P1662/D8.0, March 2016 - IEEE Draft Recommended Practice For Design and Application of Power Electronics in Electrical Power Systems

P1662/D8.
0 March 2016 Deleted: February

Draft Recommended Practice for the Design and Application of Power Electronics in Electrical Power Systems
Deleted: D6
1 IEEE P1662™/D8.0
2 Draft Recommended Practice for the
3 Design and Application of Power
4 Electronics in Electrical Power
5 Systems
6 Sponsor
7
8 Petroleum and Chemical Industry Committee
9 of the
10 IEEE Industry Applications Society
11
12 Co-sponsor
13 Standards Committee
14 of the
15 IEEE Power Electronics Society
16
17
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P1662/D8.0 March 2016 Deleted: February
1 ⎯ Abstract: This standard provides recommendations and requirements for the design and
2 applications of Power Electronics in Land–based (Onshore) and Marine (Offshore)
3 Electrical Power Systems. It covers a wide range of power electronics equipment with
4 aggregated power ratings at and above 100 kW with voltages equal or less than 52KV AC
5 or DC. It describes existing engineering practices, analytical methods, and performance
6 characteristics. Applicable international and local standards are referenced with
7 appropriate guidance to provide users of the standard with correct criteria for design,
8 testing and maintenance necessary for reliable operation of integrated power systems.
9 ⎯ Keywords: integrated power systems, power electronics, PEBB power electronic building
10 blocks, IEEE Power Electronics Standards, IEC standards
11
12 •
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1 Participants
2 At the time this draft recommended practice was completed, the <Working Group Name> Working Group
3 had the following membership:
4 Yuri Khersonsky, Chair

5 Norbert Doerry, Vice Chair
6 Terry Ericsen, Vice Chair
7 Joseph Piff, Secretary
8
9 Dwight Alexander 18 Joseph Hoepfinger 27 Lorraine Padden
10 John Amy Paul Barnhart 19 Boris Jacobson 28 Julian Profir
11 Paul Barnhart 20 Robert Konnik 29 Daniel Sabin
12 Frank Basciano 21 Thomas Lipo 30 Michael Steurer
13 Michael Basler 22 William Lockey 31 Giorgio Sulligoi
14 Thomas Basso 23 Earl MacDonald 32 Allegra Treaster
15 Robert Behl 24 Allan Mantooth 33 John Vergis
16 Robert Durham 25 David Mills 34 James. Wilson
17 Herbert Ginn 26 T W Olsen
35
36 Other individuals whose technical comments have been implemented in this standard are:
37 Paul Bishop 41 Narain Hingorani 45 James H. Rockot

38 Dushan Boroyevich 42 Matti Lehti 46 Peter Steimer
39 Charles Brown 43 Mirko Maksimcev 47 Fred Wang
40 David Cartes 44 George Robinson
48
49 The following members of the <individual/entity> balloting committee voted on this recommended
50 practice. Balloters may have voted for approval, disapproval, or abstention.
51 [To be supplied by IEEE]
52 Balloter1 55 Balloter4 58 Balloter7

61
62 When the IEEE-SA Standards Board approved this recommended practice on <Date Approved>, it had the
63 following membership:
64 [To be supplied by IEEE]
65 <Name>, Chair
66 <Name>, Vice Chair
67 <Name>, Past Chair
68 Konstantinos Karachalios, Secretary
69 SBMember1 72 SBMember4 75 SBMember7

78 *Member Emeritus
79
80 Also included are the following nonvoting IEEE-SA Standards Board liaisons:
vi
Copyright © 2015 IEEE. All rights reserved.
This is an unapproved IEEE Standards Draft, subject to change.
1 <Name>, DOE Representative

2 <Name>, NIST Representative
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4 <Name>
5 IEEE-SA Content Production and Management
6 <Name>
7 IEEE-SA Technical Program Operations
8
9
10
vii
1 Introduction
2 This introduction is not part of P1662/D5.0 Draft Recommended Practice for the Design and Application of Power
3 Electronics in Electrical Power Systems.
4 This revision of the IEEE Std 1662-2008 provides recommendations and requirements for the design and
5 applications of Power Electronics in Land –based and Marine Electrical Power Systems. It covers a wide
6 range of power electronics equipment with aggregated power ratings at and above 100 kW with voltages
7 equal or less than 52KV AC or DC. It describes existing engineering practices, analytical methods, and
8 performance characteristics. Applicable international and local standards are referenced with guidance to
9 provide users of this standard with correct criteria for analysis, design, testing and maintenance of Power
10 Electronics and reliable integration of power electronics in electrical power system.
viii
1 Contents
2 1. Overview ......................................................................................................................................................1
3 1.1 Scope .....................................................................................................................................................1
4 1.2 Purpose ..................................................................................................................................................1
5 1.3 Limitations .............................................................................................................................................1
6 1.4 Equipment covered by this standard ......................................................................................................2
7 1.5 Guide for users.......................................................................................................................................2
8 2. Normative references....................................................................................................................................2
9 3. Definitions, acronyms, and abbreviations ....................................................................................................5

10 3.1 Definitions .............................................................................................................................................5
11 3.2 .Acronyms and abbreviations ................................................................................................................6
12 4. Power electronics equipment applications ...................................................................................................7

13 4.1 Types of system-level functions ............................................................................................................7
14 4.2 Recommended PEBB architecture for power electronics applications .................................................8
15 4.3 Typical applications ...............................................................................................................................9
16 5. General requirements..................................................................................................................................10
17 5.1 Power rating .........................................................................................................................................10
18 5.2 Voltage requirements ...........................................................................................................................10
19 5.3 Current requirements ...........................................................................................................................12
20 5.4 Power Electronics Crounding ..............................................................................................................13
21 5.5 Efficiency.............................................................................................................................................14
22 5.6 No-load losses......................................................................................................................................14
23 5.7 Overload ..............................................................................................................................................14
24 5.8 Stress limits and derating factors .........................................................................................................14
25 5.9 Power quality requirements .................................................................................................................14
26 5.10 Protection requirements .....................................................................................................................14
27 5.11 Surge voltage withstanding capability ...............................................................................................15
28 6. Design requirements ...................................................................................................................................16

29 6.1 Size and weight ....................................................................................................................................16
30 6.2 Reliability and maintainability (R&M) requirements .........................................................................16
31 6.3 Dynamics requirements .......................................................................................................................16
32 6.4 PE local controllers ..............................................................................................................................17
33 6.5 Software ...............................................................................................................................................18
34 6.6 Isolating means ....................................................................................................................................19
35 6.7 Fuses ....................................................................................................................................................20
36 6.8 Solid-state power electronics switches and circuit breakers ...............................................................20
37 6.9 Environmental design requirements ....................................................................................................20
38 6.10 Electromagnetic effects .....................................................................................................................21
39 6.11 Control circuits ..................................................................................................................................22
40 6.12 Enclosures ..........................................................................................................................................22
41 6.13 Design for safety ................................................................................................................................23
42 6.14 Nameplate ..........................................................................................................................................23 Deleted: 24
43 6.15 Clearance and creepage distances......................................................................................................24
44 6.16 Quality assurance ...............................................................................................................................24
45 7. Recommendations for system studies and analysis ....................................................................................25

46 7.1 Examples of required technical information, data, and models ..........................................................25
47 7.2 System-driven requirements ................................................................................................................26
ix
1 8. Power Electronics analysis and design .......................................................................................................27

2 8.1 Introduction .........................................................................................................................................27
3 8.2 Converter functions and power topologies ..........................................................................................27
4 8.3 Converter system-level design.............................................................................................................29
5 8.4 Equipment-level analysis and recommended models ..........................................................................30
6 9. Testing, inspection and maintenance ..........................................................................................................32

7 9.1 Testing .................................................................................................................................................32
8 9.2 Performance of tests ............................................................................................................................33
9 9.3 Inspections, periodic tests and maintenance ........................................................................................34
10 Annex B (normative) Power Electronics in marine power systems ..............................................................37

11 B.1 Land-based (Onshore) and Marine (Offshore) Power Systems differences .......................................37
12 B.2 Marine applications specific design parameters .................................................................................39
13 B.3 Marine PE testing ................................................................................................................................40
14 B.4 Grounding of marine systems .............................................................................................................41
15 Annex C (informative) Power semiconductors stress limits ..........................................................................43
16 Annex D (informative) Power Quality and Quality of Service ......................................................................46

17 D.1 Power quality ......................................................................................................................................46
18 D.2 Quality of service ................................................................................................................................46
19 Annex E (informative) Analytical and Design Models ..................................................................................47

20 E.1 Model classifications ...........................................................................................................................47
21 E.2 Model review ......................................................................................................................................49
22 E.3 Case analysis .......................................................................................................................................51
23
24
x
1 Draft Recommended Practice for the

2 Design and Application of Power
3 Electronics in Electrical Power
4 Systems
5 IMPORTANT NOTICE: IEEE Standards documents are not intended to improve safety, security,
6 health, or environmental protection, or improve against interference with or from other devices or
7 networks. Implementers of IEEE Standards documents are responsible for determining and complying
8 with all appropriate safety, security, environmental, health, and interference protection practices and all
9 applicable laws and regulations.
10 This IEEE document is made available for use subject to important notices and legal disclaimers.
11 These notices and disclaimers appear in all publications containing this document and may
12 be found under the heading “Important Notice” or “Important Notices and Disclaimers
13 Concerning IEEE Documents.” They can also be obtained on request from IEEE or viewed at
14 http://standards.ieee.org/IPR/disclaimers.html.
15 1. Overview
16 1.1 Scope
17 This document summarizes current electrical engineering methods and design practices for applying power
18 electronics in electrical power distribution and conversion systems from a common frame of reference for
19 reliable integrated electrical power systems. It recommends power electronics equipment requirements,
20 necessary power system analytical studies, power electronics design analysis and testing, certification and
21 inspection procedures.
22 1.2 Purpose
23 The purpose of this document is to recommend a methodology for analysis and specifications parameters of
24 power electronics equipment for electrical power systems. It analyzes the impact of power electronics
25 building blocks or integrated power systems on size, life cycle cost, weight, fuel efficiency, and risk
26 reduction of implementation.
27 1.3 Limitations
28 This standard is applicable to design and applications of power electronics equipment with aggregated
29 power ratings at and above 100 kW in in Land–based and Marine Electrical Power Systems with voltages
30 equal or less than 52KV AC or DC.
1
1 1.4 Equipment covered by this standard
2 Some of the equipment is very specific to the power distribution system. Other equipment is the end-use
3 equipment that uses electrical power to perform its function. Examples of equipment covered in this
4 standard are as follows:
5 ⎯ Inverters
6 ⎯ Rectifiers
7 ⎯ Converters: dc to dc, dc to ac, frequency, cyclo-, and others
8 ⎯ Power factor and reactive power [static or dynamic volt-ampere reactive (VAR)] support
9 ⎯ Solid-state circuit breakers , solid-state transfer switches and solid-state soft starters
10 ⎯ Current limiters
11 ⎯ Motor drives
12 ⎯ Active harmonic filters
13 ⎯ Uninterruptible power supply (UPS)
14 ⎯ Energy storage and pulse load systems Static VAR compensator (SVARC)
15 ⎯ Traction Power-diode Rectifier (TPR)
16 ⎯ Energy storage and pulse load systems
17 ⎯ Other equipment with built-in power electronics that has a utility or microgrid service as the power
18 source, such as auxiliary equipment, communication equipment, and radars
19 1.5 Guide for users

20 This standard is written to cover the needs of many different users of power electronics components,
21 equipment, and systems. Examples of persons having a stake in this document are as follows:
22 ⎯ Systems integrator
23 ⎯ System designer
24 ⎯ Equipment designer
25 ⎯ Component designer
26 ⎯ Equipment installer or repairmen
27 ⎯ End-user
28 2. Normative references
29 The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document (i.e., they must
30 be understood and used, so each referenced document is cited in text and its relationship to this document is
31 explained). For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of
32 the referenced document (including any amendments or corrigenda) applies.
33 IEEE Std 519, IEEE Recommended Practice and Requirements for Harmonic Control in Electric Power
34 Systems
35 IEEE Std 1012 Standard for System, Software and Hardware Verification and Validation
36 IEEE Std 1100 (Emerald Book), IEEE Recommended Practice for Powering and Grounding Electronic
37 Equipment
38 IEEE Std 1250, Guide for Identifying and Improving Voltage Quality in Power Systems
2
1 IEEE Std 1409, Guide for Application of Power Electronics for Power Quality Improvement on
2 Distribution Systems Rated 1 kV Through 38 kV
3 IEEE Std 1547.1, IEEE Standard Conformance Test Procedures for Equipment Interconnecting Distributed
4 Resources with Electric Power Systems.
5 IEEE Std 1566 IEEE Standard for Performance of Adjustable Speed AC Drives Rated 375 kW and Larger.
6 IEEE Std 1585, IEEE Guide for the Functional Specification of Medium Voltage (1-35 kV) Electronic
7 Series Devices for Compensation of Voltage Fluctuations
8 IEEE Std 1676, IEEE Guide for Control Architecture for High Power Electronics (1 MW and Greater)
9 Used in Electric Power Transmission and Distribution Systems
10 EEE Std 1679 - IEEE Recommended Practice for the Characterization and Evaluation of Emerging Energy
11 Storage Technologies in Stationary Applications
12 IEEE Std 1688- Standard for requirements for the Control of Electromagnetic Interference Characteristics
13 of Replaceable Electronic Modules
14 IEEE Std 3003.2, Recommended Practice for Equipment Grounding and Bonding in Industrial and
15 Commercial Power System
16 IEEE Std 3007.2-2010, Recommended Practice for the Maintenance of Industrial and Commercial Power
17 Systems
18 IEEE C37.20.1 Metal-Enclosed Low-Voltage (1000 Vac and below, 3200 Vdc and below)
19 IEEE C37.20.7 Guide for Testing Switchgear Rated up to 52kV for Internal Arcing
20 IEEE C37.59 Standard requirements for Conversion of Power Switchgear Equipment
21 IEEE C37.100.1 Standard of Common Requirements for High-Voltage power switchgear above 1000 V
22 IEEE C37.90.1 IEEE Standard for Surge Withstand Capability (SWC) Tests for Relays and Relay Systems
23 Associated with Electric Power Apparatus
24 IEEE C57.18.10a IEEE Standard for Practices and Requirements for Semiconductor Power Rectifier
25 Transformer
26 IEEE C62.92.1- Guide for the Application of Neutral Grounding in Electrical Utility Systems, Part 1 –
27 Introduction
28 IEC 60068 - Environmental Testing Parts: 2-2 Dry Heat; 2-6 Vibration (Sinosoidal); and 2-30 Damp Heat
29 IEC 60146, Semiconductor converters—-Basic requirements: Part 1-1: Line Commutated converters and
30 Part 1-2: Self-commutated semiconductor converters including d. c. converters
31 IEC 61439 all parts, Low-voltage switchgear and controlgear
32 IEC 61439 all parts, Low-voltage switchgear and controlgear
33 IEC 61800 all parts, Adjustable speed electrical power drive systems
34 IEC 62271-200 High-voltage switchgear and controlgear - Part 200: AC metal-enclosed switchgear and
35 controlgear for rated voltages above 1 kV and up to and including 52 kV
36 ITI (CBEMA) Curve (Revised 200) Published by: Information Technology Industry Council (ITI)
37 1250 Eye Street NW Suite 200 Washington DC 20005 http://www.itic.org
38 ISO 9001 Quality management systems: - Requirements.
39 International Association of Classification Societies (IACS) Unified Requirements (UR) E (all numbers)
40 ANSI/UL 347A Medium Voltage Power Conversion Equipment.
41 ANSI/UL 508C-2008. Power Conversion Equipment
3
1 ANSI/UL 61800-5 all parts, Adjustable Speed Electrical Power Drive Systems
2 CSA C22 (all parts), Canadian Electrical Code
3 NEMA Standards Publication ICS 1.1 Safety Guidelines for the Application, Installation, and Maintenance
4 of Solid State Control
5 NEMA ICS 7.2 Application Guide for AC Adjustable Speed Drive Systems
6 NEMA Standards Publication IC 10 Industrial Control and Systems Part 2: Static AC Transfer Equipment
7 NFPA 70 National Electrical Code
8 UL 508A Standard for Industrial Control Panels
9 UL 1008S Standard for Solid-State Transfer Switches
10 UL 1066 Standard for Low-Voltage AC and DC Power Circuit Breakers Used in Enclosures
11
12
4
1 3. Definitions, acronyms, and abbreviations
2 3.1 Definitions
3 For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply. The IEEE Standards
4 Dictionary Online should be consulted for terms not defined in this clause.1
5 3.1.1 active filtering: Controlling power quality without impacting primary control of system voltage.
6 3.1.2 energy storage system (ESS): system that is capable of absorbing energy, storing it, and dispatching
7 the energy back into power system. .
8 3.1.3 fault: an abnormal condition exceeding designated limits and which warrants immediate shutdown of Deleted: A failure
9 the entire system. Faults often lead to cascading systems failure if not addressed correctly. Deleted: from which recovery is impossible
10 3.1.4 integrated power system (IPS): A power system where all prime movers are used to produce
11 electrical power that is shared among propulsion, mission, microgrids or service loads. Discriminating
12 attributes of integrated power systems are flexibility of arrangements, mechanical decoupling between
13 prime movers and propulsors, an increased level of energy conversion and transmission redundancy, and
14 flexibility of redistributing available electrical power for future electrical loads.
15 3.1.5. Land-based (Offshore) power systems: power systems installed on the land as distinguished from
16 being in deep or open waters
17 3.1.6. line replaceable unit (LRU): a modular component designed to be replaced quickly at location.
18 3.1.7 low voltage: Rated 1000 Vac or 1500 Vdc and below.
19 3.1.8. Marine (Offshore) power systems: power systems with multiple power sources installed on ships,
20 boats, mobile and fixed offshore units
21 3.1.9 medium voltage (MV): Rated above 1000 Vac or 1500 Vdc and less than or equal to 52 kV.
22 3.1.10 per unit (PU): The reference unit, established as a calculating convenience, for expressing all power
23 system electrical parameters on a common reference base. One per unit (PU) is 100% of the base chosen.
24 3.1.11 power electronic building block (PEBB): A generic building-block concept for power electronics
25 that incorporates standard modules that can be quickly configured to meet the specific hardware and
26 software needs of particular applications.
27 3.1.12 power electronics (PE): single device or system utilizing power semiconductors for conversion,
28 switching, protection and distribution of electrical power.
29 3.1.13 protecting: Mitigating effects from fault currents, overvoltages, or loss of power source.
30 3.1.14 resistance grounded: Grounded through impedance, the principal element of which is resistance, to
31 limit current to the ground.
32 3.1.15 solidly grounded: Connected directly to ground through an adequate ground connection in which
33 no impedance has been inserted intentionally.
34 3.1.16 sourcing: Converting power from one or more voltage or frequency levels while being in control of
35 the output voltage or current [or phase angle in the case of alternating current (ac)] at its electrical output
36 terminals.
37 3.1.17 ungrounded: A system, circuit, or apparatus without an intentional connection to ground, except
38 through voltage-indicating or measuring devices, or other very-high-impedance devices.
1
IEEE Standards Dictionary Online subscription is available at:
http://www.ieee.org/portal/innovate/products/standard/standards_dictionary.html.
5
1 3.1.18 zonal distribution: Electrical power architecture structured by zones where a zone is a logical and
2 physical grouping of generation, storage, or consumption assets arranged in a common neighborhood.
3 Zones with generation or storage may be operated for periods of time independently from the power
4 system. A zone is the smallest logical and physical grouping of assets.
5 3.2 Acronyms and abbreviations
6 2-D two-dimensional
7 3-D three-dimensional
8 AC alternating current
9 AFE active front end
10 BSES backup stored energy system
11 DC direct current
12 EMI electromagnetic interference
13 EMC electromagnetic compatibility
14 EMP electromagnetic pulse
15 ESS energy storage system
16 HMI human machine interface
17 HRG high resistance grounding
18 IGBT insulated gate bipolar transistor
19 HSSB hybrid solid-state breaker
20 IGBT insulated gate bipolar transistor
21 IPS integrated power system
22 LAN local area network
23 LRU line replacement unit
24 LV low voltage
25 MTBF mean time between failures
26 MTTR mean time to repair
27 MV medium voltage
28 MVDC medium voltage direct current
29 NEC NFPA 70 National Electric Code
30 PEBB power electronic building block
31 PE power electronic equipment
32 PWM pulse width modulation
33 QOS quality of service
34 SCR silicon controlled rectifier, thyristor
35 SMES superconducting magnetic energy storage
36 SSCB solid-state circuit breaker
37 SSSS solid-state soft starter
38 STS solid-state transfer switch
39 SVARC static VAR compensator
40 TCR thyristor controlled rectifier
41 TRD total rated-current distortion
42 TPDR traction power diode rectifier
43 UPS uninterruptible power supply
44 VAR volt-amp reactive
45 VFD variable frequency drive
46 VSC voltage source converter
47 VSI voltage source inverter
48
6
1 4. Power electronics equipment applications

