Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med.

| Volume 4, Issue 8 | August 2015 | 172–181

ISSN 2277-4289 | www.gjrmi.com | International, Peer reviewed, Open access, Monthly Online Journal

Review Article

HEPATOPROTECTIVE PROPERTY OF VARNYA MAHAKASHAYA –

AN INNOVATIVE INSIGHT

Sapna Narasanagi1*, Sujnana VS2, Jyoti Devangamath3, Shreevathsa4

1, 2, 3
P.G. scholar, Department of PG studies in Ayurveda Siddhanta, Government Ayurveda Medical
College, Mysuru, Karnataka, India
4
HOD and Professor (I/C) Department of PG studies in Ayurveda Siddhanta, Government Ayurveda
Medical College, Mysuru, Karnataka, India
*Corresponding Author: E-mail: narasanagi.sapna4@gmail.com; Mob: 7795409892

Received: 24/05/2015; Revised: 15/07/2015; Accepted: 31/07/2015

ABSTRACT
Liver is considered to be one of the vital organs which help in maintaining the health of the
human body. Not many of the physicians relate the outer glow of complexion to the liver health.
After critical analysis it can be understood that there is a tremendous importance of liver function to
one’s appearance. Modern lifestyles can overstress the liver and make it malfunctioning. No
significant and safe hepato-protective drugs are available in existing contemporary therapeutics.
Liver is the metabolic factory of the body producing energy to sustain the thousands of functions
performed every minute by all body’s cells. Skin cells require energy to eliminate toxins, repair and
regenerate. Nature has bestowed some plants with the property to prevent, treat and cure hepatic
disturbances. The focus of this review is to elucidate the importance of liver in maintenance of Varna
and also the probable mode of action of Varnya mahakashaya gana dravyas on yakrit (liver) based
upon Ayurvedic aspects. As varnya gana helps in detoxification of blood in Raktapradoshaja vikaras
(disorders due to vitiated blood) and yakrit is the moola Sthana (root site) for raktavaha Srotas
(channels of blood circulation).

KEYWORDS: Yakrit, Varna, Varnyamahakashaya gana.

Cite this article:

Sapna Narasanagi, Sujnana VS, Jyoti Devangamath, Shreevathsa (2015),
HEPATOPROTECTIVE PROPERTY OF VARNYA MAHAKASHAYA – AN INNOVATIVE INSIGHT,
Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med., Volume 4(7): 172–181

