; and
2. Explore possibilities for machine conversion of
existing MARC records (with Wade-Giles with
new records in pinyin
1991 June Quality issue OCLC funded a project proposed by the inves-
tigators of the University of Pittsburgh for ‘<An
Investigation of the Quality of Chinese Records in the
OCLC OLUC Database and a Study of a Rule-based
Data Validation System for Online Chinese Cata-
loging”

’ Lee, Thomas H. (1979) Results of a survey on the romanization and automation of East
Asian catalog records. CEAL Bulletin 58, pp. 38-11.
’ Library of Congress (1978) Library offers plans for romanization. Library of Congress Znformation
Bulletin 37(43), pp. 654655.
’ CEAL (1980) ACLS Conference on East Asian Character Processing in Automated Biblio-
graphic Systems. CEAL Bulletin 61, pp. 9-11.
‘Lee, Thomas H. (1988) The development of CJK bibliographic databases in North America
and East Asia. Cataloging and Clawiication Quarterly 8(3/4), pp. 11 I-126.
’ Library of Congress (1980) LC/RLG a g reement concluded on cataloging of East Asian scripts.
Library of Congress Information Bulletin 39( 6)) pp. 42243.
6 From a letter oflee, Thomas H. (Chair, CEAL) to Rather, Lucia J., Director for Cataloging,
Collection Services, Library of Congress July 20, 1990. Reprinted in CEAL Bulletin 90, i-iii.
’ CEAL (1982) Research Library Group and Transtech Corporation sign contract for RLG
CJK cluster. CEAL Bulletin 67, pp. 4748.
a Martinique, Edward (1990) Report of the I990 Plenary Session. CEAL Bulletin 90, pp. 25529.
‘Lee, Thomas H. 1988. (see Note 1).
lo Ibid
” Tsiang, Amy Ching-Fen ( 1988) E x p eriences in OCLC CJK online cataloging at the UCLA
Oriental Library. CEAL Bulletin 85, pp. 8-10.
 BIBLIOGRAPHIC CONTROL OF CHINESE MATERIALS 319
I2 Kotaka, Hisako (1991) 1991 OCLC CJK350 updates brief notes. Distributed at the OCLC
CJK350 Users Meeting (April 12, 1991, Le Meridien, New Orleans).
‘s Kotaka, Hisako (1991) (see Note 12).
I4 Martinique, Edward (1988) Summer Institute on East Asian Librarianship (1988: Seattle).
CEAL Bulletin 85, pp. 23-27.
” RLG (1988) RLG celebrates fifth anniversary of CJK. CEAL Bulletin 85, p. 43.
“Ibid. p. 43.
” RLG (1989) RLIN Multiscript Station Enthusiastically Received. CEAL Bulletin 87, pp. 58
i9.
” RLG (1988) (see Note 15).
” Cain, Jack (Utlas International Canada) (1988) speech presented at the plenary session of
the Committee on East Asian Libraries on March 24, 1988 in San Francisco. Reprinted in CEAL
Bulletin 85, pp. ‘LO--23.
” RECON retrospective conversion projects.
” Tsiang, Amy Ching-Fen (1990) Retrospective conversion of East Asian materials. CEAL
Bulletin 91, pp. 10-15.
“Kotaka, Hisako (1989) OCLC 0 n 1’me Computer Library Center CJK350 Users Meeting
(San Francisco: 1988). CEAL Bulletin 86, pp. 3 l-34 (Pak, Moo-Jae reported.).
“’ Martinique, Edward (1990) (see Note 8).
24 Kotaka, Hisako (1989) (see Note 22).
” Tsiang, Amy Ching-Fen (1990) (see Note 21 j.
“’ Martinique, Edward (1990) (see Note 8).
” Library of Congress (1990) Pinyin: Possible approaches for cataloging and automation.
Prepared by Collections Services, Library of Congress, March 30, 1990. Distributed at the CEAL
Annual Meeting on April 3, 1990 in Chicago. Reprinted in CEAL Bulletin 90, pp. 56-62.
“A letter of Lee, Thomas H. (Chair, CEAL) to Rather, Lucia J., July 20, 1990. (see Note 6).
“’ Ibid.
“A letter to Lucia Rather Director of Cataloging, Collection Services, Library of Congress on
July 20, 1990 by Kaien Smith-Yoshimura, Program Officer and CJK Specialist of RLG, and a
paper prepared by him titled: RLG response to LC’s discussion paper on pinyin. Reprinted in
CEAL Bulletin 91, pp. 35, 36-41.
” Wu Yeen-mei ( 1990) University ofwashington East Asian Library acquires full-text database
of the stlndard Chinese dynastic histories CEAL Bulletin 90, pp. 44-45.
” Harvard-Yenching Library (1988) H arvard-Yenching Library Receives Grant to Acquire
Chinese Data Base. Harvard University Library Notes, no. 99 1 (Oct. 18, 1990): l-2. Reprinted in
CEAL Bulletin 92, pp. 4345.
s3 Library of Congress (1989) Library of Congress ceases distribution of CJK catalog cards.
Librav qf Congwss hfirmation Bulletin 48(45), (Nov. 6, 1989): 392 Reprinted in CEAL Bulletin
89, p. 63.
“Kotaka, Hisako (1991) (see Note 12).
sr, Avram, H.D. (1991) Memorandum to “Those interested in Chinese romanization”, January
3, 199 1. Reprinted in CEAL Bulletin 92, p. 32.