2 4.1 Types of system-level functions
3 Four types of system-level functions may be assumed by any given power electronic (PE) equipment or
4 subsystem as listed as follows:
5 a) Power conversion
6 1) Sourcing: The PE could be viewed as a source at one or more of its terminals. As such, it
7 converts power from one or more voltage or frequency levels while being in control of the
8 output voltage or current [or phase angle in the case of alternating current (ac)] at its electrical
9 output terminals. The PE may include substantial energy storage capacity. Examples for this
10 application are active inverter connected to a high-speed generator, direct current (dc)/dc
11 converter feeding a zone in a dc zonal distribution system, and dynamic voltage restorer.
12 2) Loading: The PE may be viewed as a load at one or more of its terminals. As such, it is
13 passive with respect to fundamental voltage or current control. Although normally it will be
14 demanding power from the portion of the power system upstream of its terminals, it may also
15 temporarily provide power. The PE may provide substantial energy storage capability.
16 Examples for this application are a diode rectifier of a propulsion drive and a dc/dc converter
17 fed from the dc lateral bus in a dc zonal distribution system.
18 b) Power conditioning
19 1) Protecting: The PE should protect equipment, conductive path, and continuity of power. As
20 such, it does not convert power between voltage or frequency levels, nor does it include any
21 substantial energy storage capacity. Examples for this application are transfer switch, fault
22 current limiting circuit breaker, and crowbar switches.
23 2) Active filtering (shunt connected): The PE may actively control the power quality of the
24 system voltage or current. It is passive with respect to fundamental voltage control, but will
25 actively control nonfundamental components of the system voltage or current, and it may
26 control reactive power in ac systems.
27 The purpose of distinguishing these functions is to segregate specific PE applications, converter functions,
28 and converter topologies as discussed later from their respective system-level functions.
29 The reason for defining the two basic functions “sourcing” and “loading” for power conversion is to
30 acknowledge the importance of voltage control in converter fed systems. Although a converter that assumes
31 the function of “sourcing” performs primary voltage control, the one that is “loading” behaves passively
32 with respect to voltage control. Many converters can assume either function solely by applying different
33 control algorithms. These two basic functions have nothing to do with the actual flow of power. In many
34 applications, only one converter will assume the function of “sourcing” in order to maintain system
35 stability. However, it is conceivable that in special cases, more than one converter can assume “sourcing”
36 simultaneously. Three examples that illustrate the different combinations of power flow and function are as
37 follows:
38 ⎯ The active front end of a variable speed motor drive may regenerate power into the system to which
39 it is connected without participating in system voltage control. Therefore, even during the
40 regeneration phase, this front end converter still assumes the function of “loading.”
41 ⎯ The machine inverter of a flywheel energy storage system connected to a dc distribution system.
42 During the charging of the flywheel, the inverter assumes the function of “loading” with respect to
43 the dc system. However, if the upstream converter feeding the dc system shuts down and the dc
44 system should be powered from the flywheel energy storage system, its machine inverter will
45 change its function to “sourcing” because it then controls the voltage in the dc system.
46 ⎯ Bidirectional rectifier connected to an ac distribution system and powering a dc system assumes the
47 function “sourcing” on the dc side regardless of the actual power flow. Therefore, even if power
48 flows from the dc system into the ac system, the rectifier is “sourcing” the dc system.
49 Whereas PE that converts power between different frequencies or voltages may also participate in system-
50 level protection functions, certain PE only assumes the function of “protecting.” It specifically does NOT
51 convert power between different frequencies or voltages and behaves passive with respect to voltage
7
1 control. Therefore this protective function is specifically called out in this guide. Examples are static
2 transfer switches, solid-state fault current limiters, solid-state crowbar switches, and so on.
3 A fourth system level function exists called “active filtering.” This function only affects the quality of the
4 voltage or current waveforms, although it does not actively control the magnitude of the fundamental
5 waveform component. Only a static VAR compensator, which is also considered to assume the function of
6 “active filtering,” affects the fundamental current waveform component in voltage-controlled systems.
7 However, while performing the function of “active filtering,” it does not provide primary voltage control,
8 and hence, it does not assume the function of “sourcing.”
9 4.2 Recommended PEBB architecture for power electronics applications
10 The PEBB concept includes power processor blocks (single phases or multiple phases), gate drives and
11 sensor blocks, analog-to-digital converter blocks for sensor signals, switching or gate drive control blocks,
12 and blocks for communication with higher level controllers. The exact requirements for the system
13 protection depend on its mission and configuration of the system. Each PEBB includes built-in self-
14 protection against voltage surges, overvoltage and undervoltage, fault currents, ground currents, internal
15 faults, overloads, and over temperature. Recommended PEBB architecture for power electronics
16 applications in IEEE Std 1676 shown in Fig. 1:
17
18 Figure 1 — Recommended architecture for power electronics applications .

19
8
1 4.3 Typical applications
2 Examples of typical and future applications of power electronics in electrical power systems described in
3 [B1], [B2], [B3] and [B4] are shown in Fig. 2
4 a) Electric Aircraft
5
6 b) Smart Grid
7
8 Figure 2 Power Electronics applications in power systems
9
9
1 5. General requirements
2 PE should comply with the IEEE, IEC, and UL standards applicable to the specific type of PE
3 equipment, standards listed as normative in Clause 2, as well as with all requirements in this standard.. Deleted: PE should comply with requirements in
following normative standards: IEEE, 37.20.1,
C37.20.2, C37.20.3, C.36.59; IEC 60146-1-1,
4 5.1 Power rating 60146-1-2; IEC 60146-1-3, 61800 series; ANCI/UL
347A, 508C, 62800-5, 1008S; UL 508A, 1008S,
5 The PE power rating can be impacted by environmentally specific requirements, overload conditions, and 1066 as well as with
6 protection equipment. The nominal power rating of power electronics equipment is the rated load at which
Deleted: given
7 the equipment can continuously operate without exceeding the steady-state temperature rise as specified by
8 the manufacturer. The nominal rating should be stated on the nameplate.
9 Power converters often have constant power load and also are subject to voltage and current limits;
10 therefore, the power ratings are often functions of the source and load conditions. For example, high and
11 low line voltage conditions often result in different power capabilities from those of the nominal
12 conditions, and therefore, the requirements specified should consider these conditions. Dynamic operating
13 conditions such as start-up inrush, ride through, switching transients, and faults can also impact the
14 converter power rating characteristics. These operating conditions require system-level analysis. In
15 addition, efficiency and power factor are two important converter parameters. Note that the displacement
16 factor is often used in place of power factor, although strictly speaking, the displacement factor only refers
17 to the fundamental frequency, voltage, and current relationship.
18 PE should be designed for continuous operation at 110% of rated power (IEEE Std 1566TM) within the
19 maximum ambient and cooling water or air temperature (if water or air cooled) without reduction of the
20 equipment’s performance.
21 The number and type of power electronics equipment and the capacity for a specific application should be
22 determined as follows:
23 The selection of capacity for power electronics equipment supplying groups of loads should be based on
24 the normal operating load under the specified operating conditions as determined by the load analysis. The
25 reserve capacity to support the microgrid or ship service load and future growth should be provided as
26 specified in the acquisition specification. The selection of capacity for power electronics equipment
27 supplying individual loads should be based on normal connected load unless otherwise specified.
28 5.2 Voltage requirements
29 5.2.1 Rated voltages
30 The system voltage selection should be performed by a system designer and is driven by the power level,
31 with consideration of cable size and protection devices limitations. Nominal voltages for AC systems are
32 defined in IEEE C37.20 and C37.100 series of standards for Switchgear Assemblies. Nominal voltages for
33 Medium-voltage DC in the IEEE Std 1709 [B5] could be applied.
34 PE supplied from the electrical distribution systems should be capable of being operated satisfactorily
35 under occurring variations in voltage, frequency, and power quality conditions, as stated herein. The
36 electrical equipment supplied from the main or emergency systems are to be capable of being operated
37 satisfactorily under occurring variations in voltage and frequency. Unless otherwise specified in national or
38 international standards, the variations in Table through Table 3:
10
1 Table 1 — Voltage and frequency variations for AC distribution systems