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Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med. | Volume 4, Issue 8 | August 2015 | 172–181
INTRODUCTION
Liver
The liver is the largest glandular organ in
the body which works all the time to keep the
body healthy. The liver is important because a
person’s nutritional level is not only determined
by what he or she eats, but by what the liver
processes. Liver is considered to be one of the
most vital organs that functions as a centre of
metabolism of nutrients such as carbohydrates,
proteins and lipids and excretion of waste
metabolites. Additionally, it is also handling the
metabolism and excretion of drugs and other
xenobiotic from the body thereby providing
protection against foreign substances by
detoxifying and eliminating them
(Sembulingam. K, 2006). Skin cells require
energy to eliminate toxins, repair and
regenerate. Nature has bestowed some plants
with the property to prevent, treat and cure
hepatic disturbances. The focus of this review
is to elucidate the importance of liver in
maintenance of Varna and also the probable
mode of action of Varnya mahakashaya gana
dravyas on yakrit (liver) based upon Ayurvedic
aspects. Hence here an attempt is made to
create a hypothesis that varnya mahakashayaa
dravyas can be a drug of choice in case of skin
disorders associated with liver dysfunction
Role of liver in healthy skin
As per Ayurveda:
In Ayurvedic literature, Bhavamisra (16th
Century) has described that it is situated right
and below to the hridaya (heart) and is the
sthana of pitta and sonitha (blood). Susrutha
(500 BC) mentioned yakrit as the abode of
ranjaka pitta and describes it as the sthana of
rakta (blood). Charaka (1000 BC) while
describing the Srotas (channels), mentioned
yakrit and pleeha (spleen) as the moola of
raktavaha Srotas (Giby abraham et al., 2014).
Vagbhata holds the opinion that the twak (skin)
is formed from the rakta. After the paka of
rakta by its dhatwagni, it gets dried up to from
the skin, like the deposition of cream on the
surface of boiling milk (Hari Sadashiva Shastri
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Paradakara, 2002). Hence liver is directly
related to the skin.
As per Contemporary medicine:
“Healthy Liver Can Mean Healthy
Skin” – said by Jody Smith
Liver is the metabolic factory of the body
producing energy to sustain the thousands of
functions performed every minute by all body’s
cells. Hair follicles need energy to grow strong
shiny hair and skin cells require energy to
eliminate toxins and repair and regenerate
them. Heart requires energy to pump blood
efficiently to skin to maintain collagen
production and oxygenate the cells to protect
them from aging (Liver Doctor, 2015), thereby
Based on the physiology of liver, there is a
relation between the outer glows of complexion
to liver health.
Role of liver in skin diseases:
As per Ayurveda:
In Ayurveda it can be understood in relation
with Shonita, Raktavaha Srotas, and yakrit. In
shonitaja rogas (disorders due to vitiated
blood), Vaivarnya (skin discoloration) is
mentioned (CS, vimana stana 5/8, pp. 250)
(Acharya Y.T, 2006), Prasanna
varnendriyaartha (bright skin tone and texture
etc) are the lakshanas of vishuddha rakta
purusha (characteristics of a person having
pure and detoxified blood) (CS, Sutrasthana
24/13&24, pp.124&125) (Acharya Y.T., 2006),
snigdha rakta Varna in rakta sara purusha
(CS, Vimanasthana 8/104, pp.278) (Acharya
Y.T, 2006) and liver is said to be the moola of
shonitavaha/ raktavaha srotas. This shows that
liver is the karana (cause) for vaivarnya,
prasanna Varna and other disorders of skin.
As per Contemporary medicine:
The kidney-bladder system, liver system,
lung system, and heart system are the creators
of the structure of human protein. It is the direct
result of the cooperation of these four organic
systems. So any functional disorders will bring
about disorders in protein formation which can
appear as various kinds of symptoms, and also
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as skin diseases. If this indication is taken as a
working hypothesis, then the connections
between particular skin diseases and the four
protein-forming organs mentioned could be
studied (Alla Selawry, 2004–2009). Hence here
the focus is laid on liver system wherein if liver
is not doing its function of breaking down
toxins efficiently then they must be eliminated
from the body by other means – in many cases
they come out through the skin. When
excessive toxins build up in the deeper layers of
the skin this causes inflammation to occur and
this can manifest as: Dermatitis, Eczema,
Premature aging and wrinkling of the skin etc.
(Liver Doctor, 2015).
Treatment of dermatological conditions
where liver is involved: Ayurvedic view
In dealing with problems of the liver, the
primary goal is to enhance liver detoxification
processes and to protect against further liver
damage. Significant and safe hepato-protective
agents are unavailable in contemporary
therapeutics. Therefore, due importance has
been given globally to develop plant-based
hepato-protective drugs effective against a
variety of liver disorders. So in this review the
Table no 1: Varnya Mahakashaya dravyas (Pallavi. G et al., 2012)
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important herbs in varnya mahakashaya gana
used to treat (vaivarnya) skin discolouration
associated with liver disorders have been
described.
Varnya mahakashaya dravyas: (CS,
Sutrasthana 4/10, pp.32) (Acharya Y.T., 2006)
Varnya mahakashaya dravyas are the group
of drugs which are used to treat and prevent the
Vaivarnya (skin discoloration) related
conditions, to maintain and enhance the
complexion in healthy. These can be
administered both internally and externally.
According to Charaka Samhita Sutra Sthana 4th
chapter Varnya mahakashaya dravyas includes
– Acc to Charaka Samhita Sutra Sthana 4th
chapter Varnya mahakashaya dravyas mainly
includes - Chandana (Santalum Album), Tunga
(Calophyllum inophyllum), Padmaka (Prunus
cerasoides), Ushira (Vetveria zizanoides),
Madhuka (Glycyrrhiza glabra), Manjishta
(Rubia cordifolia), Sariva (Hemidesmus
indicus), Payasya (Pureaeria tuberosa), Sita
(Cynodon dactylon), Lata (Cynodon linearis).
A brief drug review of Varnya Mahakashaya
dravyas is show in table no.1.
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DISCUSSION conditions are checked by it. Some of the