Quantity in operation Permanent variation Transient variation (recovery time)
Frequency ±5% ±10% (5 s)
Voltage +6%, –10% ±20% (1.5 s)
2 Table 2 — Voltage variations for DC distribution systems
Parameters Variations
Voltage tolerance (continuous) ±10%
Voltage cyclic variation deviation 5% Formatted: Centered
Voltage ripple (ac root-mean-square over steady dc voltage) 10%
Note: IEEE C37.20.1 specifies
upper voltage limitation for dc systems used for control power or
auxiliary functions as +12%
3 Table 3 — Voltage variations for battery systems
Type of system Variations
Components connected to the battery during charging +30%, –25%
Components not connected to the battery during charging +20%, –25%
4 Any special system, such as electronic circuits, whose function cannot operate satisfactorily within the
5 limits shown in Table 3 through Table 5, should be supplied directly by a stabilized supply. Deleted: is not to
Deleted: from the system but
6 5.2.2 Voltage tolerance
Deleted: alternative means, such as through
7 If equipment users do not specify it, at any voltages PE should tolerate without damage ITI (CBEMA) Formatted: Indent: Left: 0.94", Space
8 Curve voltage tolerance envelope on Fig 1 as the design goal: After: 6 pt
Deleted: PE should tolerate voltages above
normal rating for limited time as it shown on Figure
1 in per unit voltage above rated voltage versus
duration time coordinates
Deleted:
9
10 Figure 3 — Voltage tolerance worst-case envelope Deleted: s worst case
11
1 NEMA Standards Publication IC 10 Industrial Control and Systems Part 2 accepted this voltage tolerances Deleted: adapted
2 envelope for the electronics manufacturing industry.. Deleted: as the design goal
3
4 After recovery of the voltage to the specified range, the PE should be able to operate with the same output
5 as that prior to voltage disturbances.
6 5.3 Current requirements
7 5.3.1 Rated continuous current (Ir)
8 The rated continuous current is the continuous current under specified conditions of use and behavior.
9 Rated currents for continuous, temporary and intermittent duty are subject to agreement between
10 manufacturer and user.
11 5.3.2 Rated short-time withstand current (Ik)
12 PE short-time withstand current should be greater or equal than the maximum expected short-circuit Deleted: more or
13 current. Characteristics of the MVDC system define the short-circuit current and the short-time withstand
14 current. The short-circuit capability of components and cables should be considered in the design of power
15 electronics and the associated protection system.
16 5.3.3 Rated duration of short-time withstand current (tk)
17 The intervals of time for which the system may carry a current equal to its short time withstand current is
18 defined by the time delays in the system protection coordination. For power systems with traditional
19 switchgear, historic values of 0.5 s, 1 s, 2 s, and 3 s should be used. For the new designs with fast power
20 electronics, rated duration values of 0.0001 s, 0.001 s, 0.01 s, 0.05 s, 0.1 s, and 0.2 s should be used.
21 5.3.4 Inrush (charging) current
22 The PE should limit the inrush current to a level consistent with the rating of the PE and power system
23 protection response time. Amplitude and duration of PE inrush current are different for each application
24 (from 110% of rated indefinitely and 150% for 1 minute in IEEE 1566 to 300% for 15 seconds in some
25 applications. PE manufacturer and/or end user should specify both values.
26 5.3.5 Duty cycle
27 PE rated for continuous duty cycle should be used for applications that require operation for unrestricted
28 periods of time at a constant load. Other power electronics equipment should be rated for the required duty
29 cycle.
30 This classification should also include power electronic equipment supplying loads that may operate
31 intermittently but for which the operating cycle may be unpredictable, such as refrigeration units, potable
32 water pumps, steering gear, and air compressors.
33 Continuous duty cycle should be as defined in such standards as NFPA 70: National Electrical Code.
34 In traction power systems rectifiers there are special duty cycles. IEEE standard 1653.2 [B6] and IEEE
35 C57.18.10 should be followed for special overload duty cycle design considerations
12
1 5.4 Power Electronics Grounding
2 For an existing facility, the power system grounding will already be established. If the power electronics
3 will be installed with dedicated power transformers feeding it, the designer has his choice of how to ground
4 the secondary of the transformer. However, if the power electronics is to be fed directly off of existing
5 equipment, the designer needs to design the PE so it will function properly with the existing power system
6 grounding. Recommendations of IEEE Emerald Book IEEE Std 1100, IEEE Std 3003.2, Recommended
7 Practice for Equipment Grounding and Bonding in Industrial and Commercial Power System and IEEE
8 1653.6 [B7] should be taking in consideration.
9 Electrical installation codes, such as NEC NFPA 70, The National Electric Code, and CSA C22.1, the
10 Canadian Electrical Code, include requirements for grounding of electrical systems. The PE design should
11 include provisions for grounding of the PE in accordance with such installation codes.
12 There are two primary functions that power system grounding provides in an electrical system, both of
13 which directly relate to safety of the electrical equipment:
14 a) The first function is to provide a specific reference for the power system relative to ground
15 (earth). This is called system grounding and may be accomplished in a number of ways. The
16 most common methods use the neutral point of a wye transformer. The system can be solidly
17 grounded, if the neutral point is connected to ground (earth) with no intentional impedance
18 inserted between it and ground; resistance grounded, if the neutral point is connected to
19 ground (earth) with resistance as the primary impedance; or it can be ungrounded, it the
20 neutral point is not connected at all. Each one of these methods has advantages and
21 disadvantages along with specific application requirements to make it a safe power system.
22 b) The second function is equipment grounding and bonding. Bonding is connecting the
23 equipment together with a significantly large conductor that it would provide a low
24 impedance path back to the source so the protective device would operate and remove the
25 power from the faulted equipment. The bonding conductors only carry current during a fault,
26 other than whatever stray capacitive or inductive currents may be coupled into the circuit. The
27 bonding conductors are always grounded, even in for power systems that are ungrounded, to
28 prevent the surface of the equipment that has failed from having a potential that could shock.
29 IEEE Std C62.92.1 states:
30 "There is no one simple answer to the problem of grounding. Each of a number of possible solutions to a
31 grounding problem has at least one feature that is outstanding, but which is obtained at some sacrifice of
32 other features that may be equally worthy. Thus, the selection of the class and means of grounding is often
33 a compromise between somewhat conflicting solutions."
34 The following grounding options are most commonly used:
35 ⎯ Ungrounded system with all current carrying parts completely insulated from ground with
36 continuous ground fault monitoring. This option used on majority of marine power elctrical
37 systems and many low voltage DC power systems
38 ⎯ High-resistance grounded system with single line-to-ground faults limited to low currents, such as
39 3, 5, or 10 A.
40 ⎯ Solidly grounded system
41 An increase in the electrical power demand on the newer commercial and military power systems dictated
42 the need for the medium-voltage power systems. It became a necessity to employ high resistance grounding
43 (HRG) to eliminate escalated arc fault damage by critically dampening the distributed capacitance to
44 ground of ungrounded electrical distribution systems.
45 Induced ground currents from common mode grounding or harmonic generated ground frequencies should
46 be minimized. Active or passive ground fault detection systems should be provided as described in UL
47 1053 Standard for Ground-Fault Sensing and Relaying Equipment [B8] or MIL-STD-1399 (NAVY) [B9].
13
1 5.5 Efficiency
2 PE should be selected for the highest operating efficiency that is commensurate with reliability, duty cycle,
3 and requirements of minimum size and weight. PE should have a minimum efficiency of 95% (5% total
4 losses) at rated load condition. Vendors should also provide the efficiencies at loads ranging from 20% to
5 110% of rated power.
6 5.6 No-load losses
7 It is recommended that the maximum no-load losses of PE should not exceed 2% of the nominal rating.
8 5.7 Overload
9 PE should be provided with a minimum overload rating of 150% for 1 min. Some special applications may
10 require tolerance of higher overloads, which should be identified in the requirements.
11 5.8 Stress limits and derating factors
12 Components utilized in the PE covered by this standard should comply with the appropriate standards for
13 these components and should be used in accordance with their recognized ratings. Power semiconductors
14 used for the PE should be rated so so that the stress limits of the devices could not be exceeded under
15 design conditions of operation and during fault conditions.. If the semiconductor manufacturer’s derating
16 recommendations are not available, application stress limits and derating factors in MIL-DTL-917F (SH)-
17 2014 [B10] and MIL-F-24638-(SH) [B11] are recommended as the guidance. The derating criteria for
18 insulated gate bipolar transistors (IGBT) are in Annex C.
19 5.9 Power quality requirements
20 Power quality requirements harmonics, voltage fluctuations, unbalance, and EMC from IEEE Std 1250 and
21 IEEE Std 1547 [B12] should be applied. IEEE Std 1409 includes in-depth descriptions of power electronic Deleted: are described in Annex D.
22 equipment useful for mitigating power quality problems. For example, it includes descriptions for
23 mitigating voltage sags, swells, and interruptions using a UPS, static transfer switch (STS), dynamic
24 voltage restorer (DVR), or backup stored energy system (BSES). IEEE 1409 also describes how to mitigate
25 harmonics and voltage fluctuations (i.e., flicker) using a distribution static compensator (D-STATCOM),
26 DVR, or static var compensator
27 5.10 Protection requirements
28 PE should provide protection for the functions it is designed to perform. PE should not compromise system
29 protection.
30 PE with controllable converters should shut down automatically when internal fault condition occurs.
31 Semiconductors, magnetic components, as well as other components in PE should be protected from

32 exceeding their maximum rated temperature.
33 5.10.1 Overvoltage protection
34 Operational overvoltages in a supply system to which PE are connected should be limited by suitable
35 devices to prevent damage. Protection from excessive terminal voltage variation and transients should be
36 provided. After recovery of the voltage to the specified range, the converter should be able to operate and
37 supply the load with the same output as that prior to the terminal power overvoltage.
14
1 5.10.2 Overcurrent protection
2 PE should be protected from overcurrent so that the permissible current of the equipment cannot be
3 exceeded during normal operation.
4 PE should not be damaged by direct short-circuit at the terminals.
5 5.10.3 Short-circuit protection
6 PE should be self-protected for the available bolted short-circuit current that the converter might be
7 subjected to when the fault occurs either in the PE or in the PE-fed load. PE with controllable converters
8 should be equipped with the capability to manage fault current for system protection and for avoiding
9 shutdowns due to intermittent faults. The converter fault-current-limiting feature should reduce the fault
10 current to the specified limiting level in every instance when the fault happens.
11 5.10.4 Fault protection
12 In the case of a fault, PE should protect its surrounding environment and personnel automatically shutting
13 down before the current exceeds a fatal level. If the equipment shuts down due to an internal fatal fault, the
14 equipment controller should inhibit a remote or an automatic restart. The automatic shutdown of the
15 equipment should de-energize its output and should coordinate isolation from the system.
16 5.10.5 Protection from stored energy and reverse current
17 PE with active BSES, D-STATCOM, ESS, SMES and SVARC should be designed to quickly discharge
18 excess stored energy and safely disconnect its source for safe maintenance in case of failure.
19 An analysis of failure modes including assessment of safety attributes per IEEE Std 1679- "IEEE
20 Recommended Practice for the Characterization and Evaluation of Emerging Energy Storage Technologies
21 in Stationary Applications” should be performed.
22 Where PE is subject to regenerated power, the amounts of regenerated power and reverse currents must be
23 identified, and power should be limited by the action of the control system.
24 When multiple PE connected in parallel, reverse current between PE should be limited below 5% of single
25 PE rated current. The end user could specify lower reverse current.
26 Means shall be provided to dissipate the stored electrical energy following PE de-energization. There shall
27 be no charged circuit holding more than 50 V (dc) after a time (not to exceed 5 min) indicated by the
28 manufacturer. There shall be warning labels indicating the dissipation time.
29 5.11 Surge voltage withstanding capability
30 PE should be designed to withstand a surge voltage test in accordance with established regulatory
31 requirements. The acceptance criteria of this test should be addressed in the specification for the product.
32 At a minimum, PE should be designed to withstand testing per C37.90.1 IEEE Standard for Surge
33 Withstand Capability (SWC) Tests for Relays and Relay Systems Associated with Electric Power
34 Apparatus.
35
15
1 6. Design requirements
2 Design requirements in this standard are based on practical experiences of working group members and
3 IEC, IEEE, NEMA and UL standards in Clause 2, and IEC 60092 part 501 [B14]..
4 This standard accepted recommendation of IEC 60092 part 501 [B14] that PE should be designed in
5 accordance with standards for switchgear and controlgear such as IEEE C37 series of standards, including
6 IEEE Std C37.20.1 Metal-Enclosed Low-Voltage (1000 Vac and below, 3200 Vdc and below) Power
7 Circuit Breaker Switchgear, IEC 61439 or 62271-200 standards and ANCI/UL 508C.
8 6.1 Size and weight
9 The volumetric and/or weight specific power density (expressed in MW/m3 and MW/kg, respectively) Deleted: minimum
10 should be minimized.
11 6.2 Reliability and maintainability (R&M) requirements
12 PE should be designed and arranged to provide accessibility to parts requiring inspection, adjustment, or
13 maintenance.
14 Unless otherwise specified, PE should incorporate the following R&M provisions:
15 ⎯ PE should, at a minimum, be appropriate for equipment life of 20 years. This should include
16 availability of spare parts and appropriately trained field service personnel.
17 ⎯ PE should be designed to achieve a mean time between failure (MTBF) of not less than 25000
18 hours aspecified in IEEE Std 1413.
19 For the purposes of reliability predictions, MTBF parameters should be verified by analysis.
20 Where possible, PE should be designed to achieve a mean time to repair (MTTR) of 1 hour or less for any
21 line replaceable unit (LRU). The maximum time to repair should not exceed 3 hours at the 95% confidence
22 level. Repair times should include the time required for detection, isolation, disassembly, LRU
23 replacement, reassembly, alignment, verification of repair, setup, and return to operation.
24 PE should be designed to minimize repair time and maintenance tasks.
25 6.2.1 Selection of parts
26 The selection of parts should be in accordance with the system specification. Unless otherwise specified, all
27 related parts should be suitable for a minimum of 5 years of continuous, maintenance-free operation. The
28 vendor should identify any redundancy requirements necessary to meet this.
29 The vendor should provide an expected MTBF and MTTR under the listed service conditions, based on
30 known experience and should list all components expected to require replacement in 20-year service life or
31 in service life requirements as specified by end user.
32 6.3 Dynamics requirements
33 The dynamic requirements of PE should be derived from system and load characteristics. Dynamic
34 requirements should be characterized through the control accuracy, bandwidth, and damping characteristics
16
1 (or overshoot). The alternative parameters are often application specific such as torque slew rate in PU/s
2 and speed regulation accuracy in rad/s for a motor drive. One of the key design criteria for control is the
3 stability and associated stability margins based on load and source characteristics, power transients, and
4 droop levels.
5 Control systems should be designed such that they do not create negative damping on other systems or
6 equipment. The load input impedances of the power electronic equipment should include effects of filters,
7 switched portions of converters, and resistive portions of the load over the appropriate frequency range.
8 Nyquist Stability Criteria may be used at the interface point between the system and the PE under
9 consideration. The maximum Nyquist stability margin should be a 3 dB gain margin and a 30° phase
10 margin at all load levels. The stability margin should not reduce power system efficiency more than 1%.
11 See also Clause 7.
12 6.4 PE local controllers
13 PE should have a local controller that operates autonomously regardless of the status of communications
14 with other controllers. The local controller performs the basic equipment functions for internal actions, and
15 it reports to the next higher hierarchical controller for equipment functions, which require system-level
16 coordination.
17 The PE local controller should provide the appropriate interfaces and functionalities to meet power system-
18 wide automation and control needs. For individual equipment controllers, the following control
19 functionality may be required:
20 ⎯ Provide autonomous control of itself and equipment served.