From the above review it is understood that
liver is one of the important component in
maintaining the Varna, and varnya mahakashya
dravyas possess both hepato protective and
varnya property. Thus the link is found
between the liver and the skin, wherein varnya
mahakashya can be used; as both these
examples of Varnya mahakashaya dravyas
used in Yakrit vikaras mentioned in classics
have been shown in table no.2, and References
of research and review articles on
hepatoprotective action of each varnya gana
dravyas in Table no. 3.

Table no.2 References of Varnya mahakashaya dravyas used in Yakrit vikaras mentioned in
classics.

1. Chandana Ex: In kamala (jaundice) –

Katukaadhya ghrutam (CS, Chikitsasthana 16/47.
pp.529.)(Acharya Y.T, 2006),
It is also mentioned in vishagna, kandughna (CS, Sutrasthana
4/11.pp.33) (Acharya Y.T, 2006)
2. Punnaga (Nagakesara) Ex: in Mrutbhakshana nivarana vidhi (CS. Chikitsasthana 16/108.
pp. 531) (Acharya YT et al., 2006).
3. Ushira Ex: in kamala –
Bijakarishta (CS. Chikitsasthana 16/121. pp. 532.) (Acharya
Y.T, 2006),
Blood purifier (PV Sharma, 2006).
4. Manjishta Ex: in kamala –
Gaudoarishta (CS. Chikitsasthana 16/121. pp. 532.)
(Acharya Y.T, 2006)
(Acharya Y.T, 2006),
It is also mentioned in vishagna gana
5. Madhuka Ex: in kamala –
Haidari ghruta, Dhatryaavalehya,
Bijakarishta, Gaudoarishta (CS. Chikitsasthana 16/121. pp.
532.) (Acharya Y.T, 2006),
It is also mentioned in jeevaneeya, kandugna,
mutravirajaneeya, shonitasthapanaani gana (CS, Sutrasthana
4/9, 11, 15, and 18) (Acharya Y.T, 2006).
6. Payasya (Vidari) It is also mentioned in balya, (CS, Sutrasthana 4/10 pp.32)
(Acharya Y.T, 2006).
Purishavirajaneeya gana (CS, Sutrasthana 4/15 pp.33)
(Acharya Y.T, 2006).
in hepatosplenomegaly (PV Sharma, 2006)
7,8 Sita & Lata Ex: in Mrutbhakshana nivarana vidhi (CS. Chikitsasthana
16/121 chakrapani. pp. 532.) (Acharya Y.T, 2006),
These varnya mahakashaya dravyas can be administered both internally and externally.

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Table no. 3 References of research and review articles on hepatoprotective action of each varnya gana
dravyas:

1. Santalum album 1. Hepatoprotective Potential of Hydro alcoholic Extract of Santalum album

Linn. Leaves.
2. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research
2014; 6(3):pp. 224–228
2. Vetiveria 3. Hepatoprotective activity of Vetiveria zizanioides Linn.against ethanol-
zizanioides induced liver damage in rats.
4. Pharmacognosy Magazine, Vol 4, Issue 16 (Suppl.), Oct-Dec, 2008, pp
216.
3. vetiveria 5. Hepatoprotective potential of methanolic extract of vetiveria zizanioides
zizanioides roots against carbon tetrachloride induced acute liver damage in rats.
6. Digest Journal of Nanomaterials and Biostructures, Vol. 8, No. 2, April -
June 2013, pp. 835–844.
4. Prunus puddum 1. Ethnopharmaco-Botanical Review of Padmaka – Prunus puddum Roxb.
2. International Journal of Ayurvedic and Herbal Medicine 1:3 (2011) pp.
87:99.
5. Calophyllum 1. Antibacterial and Analgesic Effects of the Stem Barks of Calophyllum
inophyllum. inophyllum
2. International Journal of ChemTech Research, Vol.2, No.2, April-June
2010, pp 973–979.
6. Rubia cordifolia. Hepatoprotective activity of Rubia cordifolia.
Pharmacologyonline (2007)3: pp. 73–79.
7. Glycyrrhiza 1. Glycyrrhiza glabra (Liquorice) - a potent medicinal herb.
glabra 2. International Journal of Herbal Medicine 2014; 2(2):pp. 132–136.
8. Cynodon 1. Pharmacological Perspectives of Cynodon dactylon.
dactylon 2. Research Journal of Pharmaceutical, Biological and Chemical Sciences,
April – June 2012, Volume 3 Issue 2 pp.1135.
9. Hemidesmus 3. Hepatoprotective activity of Hemidesmus indicus R.Br. in rats.
indicus 4. Indian journal of experimental biology, vol .44, May 2006, pp.399–402.
10. Mesua ferrea 1. Evaluation of Hepatoprotective Activity of Isolated Mesuol from Mesua
Ferrea L. In Paracetamol Induced Hepatotoxicity in Rats.
2. International journal of research article pharmaceutical innovations, sept
₋ oct 2013, volume 3, issue 5, pp. 42.
11. Mesua ferrea 3. Evaluation of antioxidant and hepatoprotective efficacy of methanolic
extract of Mesua ferrea linn leaves in experimentally challenged mice.
4. International Journal of PharmTech Research, Oct-Dec 2009, Vol.1,
No.4, pp. 1692–1696.
12. Mesua ferrea 5. Hepatoprotective Effect of Stamen Extracts of Mesua ferrea L. against
Oxidative Stress induced by CCl4 in Liver Slice Culture Model.
6. Natural Product Sciences, (2012), 18(2):pp. 76–82.

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Ayurvedic pharmacology of 2) Dhatu (tissue elements): Rasa & Rakta

Varnyamahakashaya dravyas:
Before understanding the Ayurvedic
pharmacology of varnya mahakashaya
understanding of factors involved in formation
of varna (skin complexion) is very essential
which would in turn help to analyse the effect
of varnya mahakashaya dravyas on varna and
the yakrit. Hence Factors involved in the
process of formation of Varna are as follows:
(Pallavi. G et al., 2012)
1) Dosha (functional entities of the body):
a) Vata- Udana vata & vyana vata.
b) Pitta- Bhrajaka pitta & Ranjaka pitta.
Dhatu.
3) Agni (digestive fire/enzymes): Jatharagni,
Bhutagni, & Dhatwagni.
4) Srotas (channels): Rasavaha Srotas &
Raktavaha Srotas.’
In figure no. 1 Schematic representation of
mode of action of varnya mahakashaya
dravyas on Twacha (skin) internally have been
shown and in table no.4 the relation between
the factors for formation of Varna and the
varnya kara bhavas present in the varnya
mahakashayaa dravyas have been shown.

Figure 1: Schematic representation on mode of action of varnya mahakashaya dravyas on

Twacha (skin)

Intake of Aushadha

Rasa Dhatu

Rakta Dhatwagni and Ranjaka Pitta Yakrit is involved

Rakta Dhatu

Through vyana vayu

Circulates Throughout the Body


Increase in Ojas

Reflects in Twacha (skin)

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Table.no 4: Varnya dravyas: Varnya Kara bhavas