21 ⎯ Provide health/status to, and receive control commands from, higher level equipment or
22 supervisory control workstation.
23 ⎯ Provide autonomous fault detection, isolation, and reconfiguration coordinated with a supervisory
24 controller.
25 ⎯ Provide ability to export conditions and diagnostics via network links
26 ⎯ Provide power flow management in accordance with allocations provided by higher level
27 equipment or the supervisory control workstation.
28 ⎯ Provide a multi-line display capability as well as a minimum of hardwired controls and indicators
29 for local operation and maintenance of the equipment’s functions. This functionality will be
30 provided via a human machine interface (HMI) and will provide a means for the operator to handle
31 each type of alert and to review alert status for itself and equipment served.
32 ⎯ Provide built-in test capability.
33 ⎯ Respond to changing load conditions.
34 The equipment level controller should take self-protection actions regardless of the status of
35 communications with remote control system.
36 Equipment should perform reflexive actions to maintain continuity of power.
37 Equipment should maintain the ability to perform control actions following a loss of input voltage to permit
38 detection, isolation, and system reconfiguration.
17
1 The PE controllers should retain parameter values at the time of the fault and report status to external
2 controllers.
3 Equipment controllers should provide the off-line, standby, on-line, battery/maintenance, or unavailable
4 states.
5 A means should be provided at the equipment to place the equipment controller in local or remote control.
6 When the equipment controller is placed in remote control, it should respond to commands received via the
7 local area network (LAN) or from local HMI but it must maintain highest priority to its own emergency
8 controls and self-protection and report back its inability to perform commands unless in some special
9 applications manual over-ride switch has been activated.
10 The equipment controller should interact in the prescribed manner with other PE for power flow
11 management and fault handling.
12 Alarm display should be both local and remote.
13 When the equipment controller is placed in local control, it should respond to commands received from the
14 local HMI . The equipment controller should include security provisions to block unauthorized commands
15 received via the LAN unless allowed by the specific platform requirements
16 The equipment controller should include security provisions to block unauthorized commands received via
17 the LAN unless allowed by the specific platform requirements.
18 While in the local control mode, the equipment controller should continue to provide status and parameter
19 values as required to other PE. Remote control system and fault handling actions are taken based on
20 configuration data in effect at the time the equipment controller was placed in local control.
21 If the equipment controller has not received configuration data since the last initialization, the default
22 configuration data should be used. The configuration data may be modified at the local HMI or downloaded
23 from preconfigured configuration parameters file.
24 6.5 Software
25 6.5.1 General
26 The code of practice employed in the design and testing of the software integral to the operation of PE
27 should be specified and conform to a quality control system audited in accordance with IEEE Std 24748
28 (ISO/IEC 12207) [B16] or a similar national or international standard. The code of practice should define
29 the methodology used in the development of the software and the standards applied.
30 The functions of safety protection linked with control functions should always give priority to safety.
31 The manufacturer should supply documentation demonstrating that the software of the PE is developed and
32 tested according to the code of practice and these requirements by block, data flow, or status diagram.
33 Software should be developed in accordance with IEEE Std 24748 (ISO/IEC 12207) [B16] and validated
34 per IEEE 1012 Standard for System, Software and Hardware Verification and Validation.
35 6.5.2 Software operational safety
36 The software for PE control and monitoring functions should be independent from software for PE safety
37 protection functions such that a single failure or malfunction of the software will not affect more than one
18
1 of these functions. This should be achieved by dedicated equipment for each of these functions within a
2 single system, by the provision of redundancy, or by other suitable means not considered less effective.
3 Security features should be provided to protect and prevent unauthorized access to all operational software
4 incorporated in the equipment.
5 The software required in equipment to facilitate operation in accordance with its equipment standard,
6 including that for its initial activation/reactivation, should be permanently installed with the equipment, in
7 such a way that it is not possible for the user to have unauthorized access to this software.
8 Data used during operation and stored in the system should be protected in such a way that necessary
9 modifications and amendments by the user do not endanger its integrity and correctness.
10 Default values should be inserted whenever relevant to facilitate the required operation of the equipment.
11 Display and update of essential information available in the equipment as well as safety-related functions
12 should not be inhibited due to operation of the equipment in any particular mode, for example, dialogue
13 mode. When presented information is uncertain or derived from conflicting sources, the equipment should
14 indicate this.
15 6.5.3 Software monitoring
16 Means should be provided to monitor automatically the operational software and stored data of the
17 equipment. The check should be carried out during system start-up and at regular intervals as indicated in
18 the manufacturer’s documentation. In the case of a non-automatically recoverable error or failure, the
19 system should release an independent alarm observable to the user.
20 6.6 Isolating means
21 PE should have either internal or external (upstream) means of isolation.
22 Where isolating means are employed, they should:
23 a) Provide a visible indication of the status of isolating means. Isolating means for equipment
24 operating at medium voltage shall include a means to visually verify the isolating contacts are
25 completely open. Simply verifying the handle position is not sufficient for medium voltage
26 isolating means
27 b) Be provided with a means to lock the device in the open position with a padlock
28 c) Be provided with interlock circuits to prevent operation while a source of power is applied. For
29 medium voltage equipment, interlocking of the isolating means shall be accomplished using a
30 means that is solely mechanical. Captivated key interlocking is considered to be a mechanical
31 interlock. Electrical interlocking is acceptable when it supplements, but does not replace,
32 mechanical interlocking.
33 Interlock circuits should prevent operation of isolating means until all power-down and circuit discharge
34 functions have been successfully completed. Isolating means must be configured so that they can be
35 operated only when the converter is not loaded in order to provide a physical separation from the rest of the
36 power system. Isolating means should not be used for interruption of loaded converters under any
37 conditions since the converter power factor may exceed the load break switch inductive/capacitive current
38 ratings.
19
1 6.7 Fuses
2 Fuses are an integral part of protecting many PE devices, since there are types and sizes specifically
3 designed with the required speed and interrupting ratings. When using fuses in power system applications,
4 they must have sufficient fault current interrupting rating for the system they are applied in and should be
5 coordinated with the rest of the protective devices as well as they can be.
6 6.8 Solid-state power electronics switches and circuit breakers
7 Solid-state type automatic bus transfer and STS, SSCB and HSSB with electromechanical bypass should
8 comply with UL1008S, UL 1066 Standards or other recognized standards such as NEMA IC 10 part 2..
9 6.9 Environmental design requirements
10 6.9.1 Ambient temperatures
11 For rating PE, the following ambient temperatures should be applicable:
12 40°C: for installations where the maximum normal operating temperature of the surrounding atmosphere or
13 other cooling medium is 40°C or less, unless otherwise specified, to be used for compartments other than
14 machinery spaces.
16 other cooling medium is 50°C or less, but more than 40°C, unless otherwise specified, to be used for
17 machinery spaces.
19 other cooling medium is 70°C or less, but more than 50°C, to be used in hot spot locations in the machinery
20 space.
21 Operation of most available distribution electrical equipment in ambient temperatures over 40C requires
22 reduction of rated capabilities at higher temperatures. Consult the manufacturer for further information. If
23 the maximum normal operating temperature of the surrounding atmosphere or cooling medium exceeds
24 70°C, a special ambient temperature, as approved by the cognizant authority, should be selected. PE should
25 be designed to withstand dry heat and damp heat specified in IEC 60006
26 If the maximum normal operating temperature of the surrounding atmosphere or cooling medium exceeds
27 70°C, a special ambient temperature, as approved by the cognizant authority, should be selected.
28 6.9.2 Cooling arrangements
29 PE should be designed for continuous operation within the maximum ambient and cooling water
30 temperature (if water-cooled) without reduction of the equipment’s rated performance criteria. Means for
31 monitoring the cooling system should be provided and alarm should be given in case of its failure.
32 Where PE converters are of a liquid-immersed type, a liquid over-temperature alarm and gas over-pressure
33 protection devices should be provided.
34 Where PE converters are connected in parallel, and a separate means of cooling should be fitted for each
35 parallel branch, arrangements should be made for disconnecting the circuit for which cooling is not
36 available.
20
1 PE should be designed to withstand dry heat and damp heat specified in IEC 6006A loss , A loss of cooling
2 should cause audible and visual alarms. For critical applications such as propulsion and steering, continued
3 operation at limited or reduced load under loss of cooling scenarios may be provided.
4 6.9.3 Airborne noise
5 Unless otherwise specified the PE airborne noise should not exceed the levels listed in IEC 60704-3–
6 Household and similar electrical appliances; Test code for the determination of airborne acoustical noise;
7 Part 3: Procedure for determining and verifying declared noise emission values [B17] or other recognized
8 airborne noise standards..
9 6.9.4 Vibration
10 PE should be designed to withstand vibrations. The minimum fixed base natural frequency (neglecting
11 mount flexibility) of the PE should be greater than 22 Hz or 35% higher than the prevailing source of
12 vibration. Vibration tests should be conducted as described in sub-clause 9.1.4
13 PE installed in seismic active areas and emergency stand-by power systems should withstand physical
14 shocks and multi-axis accelerations as specified in International Building Code IBC 2009 [B18] or other
15 applicable local building codes. PE equipment rating shall meet or exceed the importance factors and
16 seismic rating of the driven loads.
17 6.10 Electromagnetic effects
18 6.10.1 Electromagnetic interference
19 PE is often the source of electromagnetic interference in Electrical Power Systems. The effect of high
20 harmonics analysis should be based on the highest switching frequency in PE.
21 The increase of the gate current in power semiconductors should be limited as much as possible without
22 significant reduction in the power conversion efficiency.
23 The PE design should meet EMI requirements of IEEE Std 1688, IEC 61000 [B19] or MIL-STD-461E-
24 [B20].
25 6.10.2 Electromagnetic self-compatibility
26 The PE should not be adversely affected by its own electromagnetic emissions.
27 6.10.3 Electromagnetic compatibility
28 PE should be demonstrated to be in accordance with the requirements of the current revision of EC 61000
29 [B19] series. The particular tests, limits, and levels will be dictated by the intended platform and location
30 for each system, as detailed in the applicable standard.
31 6.10.4 Electromagnetic pulse (EMP)
32 EMP protection levels are application specific and not covered by this guide.
21
1 6.11 Control circuits
2 6.11.1 Indicating Lights
3 Where an indicating light is fitted to indicate the availability of the power supply, and if the required
4 disconnecting device does not de-energize the indicating light circuits, the voltage of indicating light
5 circuits should not exceed 150 V.
6 6.11.2 Control power disconnect
7 Control power should be isolated by the disconnecting switch/breaker supplying the PE being controlled.
8 When control power is not isolated by the main disconnect/isolating device consideration should be given
9 to providing a separate disconnect/isolation switch for the control power.
10 6.11.3 Control power supply voltage
11 The voltage rating of components in control circuits for PE should be available from the distribution system
12 as to preclude the use of additional conversion devices..
13 Where the control equipment requires a voltage other than nominal supply voltage, transformers/converters
14 should be provided within the equipment. In those cases where several control elements require a voltage
15 other than nominal switchboard voltage, consideration should be given to the provision of a control supply
16 bus fed from a single potential transformer/converter, having a 115Vac or 230 Vac secondary rating.
17 6.11.4 Control power UPS
18 PE supplying essential services should be provided with a control power UPS for continuous stable control
19 power from the time immediately prior to a loss of power to the time immediately after power restoration,
20 provided electrical power service power is restored within the specified UPS time. The UPS time for each
21 UPS unit should be in accordance with the specific requirements of each application.
22 6.12 Enclosures
23 The mechanical housing for PE should be in accordance with local Electrical Code standards. Deleted: the standards of main switchboards
24 Enclosures should withstand accidental arcs or located so that personnel safety is safeguarded unless it is Deleted: .
25 located such that the equipment is inaccessible to personnel when energized. Deleted: The enclosures should be manufactured
to withstand accidental arcs in accordance with IEC
26 Enclosures for Medium voltage PE should be designed in accordance with IEEE C37.20.family of 62271-200, IEEE C37.20.7 and CSA C22.2 No. 22
or located so that personnel safety is safeguarded.
27 standards and IEC 61439 or 62271-200 standards.
Deleted: treated
28 6.12.1 Degree of protection provided by enclosures Deleted: like high voltage switchgear and
controlgear
29 PE should have a degree of enclosure for protection against the intrusion of foreign objects, humidity, and Deleted: 7
30 liquids appropriate for the location in which it is installed. Deleted: The enclosures shall be manufactured to
withstand accidental arcs in accordance with Annex
31 PE enclosures should be designed to protect against dust, smoke and potential infestation by insects, AA of IEC 62271-200:
32 varmints and the like. Deleted: The minimum degree of protection
should be designated in accordance with NEMA
ANSI/IEC 60529-2004 [B25] or NEMA 250 [B26].
33 Totally enclosed cabinets can accumulate explosive gases that may be created during degradation of
34 polypropylene metal-film capacitors. These gases can result in a deflagration event or explosion, which can Deleted: adequate levels of
35 cause subsequent damage and/or personnel harm. A means to mitigate this potential should be provided.
22
1 Enclosures and assemblies should be constructed of steel or other suitable incombustible, moisture-resistant
2 materials and reinforced as necessary to withstand the mechanical, electromagnetic, and thermal stresses
3 that may be encountered under both normal and short-circuit fault conditions.
4 PE enclosures and other parts subject to corrosion should be made of corrosion-resistant material or of a
5 material rendered corrosion resistant.
6 For equipment that will be operated in enclosed spaces, pressure limits should be specified. PE enclosures
7 and components should be designed to operate within the specified pressure limits.
8 6.12.2 Moisture and condensation
9 PE should be provided with an effective means to prevent accumulation of moisture and condensation
10 within the equipment when de-energized. If space heaters are used, the heating element should be
11 automatically energized when the equipment is de-energized and vice versa.
12 A means should be provided for de-energizing the space heater for isolation and maintenance.
13 6.12.3 Materials and design
14 PE should be constructed of durable, flame-retardant, moisture-resistant materials,. Materials used must

15 meet toxicity requirements of recognized standards acceptable to the cognizant authority.
16 Hazardous materials, such as mercury, PCBs, lead, and other restricted substances, should not be used.
17 PE should be designed such that current-carrying parts with potential to ground are protected against
18 accidental contact. Acceptable finishes for components should be provided; for example, anodized finishes
19 are acceptable, and cadmium plating is undesirable.
20 6.13 Design for safety
21 PE should be designed to satisfy safety considerations of NEMA Standards Publication ICS 1.1 Safety
22 Guidelines for the Application, Installation, and Maintenance of Solid State Control, and ANSI/UL 347A Deleted: UL 61800-5.2 Standard for Adjustable
23 Medium Voltage Power Conversion Equipment Any functional safety statements by PE manufacturer Speed Electrical Power Drive Systems - Part 5-2:
Safety Requirements - Functional
24 should be investigated according to UL 61800-5.2 Standard for Adjustable Speed Electrical Power Drive
25 Systems - Part 5-2: Safety Requirements – Functional.
26 6.13.1 Personnel protection
27 PE equipment shall be provided with an enclosure that prevents access to circuits operating above 30 V.
28 Such equipment shall have provision for grounding the enclosure using a permanently installed wiring
29 method. See 5.4 for additional information on grounding.
30 6.13.2 Equipment protection
31 PE should be designed to protect equipment as discussed in clause 5.10.
32 6.14 Nameplate
33 A nameplate or identification plate made of durable material and securely attached should be provided on
34 the power electronics converter and should indicate at least the following information (as applicable) and
35 any additional information as required by the equipment specification:
23
1 a) Manufacturer's name and model type

2 b) Manufacturer's serial number (or identification mark)
3 c) Year of manufacture
4 d) Rated power
5 e) Rated frequency
Deleted: <#>Rated ac or dc voltages and currents
6 f) Number of phases and frequency
Deleted: in
7 g) Rated voltage at input and output sides
Deleted: in
8 h) Rated current at input and output sides
9 i) Class of insulation or permissible temperature rise
10 j) Ambient temperature range and cooling medium
11 k) Rated output power factor
12 6.15 Clearance and creepage distances
13 Minimum air clearances and creepage distances between live parts of different potentials in AC and DC
14 power systems should be no less than specified in International Association of Classification Societies
15 (IACS) Unified Requirement (UR) E11 and/or with North American power equipment standards for
16 specific type of PE, as well as UL 508, UL 508C, NFPA 70 (the NEC) or the Canadian Electrical Code. Deleted: such
17 6.16 Quality assurance
18 To help ensure proper configuration control, corrective action, audits, material conformation, and related
19 materials, the PE manufacturer should have a minimum quality assurance program that conforms to a
20 recognized standard such as ISO 9001
21
24
1 7. Recommendations for system studies and analysis

2 As an integral part of the design, electric power system designers (short: system designers) develop a
3 description of the electric power system that is ultimately passed on to the power system designers.
4 Interactions between the PE and the rest of the system significantly govern the overall electric system
5 design. In order to enable overall system optimization the behavior of any electrical equipment under any
6 possible condition, equipment interfaces should be available to the system designers. Therefore, PE
7 designers (short: equipment designers) should provide sufficient technical information, data, and especially
8 simulation models to appropriately support the system designers in order to perform advanced system-level
9 studies required to achieve optimal power system designs. The minimal elements of electric power system
10 design are as follows:
11 1) Life cycle cost analysis and report

12 2) Partial load efficiency data to support endurance fuel calculations and generating plant sizing
13 analysis
14 3) Electrical load analysis
15 4) Acoustic/other signature analysis in coordination with the overall system design team
16 5) Electric system concept of operations and survivability analysis inputs to overall design team
17 (i.e., how will the equipment respond in support of the system operations)
18 6) Electrical one-line diagrams
19 7) Harmonic analysis including harmonic power quality calculations with PE sources
20 8) Short-circuit/fault-current analysis
21 9) Transient analysis to help ensure compatibility of the PE with loads under transient conditions
22 (i.e., inrush current of loads)
23 10) Description of future power growth capability
24 11) Description of protection systems
25 12) Weight report input
26 13) Support for auxiliary system designs
27 14) Risk assessment
28 15) Master equipment list inputs to overall system design team
29 7.1 Examples of required technical information, data, and models
30 Currently, only a small portion of the technical information, data, and models required enabling advanced
31 system design processes are described in standards and guidelines. This section provides basic information
32 to equipment designers regarding the electric system design in order to facilitate understanding of the
33 required information. The following list illustrates some of the technical information, data, and models
34 system designers should analyze or may require from equipment designers or may require from equipment
35 designers:
36 ⎯ Load current characterization, including transient load dynamics and load current harmonics
37 reflected voltage wave.
38 ⎯ Inrush current
39 ⎯ Load impedance as a function of frequency
40 ⎯ Capacitance to ground
41 ⎯ Current distortion/harmonic spectrum
42 ⎯ Behavior of the PE when electrical inputs are outside of interface standards tolerances
43 ⎯ Transient response characteristics, such as allowable voltage overshoot, peak fault current feedback
44 into the system, and so on
25
1 7.2 System-driven requirements
2 Table 10 provides system-driven requirements, which primarily result from size, weight, and economic
3 constraints. Table 11 lists requirements that are driven by power system dynamic and transient behavior.
4 Table 4 — System-driven requirements from size, weight, environmental and economic constraints
Requirement from overall size, weight, and economic analysis Sub-clause in this document
Power rating 5.1
System voltages 5.2
Duty cycle 5.4
Efficiency 5.5
No-load losses 5.6
Overload 5.7
Size and weight 6.1
Reliability and maintainability requirements 6.2
Selection of parts 6.2.1
Environmental design requirements 6.9
Ambient temperatures 6.9.1
Cooling arrangements 6.9.2
Airborne noise 6.9.3
Vibration 6.9.4
Electromagnetic effects 6.10
Electromagnetic interference 6.10.1
Electromagnetic self-compatibility 6.10.2
Electromagnetic compatibility 6.10.3
Electromagnetic pulse (EMP) System-driven requirements from
6.10.4
system dynamic transient behavior
Dust, smoke, etc. 6.12
Air clearances and crepapge distances 6.15
Control power supply voltage 6.11.3
5 Table 5 — System-driven requirements from system dynamic transient behavior

Requirement from system dynamic transient behavior Sub-clause in this document
Grounding 5.4
Overload 5.7
Stress limits and derating factors 5.8
Power quality requirements 5.9
Protection requirements 5.10
Overvoltage protection 5.10.1
Overcurrent protection 5.10.2
Short-circuit protection 5.10.3
Inrush (charging) current 5.10.5
Surge voltage withstanding capability 5.11
Dynamics requirements 6.3
Additional functionality Error! Reference source not found.
26
1 8. Power Electronics analysis and design
2 8.1 Introduction
3 This clause discusses and specifies the analysis and design of power electronics in electrical power
4 systems. It provides guidelines for synthesizing and designing various power electronic equipment and
5 subsystems.
6 The specific analysis and design methodologies often depend on particular systems and system
7 architecture. Before the analysis and design are carried out, the top-level system architecture is generally
8 undetermined, and systems and subsystems specifications are drafted and reviewed. Given the fact that
9 there are no universally accepted and established tools available for architecture analysis and design
10 synthesis, this clause is based on the assumption that there is a partial system architecture definition for the
11 intended application and system partitions are based on the requirements discussed in the previous clauses.
12 Typical examples of such system architectures, for which the analysis and design will apply, are presented
13 in Annex A.
14 For the system-level analysis and synthesis, the selected and designed equipment should meet the
15 requirements of this standard . Also, the equipment should not violate the system integrity. The examples
16 include maintaining stability for various modes of operations so as not to exceed defined constraints, such
17 as electrical, thermal, and mechanical constraints and limits. In general, the tasks for the analysis and
18 design should include the following:
19 a) Choosing converter functions (associated topologies and controls)