Varnya Kara Bhavas of Varnya Mahakashaya dravyas

1. Rasa Dhatu (lymph Rasa (taste) - Madhura rasa (sweet taste),
tissue) Guna (quality) - guru (difficult to digest) & snigdha guna
(unctuous quality)
Vipaka (post metabolic effect) - Madhura (sweet) vipaka,
Virya (potency) - sheeta virya (cold potency).
2. Rakta Dhatu (blood Vipaka (post metabolic effect) - Katu (pungent) vipaka,
tissue) Virya (potency) - Ushna (hot) virya,
Guna (quality) - laghu (easily digestible) & snigdha guna
(unctuous quality).
3. Twacha (skin) Among panchmahabhuta (5essential elements)-
Vayu mahabhuta (air element) for sensitivity
Prithvi (earth element) as gross form.
4. Vata (Qualities Rasa (taste) – Kashaya (astringent) & Tikta (bitter)
reflecting elements of Guna (Quality) – laghu & Ruksha (dry) guna
space and air Vipaka (Post metabolic effect) – Katu (Pungent) vipaka,
Virya (potency) – Sheeta virya
5, Pitta (qualities Vipaka (post metabolic effect) - Katu vipaka,
reflecting the elements Virya (potency) – ushna virya
of fire and water)
6. Agni (digestive fire) Virya (potency) – ushna virya
Vipaka (post metabolic effect) - Katu vipaka
7. Ojas (prime energy) Rasa (taste) – Madhura rasa,
Guna (quality) – guru & snigdha guna,
Vipaka (post metabolic effect) - madhura vipaka,
Virya (potency) – sheeta virya.

Discussion on Probable mode of action of Shodana is done by the respective line of

varnya mahakashayaa dravyas on yakrit
To understand the probable mode of action,
Etio-pathogenesis of yakrit roga should be
understood, which is as follows- in Figure 2.
The main aim of treatment is to purify the
blood and to regain the normal functions of the
liver for which the Cikitsa siddhanta (Line of
treatment) in Ayurveda is (Hari Sadashiva
Shastri Paradakara, 2002).
A. Sodhana (Purificatory therapy) - virechana
B. Sanshamana (Palliative therapy) - Kapha
pitta hara cikitsa
treatments and samshamana can be done by
administrating the supportive drugs of varnya
mahakashaya dravyas such as madhuka,
chandana, ushira, punnaga (Nagakesara),
payasya (vidari) possessing hepatoprotective
property as single drugs or compounded drugs.
Toxins and Yakrit:
Garavisha, a type of toxin described in
Ayurveda affects liver & hepatomegaly may
also take place. The reason for hepatomegaly is
that the blood has special affinity towards
toxins. The toxins immediately get spread in
the body through blood (Hari Sadashiva Shastri
Paradakara, 2010) and hence treatment is given

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to pitta dosha, thereby purification of rakta
dhatu takes place.
According to pharmacology, the main
mechanism involved in the protection of liver
could be associated with the strong capability
of hepato-protective drugs to reduce the
intracellular levels of reactive oxygen species
by enhancing the level of both enzymatic and
non-enzymatic antioxidants. These drugs
protect liver tissues against oxidative damage
and help in stimulating the repair mechanism of
liver (Giby Abraham et al., 2014).

Figure 2: Etio-pathogenesis of yakrit roga (liver disease)

Vidahi annapanam (food and drinking that cause burning sensation, Madhya sevana (alcohol
intake), Teekshna padartha (strong/ sharp substance)
▼
Pitta prakopa
(aggrevation of pitta)
▼
Dushita rakta dhatu
(Vitiated blood tissue)
▼
Rakta pradoshaja roga (disease caused by vitiated blood tissue)
▼
Yakrit rogas

Analysis based on Rasapanchakas:

Rasapanchakas means rasa, guna, virya,
vipaka and karma (functions), which are the
base for pharmacology of varnya mahakashaya
dravyas. Analysis of these present in the
individual drugs reveals that maximum number
of drugs have Madhura, Tikta and Kashaya
rasa, laghu guna, Madhura katu Vipaka and
Sheeta Virya.
Madura rasa: Its snigdha (unctuous) sheeta
(cold in nature) and guru (heavy to digest) guna
does dhatuposhana (nourishment to all essential
body tissues) function thereby increasing the
immunity, strength and stability in the body and
protect liver tissues against oxidative damage.
Due to its pittaghna (destroying the excess of
qualities reflecting the elements of fire and
water) and vishaghna (destroying of toxins)
functions helps in removing the obstruction and
toxins from the rakta vaha channels and yakrit
(CS, sutrasthana 26/42-43)(Acharya Y.T,
2006).
Tikta rasa: Its Laghu guna (easy to digest
quality) helps in increasing jatharagni as they
are easily digestible and they form less
nitrogenous waste products, Arochakaghna
(treat loss of appetite), Agnidipana (increases
metabolism) Aharapachana (helps in digestion)
(Sharma Dinesh Chandra et al., 2014) helps in
proper metabolism (by enhancing the
catabolism) thereby these herbs help in
digestion of nitrogenous waste products
collected in body, due to disturbed metabolism.
kashaya rasa have Ropana property (Healing
property) helps in stimulating the repair
mechanism of liver .
Vipaka: Madhura and Katu Vipaka that cause
catabolism in our body and removes
obstruction of Rakta Vaha Channels. (Sharma
Dinesh Chandra et al., 2014)
Virya: varnya mahakashayaa is chiefly of
Sheeta Virya and by virtue of its pitta and

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Rakta alleviating property it pacifies the pitta Acharya Sushruta mentioned the
dosha and thereby purifies/detoxifies the rakta composition of rakta (blood) on the basis of
dhatu in twak rogas associated with yakrit Pancha- mahabhuta (five elements), in the
vikaras. Sheetavirya also act as diuretics and same way modern physiology illustrated.
antioxidant thus reduce the intracellular levels (Table. 5)
of reactive oxygen species (Giby Abraham et
al., 2014).

Tables no. 5 the composition of blood on the basis of Pancha- mahabhuta

Panchamahabuta composition According to contemporary science

Rakta Blood

Visrata (Prthvi mahabhuta), serum protein, glucose etc,

Dravta (Jala mahabhuta), plasma, lipids etc,
Raga (Agni mahabhuta), haemoglobin, potassium, magnesium, iodine,
chloride, acid phosphate, lipase, insulin etc.
Spandana (Vayu mahabhuta) Colloidal substances in the blood, blood
and pressure.
laghuta (Akasha mahabhuta). Oxygen, carbon di oxide, nitrogen gases
contributes to laghu guna of rakta.

Thus, in Ayurveda Panchamahabhutas used their intellect, to formulate such herbal

(five basic elements of the body) is the base for
all the body components and these are the
bridges which links all the body tissues. These
are the base for creating such hypothesis.
CONCLUSION
On the basis of above study it can be
concluded that in skin disorders associated with
liver involvement varnya mahakashayaa can be
used as a supporting tool along with the main
treatment; because conventional skin creams or
drugs can suppress the condition but ultimately
there may be side effects because the main
challenge which contemporary science facing is
how to ensure effective metabolism of the
drugs that have been prescribed since the liver
itself is in disorder. So in a natural approach for
the health of the liver, Ayurveda sages have
formulations that can be metabolized even by a
sluggish liver. The logic behind how such
formulations work is that they first heal and
strengthen the liver and then contribute to the
restoration of its normal functions that may
reduce inflammation and does detoxification of
blood.
“Preserving health of the liver means
adding more complexion to the skin.”
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Author is thankful to Dr. Shreevathsa, HOD
and Professor (I/C), Dr. Sujnana V.S and Dr.
Jyoti Devangamath B.A.M.S., P.G. scholar,
MD (Ayu), Department of PG studies in
Ayurveda Siddhanta,GAMC, Mysuru for all the
help and guidance in writing this article.

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Diseases and Organ
Dysfunctions'.Retrieved on 8/11/2014,
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protective Herbs used in Ayurveda,
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3/8, Chikitsasthana16/39, Uttarasthana
35/60Varanasi: Chaukhamba Surbharati
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Global Journal of Research on Medicinal Plants & Indigenous Medicine || GJRMI ||
Liver Doctor, (2015) your skin reflects your
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yuvan pidika (acne vulgaris), Int. J.
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Conflict of Interest: None Declared