20 b) Determining the system-level analysis and design tasks
21 c) Building or acquiring models for the converter or converter functions
22 d) Design evaluations, comparisons, and optimizations
23 e) Generating specifications based on terminal (boundary) characteristics
24 f) Mapping the characteristics of the source and the load with transitional behaviors against an
25 operational timeline
26 This clause only covers item a) through item c). It also only addresses the characteristics of power
27 electronics converters that influence the system-level design and analysis.
28 8.2 Converter functions and power topologies
29 Converter functions are determined by the required applications. Different topologies can be used to realize
30 specific converter functions with consideration for technologies, performance, size, weight and cost.
31 IEEE Std 1409 includes in-depth descriptions of power electronic equipment useful for mitigating power
32 quality problems. For example, it includes descriptions for mitigating voltage sags, swells, and
33 interruptions using a UPS, static transfer switch (STS), dynamic voltage restorer (DVR), or backup stored
34 energy system (BSES). IEEE 1409 also describes how to mitigate harmonics and voltage fluctuations (i.e.,
35 flicker) using a distribution static compensator (D-STATCOM), DVR, or static var compensator
36 Table 6 categorizes the power electronics converters in power systems for applications defined in Clause 4.
37 The table also lists characteristics of these application converters based on their functions: ac/dc
38 conversion—rectifiers, dc/ac conversions—inverters, ac/ac conversions, or dc/dc conversions; power flow:
27
1 bidirectional or unidirectional; duties: continuous, pulsed, or intermittent converters; and voltage levels:
2 low voltage (LV) or medium voltage (MV). Typical topologies used are also listed.
3
4 Table 6 — Converter classification for typical applications
Converter applications Converter functions and Typical topologies
characteristics
AC frequency converter AC/AC, LV, or MV, unidirectional or Cycloconverter, matrix converter,
bidirectional, continuous power ac/dc/ac back-to-back voltage or
current source converter, diode or
silicon controlled rectifier, (SCR)
rectifier with voltage source inverter
AC rectifier AC/DC, LV, or MV, unidirectional or Diode or SCR rectifiers, voltage source
bidirectional, continuous power or current source rectifiers
DC inverter DC/AC, LV, or MV, unidirectional or Voltage or current source converter
bidirectional, continuous power
DC converter DC/DC, LV, or MV, unidirectional, Isolated or non-isolated, pulse width
continuous power modulation (PWM) or resonant, bridge
or push-pull, current or voltage mode
Static transfer switch AC/DC bidirectional for ac system, Bidirectional SCR, triac, diode bridge
dc/dc bidirectional for dc system, with diagonal turnoff device
intermittent power
Fault current interrupter or limiter AC/AC or ac/dc bidirectional, Series connected voltage or current
intermittent power source converter
Static VAR compensator AC/DC, bidirectional, continuous Shunt connected voltage or current
power source converter
Active power filter AC/DC, bidirectional, continuous Voltage or current source converter,
power can be shunt or series connected
Variable frequency drives AC/AC or inverter, LV, or MV, Voltage source inverter (VSI) (for
unidirectional or bidirectional inverter) or VSI with diode rectifier (for
continuous power ac/ac) often with dynamic brake
High-power electrical propulsion AC/AC, MV, unidirectional, Cycloconverter, ac/dc/ac back-to-back
continuous power voltage or current source converter
diode or SCR rectifier with voltage
source inverter & dynamic brake
Energy storage For ac, ac/dc [battery, capacitors, For ac, voltage source ac/dc (capacitor),
superconducting magnetic energy voltage source ac/dc+dc/dc (capacitor,
storage (SMES), or ac/ac (flywheel)] battery, SMES), voltage source ac/dc/ac
For dc: dc/dc (capacitor, battery, (flywheel), current source ac/dc
SMES), dc/ac (flywheel) (SMES)
Bidirectional, continuous power For dc: dc/dc (battery, capacitors,
SMES), or dc/ac (flywheel)
UPS For ac, ac/ac with energy storage, For
dc, dc/dc with energy storage,
bidirectional, continuous power
Pulsed power load DC/DC for dc system capacitor load, dc/dc, ac/dc, or ac/ac, often with
ac/dc for ac system capacitor load, isolation
ac/ac for motor load, unidirectional, LV
or MV
Power supply Unidirectional ac/dc or dc/dc
5
6 The basic converter topologies and their typical use in power systems and microgrids are summarized in
7 Table 13. Note that the table is illustrative and is not an exhaustive list. IEEE Std 1409-2012 includes in-
8 depth descriptions of power electronic equipment useful for mitigating power quality problems. For
9 example, it includes descriptions for mitigating voltage sags, swells, and interruptions using a UPS, static
10 transfer switch (STS), dynamic voltage restorer (DVR), or backup stored energy system (BSES). IEEE
11 1409 also describes how to mitigate harmonics and voltage fluctuations (i.e., flicker) using a distribution
12 static compensator (D-STATCOM), DVR, or static var compensator.
28
1 Table 7 — Basic converter topologies and their typical applications

Converter topology type Applications
Cycloconverter Propulsion drive, frequency converter
MV back-to-back voltage source converter Propulsion drive,with regenerating motor load
(VSC)
MV back-to-back current source converter Propulsion drive
LV back-to-back VSC AC-fed motor drive, flywheel energy storage
Matrix converter AC-fed motor drive, frequency converter
High-frequency link converter DC/DC converter (dc transformer), ac/ac converter
AC/DC VSC Rectifier, VAR compensator, active filter, energy storage
SCR rectifier Rectifier
Diode rectifier Rectifier
DC/AC VSI DC-fed drive, flywheel energy storage, dc bus regulator, fuel-cell interface
Bidirectional dc/dc Energy storage (battery, super capacitors, ultra capacitors)
Isolated unidirectional DC/DC Pulsed power, dc distribution system power converter
Bidirectional ac or dc switch Transfer switch
2
3 Any of the highlighted converters may be configured with the use of power electronic building blocks
4 (PEBBs). PEBBs can be at subconverter level (e.g., a phase-leg consisting of multiple switches, passive
5 components, sensors, and drivers), converter level, or subsystem level with a cluster of converters. Further
6 information on PEBBs can be found in IEEE Std. 1676.
7 8.3 Converter system-level design
8 Power electronics converter design should first meet the application performance requirement. Table 14
9 lists the basic function characteristics for typical applications in power systems.
10 Table 8 — Characteristics of selected converter applications

Converter applications Characteristics
Input Output
AC frequency converter AC current with controlled harmonics and
power factor. In case of intermediate dc Regulated fundamental voltage and frequency
link, regulated dc link voltage or current with limited ripple
AC rectifier AC current with controlled harmonics and

Regulated DC voltage with limited ripples
power factor
DC inverter DC current with limited ripples Regulated fundamental voltage and frequency
with limited ripple. For constant power load
(e.g., motor drive), regulated power or current
DC converter DC current with limited ripples Regulated DC voltage with limited ripples
Static VAR compensator Regulated VAR (fundamental current) with near zero power factor and limited harmonics
Active power filter Controlled harmonic currents (shunt connected) or voltages (series connected)
Variable frequency drives AC current with controlled harmonics and
(service, etc.) nearpower factor. In case of intermediate dc Regulated power or current (via motor speed
link, regulated dc link voltage or current and torque) with limited harmonic current
High power ship propulsion or AC current with controlled harmonics and

Microgrids for Emergency power factor. In case of intermediate dc Regulated power or current (via motor speed
services link, regulated dc link voltage or current and torque) with limited harmonic current
Energy storage Controlled fundamental current and PF with limited harmonics

UPS AC current with controlled harmonics Fixed fundamental voltage and frequency
with limited harmonics
Power supply DC current with limited ripples DC current with limited ripples
11 NOTE — The terms input and output in Table 14 correspond to the terms sourcing and loading as
12 explained in 4.1.
13 PE designers should also consider all requirements in clauses 5 and 6 of this standard.
29
1 8.4 Equipment-level analysis and recommended models
2 To evaluate and validate a power electronics system design, an analysis is required to show that various
3 expected characteristics and requirements, as presented in Clause 5 through 7, are achieved and satisfied.
4 The system analyses for converters should include:
5 ⎯ Basic power balance—rated and all operating conditions

6 ⎯ Power quality—harmonics, voltage sag, unbalanced conditions, EMI
7 ⎯ Dynamic performance—regulation, frequency ranges, and small-signal stability
8 ⎯ Transients—converter starting and stopping, inrush current and dynamic braking, shut down and
9 power up sequences, faults, and large signal stability. System protection coordination evaluation
10 (need not be modeling/analysis but should be evaluated)
11 ⎯ Thermal and heat transfer study
12 ⎯ Mechanical structural analysis
13 ⎯ Reliability analysis
14 ⎯ Acoustic analysis
15 ⎯ Failure modes and effects analysis
16 ⎯ Risk analysis
17 Based on the system-level analysis requirements and models characteristics, Table 15 summarizes the
18 recommendation of models for different system-level analyses. Note that the model selections are almost
19 never unique. In most cases, multiple types of models are available for the same analysis. However, more
20 suitable models can result in a more efficient and/or more accurate analysis. Annexes D and E provide
21 some basis for such analyses.
30
1 Table 9 — Modeling and simulation recommendations for equipment-level analysis

Equipment-level analysis Nature and time scale Recommended converter-level models
Power balance Steady-state load Steady state, static Active and reactive power, or V, I
flow relationships, efficiency or loss
characteristics
Power quality Harmonics/Voltage Steady state, operating Converter: Ideal switch switching model or
Fluctuations and switching equivalent harmonic source model
frequencies Others: equivalent circuit considering
nonlinearity (e.g., saturation)
Voltage sag/swell Transient Converter: Ideal switch switching model
with protection/control limit
Others: Equivalent circuit considering
Unbalance Steady state and Converter: Ideal switch switching model
transient with protection/control limit.
Others: Equivalent circuit considering
Electromagnetic Steady state, high Detailed circuit model including parasitic,
compatibility (EMC), frequency (1kHz to 100 detailed switches; or frequency-domain
EMI MHz) behavioral source models with equivalent
interconnect equivalent impedance models
Dynamic Regulation Steady state (0Hz to Average/linearized model of power
performance 100s Hz) converter (other equipment), detailed
controls; transfer function
Small-signal stability Steady state (0Hz to Average/linearized model of power
100s Hz) converter (other equipment), detailed
controls; transfer function or equivalent
impedance
Transients Start and stop Transient Detailed circuit, switching device models,
with detailed control
Faults Transient Detailed circuit, switching device models,
with detailed control and protection
Large-signal stability Transient Detailed circuit, switching device model,
with detailed control and protection/limits
Thermal Loss calculation Steady state and Circuit model with loss characteristics,
management temporary device switch model with switching and
conduction loss modeled
Thermal analysis Steady state and two-dimensional (2-D) or three-dimensional
temporary (3-D) thermal models; one-dimensional
equivalent thermal network model
Mechanical and 3-D mechanical model, and acoustics model
structural (optional)
Shock and IEC, IEEE Std 45-2002,
vibration MIL-STD-167-1A-2005 and
MIL-STD-901D
Reliability Failure modes and Transient Detailed circuit, switching device models,
protection with detailed control and protection
Failure rate and life Steady state Individual component/equipment failure
time models
2
31
1 9. Testing, inspection and maintenance
2 9.1 Testing
3 9.1.1 Classification of tests
4 Three sets of tests performed on PE defined in IEEE Std 1547 [B12] as follows:
5 ⎯ Design test (also called type test and first article test): Test of the PE made to confirm the design of
6 a representative unit under maximum stress conditions. The test may be conducted in the factory, at
7 a testing laboratory, or alternatively in the field.
8 ⎯ Production test (also called routine and factory acceptance test): A test conducted on every unit of
9 equipment prior to shipment.
10 ⎯ Comissioning test (also called installation testing): A test conducted after the PE is installed in
11 accordance with an imposed specification requirements.
12 Major optional or customer specified tests are described below:
13 9.1.2 Burn-in testing
14 A burn-in test increases the likelihood of uncovering incipient failures due to so-called ‘infant mortality’ of
15 electronic components, assemblies, circuit cards and other piece-parts. This is done by using a sufficiently
16 long burn-in period and designing the test to stress the components to help ensure known high-failure rate
17 portion of the bathtub curve of component reliability is reached. Often this will be done by operating under
18 full load with power cycling, and the input voltage run at either the maximum or minimum voltage to
19 provide either maximum voltage stress or maximum current stress.
20 Thermal cycling precipitates more infant mortalities than a constant elevated ambient temperature; of
21 course, there is no guarantee that all infant mortalities would be uncovered.
22 All interested parties should conduct burn-in tests in accordance with the test procedures reviewed and
23 agreed to. It is preferable to perform burn-in test by cycling with a dwell time at each thermal and electrical
24 stress beyond PE rating but within design margins. Data logging and analysis of the units under test should
25 be recorded.
26 Smaller PE normally shipped as integrated assemblies, should be tested completely before being shipped in
27 accordance with these provisions. Testing of large equipment can be limited to tests in any manufacturer’s
28 facility on the separate units that are to be shipped separately. Other tests such as tests on large complete
29 PE or tests on site are to be included only if separately specified.
30 9.1.3 EMI Testing
31 EMI testing should be performed in accordance with IEC 61000-3 [B19]. Tailoring of specific
32 requirements, if necessary, is permissible subject to approval by the procuring activity. EMI testing should
33 be conducted on a system level rather than on individual equipment.
34 9.1.4 Vibration testing
35 Vibration testing should be in accordance with IEC 60068-2-6. The upper frequency limit for vibration
36 testing should be consistent with the expected worst-case failure scenario that can account for excessive
37 vibration as specified in the equipment procurement.
38 Vibration test parameters and time durations in Table B.3 of Annex B should be met at minimum
32
1 9.1.5 Temperature testing
2 Temperature rise testing should be performed at rated power output with rated power and ambient
3 temperatures. To verify equipment reliability testing should be performed at a worst-case temperature rise
4 scenario under worst-case conditions temperatures and cooling flow.
5 PE should withstand a dry heat and damp heat test as specified in IEC 60068-2-2 and IEC P60068-2-30.
6 9.1.6 Harmonics testing
7 PE shall be tested as specified in the IEEE Std 1547.1. The purpose of this test is to measure the individual
8 current harmonics and total rated-current distortion (TRD) of the PE under normal operating conditions.
9 Test should results should comply with requirements of IEEE Std 1547 [B12
10 9.1.7 Additional special tests
11 Where required by the equipment procurement specification, the following additional special testing and
12 inspections may be performed in accordance with IEEE Std C37.100.1: Deleted: recognized test standards such as IEEE td
1547.1, IEEE
13 a) Short-time withstand current and peak withstand current tests Deleted: 20
14 b) Verification of protection against electrical shock Deleted: .7 and IEEE C37.90.1
15 c) Dielectric tests
Deleted: Transient impulse voltage testing
16 d) Electrical fast transient/burns test
Deleted: Protective device coordination testing
17 9.1.8 Special testing for medium-voltage power electronics Deleted: Temperature rise and humidity testing
Deleted: Verification of self-test features
18 Medium-voltage PE should be fully tested prior to installation as defined in IEEE 1547.1. A test plan Deleted: Tests should be conducted in accordance
19 should be submitted to the proper authority for review and acceptance. with an approved standard, such as IEEE Std 1585.
20 Testing for Internal Arcing should be conducted in accordance with IEEE Std C37.20.7
21 9.2 Performance of tests
22 Among the tests conducted on every PE assembly or equipment are routine tests. A set of routine tests
23 should be established and conducted for each production unit. If the standard is the IEC 60146-1-1, then the
24 routine tests should include the insulation test as well as light load and function test and checking the
25 auxiliary devices, properties of the control equipment, and protective devices.
26 A final inspection should be performed after all tests have been completed to check whether the tests have
27 had any adverse effects on the equipment or assembly. Signs of component overheating, damage of
28 insulation, etc., should be investigated, corrective actions developed and implemented. After the corrective
29 actions have been implemented, the test should be conducted again.
30 The tests shall be performed under electrical conditions equivalent to those in real service. If this is not
31 practicable, the converter assembly or equipment, respectively, should be tested under conditions allowing
32 the specified performance to be proved.
33 The contract may specify that the supplier shall provide a certified report of tests performed on the product.
34 This also applies to type tests previously performed on an identical or similar product with test conditions
35 at least equal to the requirements of the contract.
36 Test schedule for PE and its assemblies should include test items listed in IEC standard 60146-2 Table 4.
37 Test validations procedure should comply with IEEE Std1012.
33
1 Where equipment meets the above requirement for similarity, with the exception of a major component
2 capable of independent operation, such as a filter in a propulsion motor drive system, that component may
3 undergo special testing separately. Additionally, the report should also contain a rationale to support the
4 independent component testing. The report should be submitted to the proper authority
5 9.3 Inspections, periodic tests and maintenance
6 PE should be inspected immediately after completion of the installation, and should be subject to periodic
7 inspections and maintenance to avoid premature failures or performance deterioration after years of use
8 under normal conditions.
9 PE shall be periodically tested (as it recommended in IEEE 1547 [B12]) at intervals specified by the
10 manufacturer, system integrator, or the authority having jurisdiction over the PE deployment.
11 Periodic test reports or a log for inspection shall be maintained. at intervals no longer than the intervals
12 specified by equipment manufacturer.
13 Maintenance of PE should comply with IEEE Std 3007.2 Recommended Practice for the Maintenance of
14 Industrial and Commercial Power Systems and NEMA standards Publication IC 1.1 Safety Guidelines for
15 the Application, Installation and Maintenance of Solid State Control.
16
34
1 Annex A
2 (informative)
3 Bibliography
4 Bibliographical references are resources that provide additional or helpful material but do not need to be
5 understood or used to implement this standard. Reference to these resources is made for informational use
6 only.
7 [B1] Pat Wheeler and Sergei Bozhko "The More Electric Aircraft", IEEE Electrification magazine
8 Volume 2 Issue 1, December 2014
9 [B2] Shinsuke Nii, Masaki Kato “Power Electronics technology that supports Smart Grid,” Fuji Electrical
10 Review Vol. 57 No. 4
11 [B3] Dragicevic, T.; Vasquez, J.C. ; Guerrero, J.M. ; Skrlec, D. "Advanced LVDC Electrical Power
12 Architectures and Microgrids" IEEE Electrification magazine Volume 2 Issue 4, March 2014
13 [B4] Yuri Khersonsky Advancing New Technologies in Electrical Ships, IEEE Electrification magazine
14 June 2015 Volume 3 Number 2
15 [B5] IEEE Std 1709 IEEE Recommended Practice for 1 kV to 35 kV Medium-Voltage DC Power
16 Systems on Ships
17 [B6] IEEE 1653.2 Uncontrolled traction power rectifiers for substation applications up to 1500 v dc
18 nominal output
19 [B7] IEEE Std IEEE 1653.6-Trial-Use Recommended Practice for Grounding of DC Equipment
20 Enclosures in Traction Power Distribution Facilities
21 [B8] UL 1053 Standard for Ground-Fault Sensing and Relaying Equipment
22 [B9] MIL-STD-1399-(NAVY) section 680 of 24 April 2008 "HIGH VOLTAGE ELECTRIC POWER,
23 ALTERNATING CURRENT"
24 [B10] MIL-DTL-917F (SH) "DETAIL SPECIFICATION ELECTRIC POWER EQUIPMENT, BASIC
25 REQUIREMENTS FOR"
26 [B11] MIL-F-24638-(SH), Frequency changer, solid state, air-cooled
27 [B12] [IEEE Std 1547, IEEE Standard for Interconnecting Distributed Resources with Electric Power
28 Systems.
29 [B13] IEEE Std 1679 - "IEEE Recommended Practice for the Characterization and Evaluation of Emerging
30 Energy Storage Technologies in Stationary Applications”
31 [B14] IEC 60092-501 Electrical installations in ships - Part 501: Special features - Electric propulsion plant
32 [B15] IEEE Std 1413, IEEE Standard Methodology for Reliability Prediction and Assessment for
33 Electronic Systems and Equipment.
34 [B16] IEEE Std 24748 (all parts) IEEE Guide: Adoption of ISO/IEC TR 24748, Systems and Software
35 Engineering: Guide to the application of ISO/IEC 12207 (Software life cycle processes).
36 [B17] IEC 60704-3– Household and similar electrical appliances; Test code for the determination of
37 airborne acoustical noise; Part 3: Procedure for determining and verifying declared noise emission values..
38 [B18] International Building Code IBC 2009
39 [B19] IEC 61000 series, Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) Certification and Testing.
40 [B20] MIL-STD-461F, Department of Defense Interface Standard: Requirements for the Control of
41 Electromagnetic Interference Characteristics of Subsystems and Equipment
42 [B21] ISO/IEC/IEEE 80005-1:2012 ̛Utility connections in port -- Part 1: High Voltage Shore Connection
43 (HVSC) Systems -- General requirements
44 [B22] Terry Ericsen, Narain Hingorani, Yuri Khersonsky "Power Electronics and Future Marine Electrical
45 Systems", IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, Vol. 42 no1, January/February 2006
35
1 [B23] So-Yeon Kim, Sehwa Choe, Sanggi Ko and Seung-Ki Sul “A Naval Integrated Power System with
2 a Battery Energy Storage System: IEEE Electrification magazine June 2015 Volume 3 Number
3 [B24] 1EC 60092 series, Electrical Installations in Ships
4 [B25] IEC 61892 series, Mobile and fixed offshore units - Electrical installations
5 [B26] Yuri Khersonsky, Narain Hingorani, Kevin Peterson "IEEE Electric Ship Technologies Initiative"
6 IEEE Industry Applications Magazine, Jan/Feb 2011
7 [B27] Yuri Khersonsky & Giorgio Sulligoi, Standards for Ships and Oil Platforms, IEEE Industry
8 Applications Magazine, Jan/Feb 2016
9 [B28] MIL-STD-167-1A, Department of Defense Test Method Standard: Mechanical Vibrations of
10 Shipboard Equipment (Type I-Environmental and Type II-Internally Excited)
11 [B29] MIL-STD-1474E “Design Criteria Standard – Noise Limits,”
12 [B30] NAVSEA SE000-00-EIM-110, Navy Electronics Installation and Maintenance Book
13 [B31] IPC J-STD-001 Requirements for Soldered Electrical and Electronic Assemblies
14 [B32] IPC-A-610 Acceptability of Electronic Assemblies
15 [B33] Reinhart, T. R., "High resistance grounding for marine applications," Marine Electrical Standards
16 Meeting, Canadian Coast Guard, Ottawa Canada, May 1986
17 [B34] Nelson, J. P., Burns, D., Seitz, R., and Leoni, A., "The grounding of marine power systems:
18 problems and solutions" Petroleum and Chemical Industry Technical Conference, pp. 151-161, Sept 2004.
19 [B35] I Jacobson, B., and Walker, J., "Grounding considerations for DC and mixed DC and AC power
20 system," Naval Engineers Journal, vol. 2, pp. 49-62, 2007
21 [B36] NAVSEA TE000 MIL-STD-1474E, "Design Criteria Standard Noise Limits"-AB-GTP-010, Parts
22 Derating Requirements and Application Manual for Navy Electronic Equipment
23 [B37] IEEE Std 142 (Green Book), IEEE Recommended Practice for Grounding of Industrial and
24 Commercial Power Systems.
25 [B38] IEEE Std 958 IEEE Guide for Application of AC Adjustable-Speed Drives on 2400 to 13 800 V
26 Auxiliary Systems in Electric Power Generating Stations.
27 [B39] Naval Ships' Technical Manual, Chapter 320, Electric Power Distribution Systems
28 [B40] IEEE Std 1573 IEEE Recommended Practice for Electronic Power Subsystems: Parameters,
29 Interfaces, Elements, and Performance
30 [B41] IEEE Std. 80, IEEE Guide for Safety in AC Substation Grounding
31 [B42] IEEE Std 3001.5, IEEE Recommended Practice for the Application of Power Distribution Apparatus
32 in Industrial and Commercial Power System
33 [B43]
34 [B44] IEEE Std 3007.1, Recommended Practice for the Operation and Management of Industrial and
35 Commercial Power Systems
36 [B45] IEEE Std. C62.92.4, IEEE Guide for the Application of Neutral Grounding in Electrical Utility
37 Systems—Part IV: Distribution Systems
38 [B46] IEEE C63.14, American National Standard Dictionary for Technologies Electromagnetic
39 Compatibility (EMC), Electromagnetic Pulse (EMP) and Electrostatic Discharge (ESD) (Dictionary of
40 EMC/EMP/ESD Terms and Definitions)
41 [B47] IEC 60050-551, International Electrotechnical Vocabulary – Part 551: Power electronics
42 [B48] ANSI C84.1 American National Standard for Electric Power Systems and Equipment – Voltage
43 Ratings (60Hz)
44
36
1 Annex B
2 (normative)
3 Power Electronics in Marine power systems
4 B.1 Land-based (Onshore) and Marine (Offshore) Power Systems differences
5 Equipment designers and system designers should consider that marine electric power systems are
6 significantly different than onshore land-based electric power systems. Therefore, equipment designers and
7 system designers should take into account the following aspects:
8 Generating capacity and rotational inertia are relatively small compared with a number of single loads.
9 Therefore, the concept of an “infinite bus” or “slack bus,” often applied for design and analysis of land-
10 based electric power systems, is not applicable for microgrids or shipboard electric power systems.
11 Shipboard electric power system prime movers for generators are smaller than their land-based
12 counterparts. The smaller prime movers have time constants much closer to the generators’ electrical time
13 constants. Therefore, the separation of mechanical and electrical time scales for system analysis, a method
14 yielding acceptable results for land-based systems, is often not applicable for shipboard electric power
15 systems. In fact, mechanical and electrical dynamics are very strongly coupled.
16 Connections between equipment (i.e., cable runs) are electrically very short compared with land-based
17 systems. Therefore, transmission line dynamics do not play a significant role.
18 The small size, lack of inertia, tight coupling, and “close” electrical proximity of microgrids and shipboard
19 electric power systems require fast frequency and voltage controls. During parallel operation of generation
20 equipment (both rotating machinery and power electronics based), control information may have to be
21 provided to all the equipment very rapidly in order to enable appropriate load sharing between the units to
22 prevent power interruptions.
23 Power electronics equipment is the enabler for the highly dynamic and rapid allocation of resources
24 through fast control of the load flow throughout the electrical power system. Therefore, the normal line
25 impedance-based load flow formulations may not apply. For the dynamic analyses, it may be inappropriate
26 to assume constant voltage and frequency conditions and the concept of constant power injection.
27 Furthermore, advanced control methods such as control agent technologies may be applied to microgrids
28 and shipboard electric power systems
29 ISO/IEC/IEEE 800005-1:2012(E) [B21] standard should be applied for Ship-to-Shore (Black Start) ship
30 power system to utility connections.
31 Despite fast controls, the lack of substantial inertia and the specific characteristics of prime movers may
32 result in large excursions of voltages and frequencies under normal and contingency operations of the
33 system. For land-based systems, the allowable ranges of such excursions are restricted by standards and
34 guidelines to protect the proper functioning of the vast variety of possible loads customers may connect to
35 the power system. However, the concept of separating “utility provider” and “power customer” is, to a
36 large extent, meaningless on board a ship or for a microgrids. It can be expected that future microgrids and
37 marine power designs may require that the power electronic equipment perform and function, possibly at
38 reduced power, under more severe excursions of system voltages and frequencies than currently stated in
39 the standards governing power quality.
37
1 Fig. B.1 from [B22] shows marine electrical power system totally protected by Power Electronics with
2 circuit breakers used only for no-load visible disconnect. Fig.B.2 from [B23] shows Integrated Power
3 System with conventional circuit breakers.
4 Figure B.1— Advanced marine electrical power system
5
6 Figure B.2— Integrated Power System IPS
38
1 B.2 Marine applications specific design parameters
2 In addition to the requirements described in this standard, Power Electronics in marine applications should
3 comply with requirements of the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) standards:
4 ⎯ IEC 60092 series [B24] of International Standards established requirements to electrical
5 installations in sea going ships in compliance with the International Convention on Safety of Life at
6 Sea (SOLAS).
7 ⎯ IEC 61892 series [B25] established requirements for the design, selection, installation, maintenance
8 and use of electrical equipment for the generation, storage, distribution and utilization of electrical
9 energy for all purposes in offshore units and it complies the requirements of the International
10 Maritime Organization (IMO).
11 IEEE and IEC Standards for Ships and Oil Platforms described in [B26] and [B27].
12 PE in marine applications should operate satisfactory under environmental conditions in Table B.1:
13 Table B.1—Mandatory condition limits
14
15 PE marine environmental design parameters summarized in Table B.2:
16 Table B.2—Environmental design parameters
Design Parameters Conditions Unit name Unit Value
High air temperature °C 55°C
Humidity Up to 45 °C % 95
Humidity Above 45°C % 70
Static Angle ° 22.5
Angular deviation & motion Angle° 22.5
Dynamic
Frequency Hz 0.1
Static condition acceleration m/s2 10
Displacement mm 1.5
Normal location Acceleration m/s2 10
Vibration Frequency Hz 13 - 100
Displacement mm 1.5
Special location Acceleration m/s2 50
Frequency Hz 28 -200
39
1 Precautions against galvanic corrosion of dissimilar metals, such as aluminum to a steel hull or deck should
2 be taken. Insulating materials should be resistant to moisture, sea air, salt and oil vapors, unless special
3 precautions are taken to protect against such agents.
4 B.3 Marine PE testing
5 Special testing should be performed where appropriate for marine applications in addition to described in -
6 clauses 9. Marine PE test plan should be submitted for acceptance prior to testing.
7 Special test requirements for vessels with integrated power systems may be satisfied, completely or in part,
8 by submittal of previously obtained test results on similar equipment. The basis for the similarity between
9 the tested and proposed equipment should be provided. Examples of characteristics to be considered in
10 determining similarity are power rating, rated voltage and frequency, size, duty, insulation system,
11 enclosure type, number of phases, and configuration. A report should be submitted to identify expected
12 performance differences between the tested and proposed equipment addressing any impact on
13 performance due to differences in the power quality between the power used in the previous tests and the
14 power quality expected.
15 Testing should be performed at rated power output with rated input power and at rated speed, as applicable.
16 Testing should be performed under expected worst-case conditions (external temperature, cooling flow, and
17 cooling temperature, as well as inputs/outputs that will cause a worst-case temperature rise scenario) to
18 verify equipment reliability.
19 Vibration testing should be in accordance with MIL-STD-167-1A [B28] or IEC 60068-2-6. The upper
20 frequency limit for vibration testing should be consistent with the expected worst-case failure scenario that
21 can account for excessive vibration as specified in the equipment procurement specifications.
22 At minimum vibration test parameters in Table B.3 should be met.
23 Table B.3--Vibration tests parameters

Frequency, amplitude and acceleration Duration
2.0 (+3/–0) Hz to 13.2 Hz—amplitude ±1 mm (0.039 in) 90 min at 30 Hz in case of no resonance conditions.
90 min for each resonance frequency at which Q > 2 is
13.2 Hz to 100 Hz—acceleration ± 0.7 g
recorded.
For severe vibration conditions (e.g., on diesel engines and During the vibration test, operational conditions should
air compressors): be demonstrated.
Tests are to be carried out in three mutually
2.0 Hz to 25 Hz—amplitude ± 1.6 mm (0.063 in)
perpendicular planes.
25.0 Hz to 100 Hz—acceleration ± 4.0 g It is recommended as guidance that Q does not exceed 5.
NOTE—More severe conditions may exist, for example, in
the equipment located in the vicinity of diesel engines, If the sweep test is chosen because several resonance
especially for medium and high-speed engines. frequencies are detected close to each other, the duration
Values may be required to be in these cases 40 Hz to of test should be 120 min.
2000 Hz—acceleration ± 10.0 g at 600 °C duration 90 min.
24
25 EMI testing should be performed in accordance with MIL-STD-461F [B20] or IEC 61800-3. Tailoring of
26 specific requirements, if necessary, is permissible subject to approval by the procuring activity. EMI testing
27 should be conducted, preferably on a system level rather than on individual equipment.
28 Acoustic testing may be conducted in accordance with MIL-STD-1474-D [B29] or other applicable
29 acoustic testing standards
40
1 Where required by the equipment procurement specification, the following additional special testing and
2 inspections may be performed in accordance with recognized test standards:
3 a) Transient impulse voltage testing

4 b) Protective device coordination testing
5 c) Temperature rise and humidity testing
6 d) Verification of self-test features
7 e) Visual inspection for workmanship as in NAVSEA SE000-00-EIM-110 B30], Navy Electronics
8 Installation and Maintenance Book [IPC J-STD-001 [B31] and IPC-A-610 Acceptability of
9 Electronics Assemblies [B32]
10 B.4 Grounding of marine systems
11 Grounding of AC marine systems described in the IEEE 45 and IEC 60092 families of standards. Medium
12 voltage DC systems for marine applications described in IEEE Std 1709-2010. [B5].
13 From a power electronics perspective, it is preferable that HRG be used on the source side in marine
14 applications with isolated and otherwise ungrounded three-wire, three-phase distribution systems with
15 voltages over 1000 V and aggregated power above 1.5 MW.
16 Summaries of studies and technical papers on marine systems grounding provided below:
17 Reinhart, T. R., “High resistance grounding for marine applications,” Marine Electrical Standards Meeting,
18 Canadian Coast Guard, Ottawa Canada, May 1986 [B33]
19 ⎯ The three-wire ungrounded distribution system has been most popular for marine applications
20 because of the small ground fault current for the first system ground and also for the system to
21 continue to operate with one phase grounded without interruption of continuity of service. The
22 three-wire ungrounded system is statistically vulnerable to nonlinear ground phenomena or arcing
23 faults, which can escalate the ungrounded system voltage to ground (up to eight times nominal
24 phase voltage) and cause serious insulation failure and burning. Like lightning, arcing fault voltage
25 escalation may be rare, but the ferroresonant induced high voltages to ground are very destructive.
26 ⎯ It is concluded that the actual grounding current of a high-resistance grounding system is 40% to
27 50% higher than that of the ungrounded system. That is a very low price to pay for a stabilized
28 ground system that has very low ground fault current and will allow continued operation with any
29 one phase grounded.
30 ⎯ Installation of a high resistance ground can be readily accomplished on new and existing systems
31 with the use of small standard transformers allowing grounding resistors to be isolated from the
32 main circuit and operated at low voltage (120 V usually). For example, a typical high resistance
33 ground for supplying a 3000 kVA, 480 V system utilizes star-connected primaries of three standard
34 0.3 kVA, 480:120 V transformers to synthesize a grounding point for the ungrounded system. The
35 three 120 V incomplete delta, 120 V secondaries, loaded by a 100 Ω, 500 W grounding resistor,
36 serve as an isolated low-voltage load.
37 ⎯ For a comparable 4.16 kV system and a 15 MVA distribution system with a ground resistor current
38 of 2.5A, three star-connected primaries of standard 5 kVA, 4160:120 V transformers make the
39 ground point, and a 1.8 Ω, 3 kW grounding resistor is used in an isolated low-voltage circuit to
40 provide the resistive ground load. The conclusion is that the high-resistance ground serves a
41 valuable purpose in protecting three wire-ungrounded systems in marine applications, most
42 especially because the moist atmosphere, damp and wet locations, and high salt content aggravate
43 arcing and tracking as well as subsequent voltage instabilities of the ungrounded neutral. The high-
44 resistance grounded system is recommended for marine power systems.
45 ⎯ The high-resistance ground is recommended for isolated otherwise ungrounded distribution
46 systems over 400 V and over 1500 kVA. (Several systems may exist on one vessel. The 10 MVA,
47 4.16 kV system on the SEDCO/BP 711 has one 4.16 kV system, four 600 V systems, and two 480
48 V systems with isolation provided by 4.16 kV primary transformers.)
49
41
1 Nelson, J. P., Burns, D., Seitz, R., and Leoni, A., “The grounding of marine power systems: problems and
2 solutions” Petroleum and Chemical Industry Technical Conference, pp. 151–161, Sept 2004 [B34]:
3 ⎯ Although most shipboard systems are classified as “ungrounded,” they are grounded through the
4 ground fault detection system. Therefore, there should be no objection to the HRG system because
5 it is just another way of detecting ground faults and performs similarly to the “ungrounded” system
6 with two major improvements over the ungrounded system:
7 a) The HRG system eliminates the concern for transient overvoltages due to arcing ground
8 faults.
9 b) A small controllable amount of fault current can be used to locate the ground fault.
10 ⎯ Cable insulation levels for shipboard, ungrounded systems require as the minimum 173%
11 insulation-level requirement. Although HRG systems will not eliminate this requirement, the HRG
12 system will eliminate the potential of transient overvoltage conditions and line to ground short
13 circuit fault current thereby helping to reduce further power system problems.
14 ⎯ Shipboard electrical systems demand extremely high reliability and safety. The best system of
15 grounding for shipboard electrical systems is the HRG system. Years of experience have proven
16 that system to be far superior to any other grounding system including that of the ungrounded
17 system, the system that is most commonly used onboard ships. Nelson et al. conclude that it is time
18 for the marine industry to accept that fact; they must change its practice of using ungrounded
19 electrical systems and not only accept the HRG system but also start retrofitting that system on
20 existing shipboard electrical systems. Otherwise, pardon the pun, “the industry will be missing the
21 boat!”
22 Jacobson, B., and Walker, J., “Grounding considerations for DC and mixed DC and AC power system,”
23 Naval Engineers Journal, vol. 2, pp. 49–62, 2007 [B35]:
24 ⎯ Systems with dc sections grounded through two equal value resistors have significantly reduced
25 circulating currents compared with neutral-grounded systems.
26 ⎯ In the mixed dc and ac nonisolated distributions, ground faults not only produce chassis currents
27 but also generate static and dynamic effects impacting the system’s operation and components. The
28 effects include:
29 • DC offset voltage affecting component ratings and selection
30 • Low-frequency ac offset voltage affecting component ratings and selection
31 • Fault-propagating, high-frequency offset voltage caused by an internal fault of the dc/ac
32 inverter
33 • Transient overvoltages caused by underdamped oscillations
34 ⎯ A mixed dc and ac power system can be seriously disrupted by a single ground fault anywhere on
35 the secondary side of the isolation boundary if neither dc/dc nor dc/ac inverters provide galvanic
36 isolation. Some remedies for this problem include:
37 • Designing all components and subassemblies for higher operating voltage resulting from
38 ground fault offsets (both dc and ac)
39 • Using transformer-isolated, high frequency dc/dc and ac/dc converters for zonal
40 distribution. (The converters should employ high-frequency topology to avoid adding
41 excessive weight and volume to the power system.)
42 ⎯ Although specifying equipment with higher voltage withstanding capability is an option, it places a
43 major burden on the user equipment and will result in higher cost, weight, and size of the total
44 system. The solution recommended by Jacobson and Walker relies on galvanically isolated, high-
45 frequency converters throughout the power system. This approach offers the following advantages:
46 1. Prevention of most disruptions and resultant component stresses caused by a ground
47 fault.
48 2. Simplification of ground fault detection and isolation.
49 3. Reduction of chassis (common-mode) currents and improved EMC.
50 4. In an alternative architecture, isolated, bidirectional converters would facilitate power
51 exchange between loads, enabling improved efficiency and reduced operating cost.
52
42
1 Annex C
2 (informative)
3 Power semiconductors stress limits
4 Table C.1 is adapted from Table XVI in MIL-E-917E-(NAVY[B10]. The table is provided for information
5 only. The data in the tables are reproduced verbatim.
6 Table C.1—Application stress limits and derating factors for Rectifiers, SCRs, GTOs, and
7 Bipolar Transistors
Stress factor limit in
Stress factor relation to rating factor Rating factor
Lower Upper
Rectifiers
Working peak reverse voltage — 0.5 VRRM Repetitive peak reverse voltage
Nonrepetitive peak reverse voltage — 0.7 VRSM Nonrepetitive peak reverse voltage
DC reverse blocking voltage — 0.4 VRRM Repetitive peak reverse voltage
Average current — 0.5 IF(AV) Half-cycle forward current average
Peak surge current — 0.7 ITSM Peak surge current
Junction temperature — 0.8 TJ(max) Maximum operating junction temperature
SCRs
Working peak reverse voltage — 0.5 VRRM Repetitive peak reverse voltage
Nonrepetitive peak reverse voltage — 0.7 VRSM Nonrepetitive peak reverse voltage
DC reverse blocking voltage — 0.4 VRRM Repetitive peak reverse voltage
Working peak forward voltage — 0.5 VDRM Repetitive peak off-state voltage
Nonrepetitive peak forward voltage — 0.7 VDRM Nonrepetitive peak off-state voltage
Peak surge current — 0.7 ITSM Surge on-state current
Average current — 0.5 IT(AV) Half-cycle forward current average
Pulsed gate current for 2.0 10.0 IGT Gate trigger firing current
Peak reverse gate voltage — 0.5 VGRM Maximum reverse gate voltage
Maximum rate of current rise during
— 0.5 di/dt Maximum rate of rise on-state current
turn-on
Maximum rate of rise of forward Maximum allowable rate of rise, forward
— 0.5 dv/dt
blocking voltage blocking voltage (static)
Turn-off time — 0.5 tq Circuit commutated turn-off time
Junction temperature — 0.8 TJ(max) Maximum operating junction temperature
GTOs
DC blocking voltage — 0.4 VRDM Repetitive peak voltage
Nominal working peak reverse voltage — 0.5 VRRM Repetitive peak reverse voltage
Repetitive peak reverse voltage — 0.7 VRRM Repetitive peak reverse voltage
Nonrepetitive peak reverse voltage — 1.0 VRRM Repetitive peak reverse voltage
Nonrepetitive peak forward voltage — 0.8 VRDM Repetitive peak off-state voltage
Maximum rate of rise of forward 0.5 dv/dt Critical rate of rise of forward blocking
—
blocking voltage (critical) voltage
Rate of rise of reapplied forward 0.7 dv/dt Reapplied rate of rise of forward blocking
—
blocking voltage (reapplied) voltage
43
Stress factor limit in

Stress factor relation to rating factor Rating factor
Lower Upper
Gate controlled turn-off time (gain = 4),
Minimum duration of gate turn-off signal 2.0 — tgq
Tj = Tj(max)
Average forward current
Average forward current at Tj(max) for
a) Nominal value — 0.7 IT(AV) application waveform, conduction angle,
duty cycle, and frequency
b) Maximum value — 1.0
Peak surge current, half cycle surge
Surge current — 0.7 ITSM
(1/120 s), non-repetitive
Maximum rate of rise of current during
turn-on
a) Repetitive maximum — 0.5 di/dt (rep)
0.5 dv/dt Maximum repetitive rate of rise of current
b) Nonrepetitive maximum —
(critical) during turn-on
c) During surge — 1.0
Transistors, field effect
Drain to source voltage, cut-off mode or
off-source mode
a) DC — 0.5 VDS
b) Nominal working — 0.6 VDS Maximum-rated drain-to-source voltage
c) Repetitive peak — 0.7 VDS

d) Nonrepetitive — 0.8 VDS
Drain to gate voltage
a) DC — 0.5 VDGR
b) Nominal working — 0.6 VDGR Drain to gate voltage with RGS = 1,
megohm
c) Repetitive peak — 0.7 VDGR
d) Nonrepetitive — 0.8 VDGR
Average drain current, active or on-state
Average drain current at rated T(j, max)
mode
for the application waveform conduction
a) Nominal value — 0.6 IDon angle or period duty cycle, frequency and
b) Maximum value — 0.8 IDon drain to source on-state resistance.
Gate to source voltage — 0.7 VGS Gate to source voltage
Turn-off cutoff time or body-drain diode
Minimum duration of gate controlled — (t[d, off] +
— reverse recovery time during turn-off at
turn-off signal t[f]) t[rr]
rated T(j, max), whichever is greater
1
2 Recommendations for IGBTs, based on [B10]3 are provided in Table C.2.
3
4
5
6
7
8
44
1 Table C.2—Application rating limits for IGBTs

2
Maximum stress factor limit

IGBT parameter Transient
Continuous Device rating
(NOTE 1 and NOTE 2) conditions
operation
(NOTE 3)
0.65 0.85 Maximum collector to emitter
Collector to emitter voltage VCES
(NOTE 4) (NOTE 4) voltage gate-emitter shorted
Maximum continuous collector
Average collector current lc (NOTE 5) (NOTE 6)
current
Maximum operating junction
Peak collector current lcs (NOTE 5) (NOTE 6)
temperature
Maximum operating junction
Junction temperature tj 0.8 1.0
temperature
Maximum power dissipation
Power dissipation—average 0.5 1.0
derated for temperature
Maximum gate-emitter voltage
Gate-emitter voltage vges 0.9 0.9
with collector-emitter shorted
Maximum continuous diode
Diode forward current lf 0.5 0.8
current
NOTE 1—See 5.8 for derating requirements imposed on other components.
NOTE 2 Any deratings recommended by the semiconductor manufacturer that are in addition to, or more restrictive than,
those listed above should take precedence over the above limits.
NOTE 3—Deratings in this column apply during the transient conditions specified in 7.2. In addition, the component
manufacturer’s maximum ratings should not exceed during the fault/emergency conditions specified in 5.10.
NOTE 4— The 0.65 and 0.85 derating factors apply after the transistor has recovered from the turn-off transient and has
entered the blocking state. During the turn-off switching interval, the following conditions should be net for all operating
conditions including transient overload, external fault, and internal fault conditions:
a) The worst-case turn-off switching load lines should be determined for the IGBT at each operating condition
(continuous, steady-state overload, transient overload, external fault, and internal fault)
b) The switching load likes should be such that, for any collector current along a given load line, the resulting
collector to emitter voltage during turn-off switching is at least 100 V below the IGBT manufacturer’s
published turn-off switching safe operating area (SOA) curve (i.e., collector to emitter voltage should be at least
100 V below the turn-off SOA voltage limit for the corresponding turn-off collector current). For internal and
external fault conditions, the IGBT manufacturer’s limits should not be exceeded.
NOTE 5—For continuous operation, the allowable average collector current and allowable peak collector current should be
such that the following limits are not exceeded: a) the maximum allowable derated junction temperature for continuous
operation, b) the maximum derated average power dissipation for continuous operation, and c) the repetitive peak current at
rated load should not exceed 0.5 of rated current.
NOTE 6—For transient conditions and internal/external fault conditions, the allowable average collector current and
allowable peak collector current should be such that the following limits are not exceeded: a) the maximum allowable
derated junction temperature for transient conditions, b) the maximum derated average power dissipation for continuous
operation, and c) 80% of the IGBT manufacturer’s peak collector current rating or short-circuit rating, as appropriate.
45
1 Annex D
2 (informative)
3 Power Quality and Quality of Service
4 D.1 Power quality
5 Historically, power quality, or quality of power as it is referred to in IEEE Std 519, is concerned with the
6 effects and mitigation of harmonic voltage and current waveform distortions (i.e., when waveforms divert
7 from the fundamental frequency waveform in shape and magnitude). Such distortions occur when nonlinear
8 power equipment interacts with the system. PE behaves highly nonlinearly since it employs switching of
9 electronic devices as the means of controlling electric power. In return, PE may be especially sensitive to
10 voltage and current waveform distortions since those can adversely influence control systems. The term
11 ‘point of common coupling’, as defined in IEEE Std 1547 [B12] is used to identify the interface for a
12 specific characteristic (i.e., quality of power). This is the same as the electrical interface defined in 1.4 of
13 MIL-STD-1399-300B[B9].
14 Electric power interface standards typically contain two aspects, as follows:
15 a) A description of the nominal power interface characteristics (i.e., the system characteristics). This is
16 usually defined to be at the terminals of the equipment. The system designer is responsible for
17 providing this information.
18 b) A set of equipment constraints (e.g., current injection, such as harmonics, DC, and inrush). If all
19 equipment connected to an interface subscribe to these constraints, the system characteristics will
20 fall within their nominal tolerances. To subscribe to the equipment constraints is the responsibility
21 of the equipment designer. An example of a load constraint is given in 4.3 in IEEE Std 1547-2003
22 [B41].
23 Consequently, PE designers should follow the appropriate guidelines and standards: IEEE Std 519-2014
24 and MIL-STD-1399-300B- [B9].
25 D.2 Quality of service
26 Quality of service is a metric of the reliability of the electrical system’s ability to provide power to a load. It
27 is calculated as the mean time between service interruptions during normal operations. Equipment
28 designers should consider the quality of service required for their equipment in various applications. The
29 four categories of quality of service are as follows:
30 ⎯ Uninterruptable: The equipment requires continuous uninterruptable power.

31 ⎯ Short-term interrupt: The equipment can tolerate interruptions of less than 2 s.
32 ⎯ Long-term interrupt: The equipment can tolerate interruptions of up to 5 min.
33 ⎯ Exempt: The equipment can tolerate long-term interruptions or the application permits complete
34 loss of power.
35 NOTE—Quality of service is determined by both the equipment and application. The service interruption
36 times are typical but should be confirmed with the electrical systems engineer.
46
1 Annex E
2 (informative)
3 Analytical and Design Models
4 E.1 Model classifications

5 Selection and use of appropriate models are the first steps in converter and system analysis. For the power
6 converter systems, there are many different types of models available, which can be classified in a number
7 of different ways.
8 E.1.1 Models by physical nature
9 According to their physical natures, several model domains can be considered during the design iteration:
10 electrical, thermal, mechanical structure, computational fluid dynamic (CFD), electromagnetic (EM), and
11 acoustic models. These models can be coupled together (or co-simulated if deemed necessary) as multi-
12 physics models in a design and development phase of the development.
13 E.1.2 Physics-based versus behavioral models
14 A primary classification of models separates them in behavioral and physical domains. A behavioral model
15 considers the object of modeling as a “black box” and only represents its behavior as seen from the external
16 system. Conversely, physics-based models describe the system by the physical laws based on constituent
17 elements used, construction characteristics, and other ambient influences. Behavioral models are generally
18 less refined and require less simulation resources. At a given range of operation conditions, such models
19 can be reasonably accurate; however, when the range of operation is extended, such models generally lose
20 their accuracy. Notably, physics-based models are generally more detailed, complex, and therefore more
21 difficult to use; they do represent the object of modeling more accurately in a wide range of conditions.
22 E.1.3 Modeling hierarchy
23 For modeling of power systems, there are three basic hierarchies of models: the system-level models, the
24 power converter models, and the component models. Within each level, there are different types of models,
25 behavioral or physics-based, detailed or simplified, depending on the analysis and design requirements.
26 These model types can be illustrated as shown in Figure E.1. Some of these models are reviewed briefly in
27 Figure E.2.
28 E.1.4 Models of different degrees of details
29 As seen in Figure E.1 for each modeling hierarchy, there can be models of different details. For example,
30 an electrical component can be modeled with a finite-element 3-D model, an equivalent circuit model, or
31 even a mathematical model based on differential or algebraic equations. One particular important aspect of
32 the modeling is the time scale or dimensional scale of the phenomenon a model can represent.
33 As an example, the converter equivalent circuit model can be, from the more detailed to simplified, as
34 follows: a switching model, average model, linearized model (based on transfer functions), or steady-state
35 power flow model. The mathematical formulation process from the most general model to various other
36 forms according to the assumptions and simplifications can be illustrated as in figure E.2, where x are the
37 variables that represent the dynamic of the system, y are the variables defined by the algebraic constraints,
38 and z are the discrete time variables. The parameters are represented by p.
39
47
Component Converter System
Physics based
3-D Finite element
3-D numerical
1-D physics based Detailed Switch
Non-linear quasi-static Simple switch (w/loss)
Piece-wise linear Simple switch (on-off) Transient-switching
Variable resistance Average w/loss Dynamic wtih ripple
Average (no loss) Dynamic - control
Simplified average
Behavioral
Stationary multi-freq.
Stat no-lin (load flow)
Stationary linear
1
2 Figure E.1—Power device, converter, and system modeling classification
General: Steady-sate:
x = f (x, y, z; p ) 0 = f ( x, y , z ; p )
1 T
0 = g ( x, y , z ; p ) 0 = g ( x, y , z ; p )
x (t ) = ∫ x(τ ) dτ
T t −T z k +1 = h(x, y, z k ; p ) z = h ( x, y , z ; p )
Average: Sample-data:
x = f (x, y, z; p ) xk +1 = f (xk , y, z k ; p )
0 = g ( x, y , z ; p ) 0 = g ( x, y , z ; p )
z = h(x, y, z; p ) z k +1 = h(xk , y, z k ; p )
Small-signal: Freq domain:

x = f l (x, y, z; p ) X (s ) = F ( X , y, Z ; p )
0 = g l ( x, y , z ; p ) 0 = g ( X , y, Z ; p )
z = hl (x, y, z; p ) Z (s ) = H ( X , y, Z ; p )
3
4 Figure E.2—Mathematical formulations of different model types proposed for
5 power electronic systems
48
1 E.1.5 Models in different reference domains
2 Models can be either in time domain or in another reference domain that reflects the transformation from
3 the time domain. Frequency domain models can be more convenient in many cases, such as for harmonics
4 as well as for EMI modeling and analysis. Stability analysis is often carried out in frequency domain, using
5 transfer functions or frequency domain equivalent impedances.
6 E.2 Model review
7 E.2.1 Component model
8 The main component models include semiconductor switching device models and passive component
9 models. For the semiconductor switching devices, there are a range of models available from the detailed
10 complete physics-based models, to various behavioral switching models including simplified ideal switch
11 model, to continuous descriptive models. In many cases, the power device manufacturers tend to have all
12 the relevant test data to develop the required device-level model for a given simulation platform. The
13 simplest case is the ideal switch model in which the switch is represented as a varying resistance that
14 changes from a very large (open switch) to a very small (closed switch) value.
15 The passive component models for resistors, inductors, and capacitors also have detailed and simplified
16 models. Most detailed inductor and capacitor models integrate Maxwell differential equations using finite
17 elements. The goal is to represent the parasitic capacitances and inductances, series resistances, nonlinear
18 characteristics and loss of the magnetic or dielectric membranes, flux or charge distribution and leakages,
19 cross-coupling effects, as well as thermal degradation effects. The simplest description of the passive
20 element is an ordinary differential equation that describes the time domain behavior of the lumped
21 parameter element.
22 In any component models, an accurate determination of the parameters is important. If the power converter
23 is represented using a lumped model, the parameters need to be extracted from a more complex one using a
24 procedure like the one shown in Figure E.3.
Device structure,
material
Analytical Device model,

model simulation
Parameter
extractor
Electrical model
Circuit analysis
25
26 Figure E.3—Device parameter extraction for modeling in a circuit simulator
27 The models of other auxiliary components follow the same pattern regarding the different degrees of detail
28 in which they can be represented.
49
1 E.2.2 Converter model
2 It should be noted that converter level model includes not only switching converters but also other
3 equipment, such as loads, machines, and interconnection. The key modeling piece is for switching
4 converters. Based on the modeling details, there are switching models, average models, and linearized
5 models.
6 Switching models — These models represent the switching devices including diodes as switches in the
7 circuit. The switching models are necessary to investigate the switching characteristics of the converters,
8 such as switching transients. They are the most popular model type in a circuit simulator. Much
9 commercial simulation software has built-in device switching models for practical devices. In many
10 system-level analyses, a simplified switching model is sufficient, including an ideal switch model and
11 simple ideal switch models with on-state resistance or other behavioral modifications.
12 Average models — The average model averages the duty cycle over a switching cycle, and the approach is
13 justified by the fact that in a well-designed converter the time constant of the circuit is greater than the
14 switching period. The result of the averaging process is a continuous model that neglects the switching
15 action but keeps the slower nonlinear behavior of the converter. These models can be linearized around the
16 operating point allowing designers to use all the linear system theory tools for control design and to assess
17 the stability of the converter under small perturbations. Various enhanced average models have also been
18 developed, including:
19 ⎯ Unified discontinuous conduction mode and continuous conduction mode average model
20 ⎯ Average model with ripple estimation
21 ⎯ Frequency-dependent average models
22 ⎯ Average models with current control
23 Discrete models — Discrete models do not attempt to transform a switched-mode converter into a
24 continuous mode; rather, the system is described in terms of a sequence of samples, one per switching
25 cycle. Based on this, the converter is represented by a difference equation that is nonlinear and time-
26 invariant. Then, after linearization around the operating point, a small signal discrete models is obtained.
27 The small signal models obtained using discrete methods are more accurate at high frequencies than
28 average models. Simplified discrete models, called sample data models, have also been developed, which is
29 basically a combination of continuous average models and discrete models. This has been used currently
30 for digital control design of converters. Today, more attention is given to discrete models, because they are
31 very well suited to study nonlinear phenomena in power electronic circuits. For instance, phenomena such
32 as bifurcation, limit cycles, and chaos can be predicted, which is not possible using average models.
33 Besides, since discrete models describe the evolution of the state variables sampling the state variables,
34 tools like Poincaré maps and stroboscopic maps can be used.
35 Thermal models — In addition to electrical circuit models, thermal models for converters are also very
36 important for converter design and analysis. Basically, two models are used the most:
37 ⎯ Finite elements: It is a 2-D or 3-D thermal simulation that is able to model steady-state and
38 transient heat transfer and parametrical studies. Complete geometrical description of the
39 package and type of material used is needed in order to build the model.
40 ⎯ Electrothermal network: The mathematical representation of the heat flow in one dimension is
41 the same as a lumped parameter resistance and capacitor network, where the current in the
42 circuit represents the power loss and the voltage in the capacitor represents the temperature in
43 that layer. Usually, this model is obtained directly from the finite element software or from the
44 geometry and materials of the converter package.
45 Models for load, electric machines, transformers, breakers, and interconnection are equally important. Their
46 review is omitted here.
50
1 E.2.3 System model
2 Electrical power systems should generally be represented by an aggregation of the equipment (converter)
3 level models. For analyzing the various phenomena of the system, different collections of the models are
4 needed. These include transient modeling, dynamic modeling, and steady-state modeling.
5 Transient models—When the transient behavior of the system is to be analyzed, the power converter
6 models generally need to be switching models. The converter components other than the devices are
7 modeled with lumped circuit elements, which can include parasitic components. The controller model is
8 related to the time constants involved. If the transient is considered short, the action of the control system
9 can be neglected. Otherwise, the controller should be included partially (reduced order) or fully.
10 Dynamic models—The next degree of simplification comes when it is required to study the dynamic
11 behavior of the system. In this case, the average models of the power converters are generally used.
12 Stability in a distributed power system can be analyzed in frequency domain. The most common models
13 considered for studying small-signal stability or control loop design are based on linearized small-signal
14 models such as the ones obtained by perturbation and linearization of the large signal case.
15 Steady-state models—Steady-state models can be based on switching or average models. Power flow
16 models based on algebraic equations are also widely used. The steady-state models often include harmonic
17 models. The use of equivalent current sources is an approach often used to represent power converters
18 connected to a network. The current source injection model considered typical harmonics produced by the
19 converter as constants regardless of the conditions of the network. In this approach, no interaction network
20 converter is taken into account, so the results are not very accurate. Therefore, other formulations have
21 been proposed in time or frequency domain, such as transfer function, Norton equivalent, Harmonic-
22 domain, or three-pulse models.
23 E.3 Case analysis
24 The case analysis uses a simplified ship power system in Figure E.4 where the larger amount of power goes
25 to the motor drive. This motor load is connected to the generator through a multipulse diode or thyristor-
26 based rectifier with a transformer of multiple secondary windings. A comparatively smaller amount of
27 power is connected through an active front end (AFE) converter. The load for the AFE can be regulated
28 power converters or motor drives, or passive circuits.
Load
29
30 Figure E.4—Simplified ship power system for the case study
51
1 There are five main pieces of converter-level equipment in the system:

2 1) Electrical sources—in this case, it is a synchronous generator
3 2) Rectifiers—there are two ac/dc converters in Figure B.4, one multipulse diode rectifier and one
4 active front-end rectifier
5 3) Three-phase ac/dc PWM voltage source inverters
6 4) Motor or other type of load
7 5) Interconnection network such as cables that are important for certain system behaviors
8 Using stability (including small- and large-signal) analysis as an example, Table E.1 lists various types of
9 the models for different equipment in Figure E.4, which are suitable for the analysis. For different types of
10 analysis, different models should be used. Figure E.5 shows the motor voltage and current transient
11 response when there is a step in speed reference. Results using both the switching model and the average
12 model are shown for comparison. If the purpose is to study the controller behavior and stability, clearly
13 both types of the models can be used for analysis. Given that the average model is more efficient to use, it
14 is a better choice for this type of analysis.
15 Table E.1—Summary of the converter-level models for the simplified system

Distribution
Model type Source Rectifier Inverter Load (motor)
network
Constant back- Lumped parameters Static input/out relations based on Constant back
EMF with the R and L energy conservation. EMF with the
Steady state
synchronous synchronous
reactance reactance.
Transient one- Lumped parameters Reduced Voltage dependent constant-power
Simplified axis ω/V loop R and L order model . load (CPL) model.
control
Average Subtransient Lumped parameters Full-order model (of controller). d-q axis model of
with q axis R and L motors.
Full order dynamic
simplified w/
detailed control
Full order Lumped parameters Ideal diodes or switching function d-q axis model of
including stator R and L PWM converter. motors.
Switching
and damper
dynamics
Full order with Lumped parameters Switches with Ideal d-q-0 axis model
saturation R and L + mutual protection switches/diodes. of motor with
Switching/faults For more coupling logic. Include Include magnetic
(large signal) accuracy: stator magnetic protections. saturation.
reference frame saturation if Include
present. protections.
16
17
52
2
3 Figure E.5—Motor voltage and current response for a step in the reference speed
4 for average (black) and switching (gray) models
5
53

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Copyright © 2015 by The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.

PDF: ISBN 978-0-XXXX-XXXX-X STDXXXXX

IEEE prohibits discrimination, harassment, and bullying.

1 Important Notices and Disclaimers Concerning IEEE Standards Documents

19 Comments on standards should be submitted to the following address:

20 Secretary, IEEE-SA Standards Board

23 Laws and regulations

1 Updating of IEEE Standards documents

4 Yuri Khersonsky, Chair

37 Paul Bishop 41 Narain Hingorani 45 James H. Rockot

51 [To be supplied by IEEE]

52 Balloter1 55 Balloter4 58 Balloter7

64 [To be supplied by IEEE]

69 SBMember1 72 SBMember4 75 SBMember7

1 <Name>, DOE Representative

9 3. Definitions, acronyms, and abbreviations ....................................................................................................5

12 4. Power electronics equipment applications ...................................................................................................7

28 6. Design requirements ...................................................................................................................................16

45 7. Recommendations for system studies and analysis ....................................................................................25

1 8. Power Electronics analysis and design .......................................................................................................27

6 9. Testing, inspection and maintenance ..........................................................................................................32

10 Annex B (normative) Power Electronics in marine power systems ..............................................................37

15 Annex C (informative) Power semiconductors stress limits ..........................................................................43

16 Annex D (informative) Power Quality and Quality of Service ......................................................................46

19 Annex E (informative) Analytical and Design Models ..................................................................................47

1 Draft Recommended Practice for the

1 1.4 Equipment covered by this standard

19 1.5 Guide for users

1 3. Definitions, acronyms, and abbreviations

5 3.2 Acronyms and abbreviations

1 4. Power electronics equipment applications

9 4.2 Recommended PEBB architecture for power electronics applications

18 Figure 1 — Recommended architecture for power electronics applications .

1 4.3 Typical applications

28 5.2 Voltage requirements

29 5.2.1 Rated voltages

1 Table 1 — Voltage and frequency variations for AC distribution systems

6 5.3 Current requirements

7 5.3.1 Rated continuous current (Ir)

11 5.3.2 Rated short-time withstand current (Ik)

16 5.3.3 Rated duration of short-time withstand current (tk)

21 5.3.4 Inrush (charging) current

26 5.3.5 Duty cycle

1 5.4 Power Electronics Grounding

34 The following grounding options are most commonly used:

6 5.6 No-load losses

11 5.8 Stress limits and derating factors

19 5.9 Power quality requirements

27 5.10 Protection requirements

31 Semiconductors, magnetic components, as well as other components in PE should be protected from

33 5.10.1 Overvoltage protection

1 5.10.2 Overcurrent protection

4 PE should not be damaged by direct short-circuit at the terminals.

5 5.10.3 Short-circuit protection

11 5.10.4 Fault protection

16 5.10.5 Protection from stored energy and reverse current

29 5.11 Surge voltage withstanding capability

8 6.1 Size and weight

11 6.2 Reliability and maintainability (R&M) requirements

14 Unless otherwise specified, PE should incorporate the following R&M provisions: