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Growth, yield and quality of chrysanthemum

(Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat.) Cv. Raja
as influenced by int....

Article in Karnataka Journal of Agricultural Sciences · March 2012

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Karnataka J. Agric. Sci.,24 (5) : (681-683) 2011

Growth, yield and quality of chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat.) Cv. Raja as
influenced by integrated nutrient management*
S. K. VERMA, S. G. ANGADI, V. S. PATIL, A. N. MOKASHI, J. C. MATHAD AND U. V. MUMMIGATTI
Department of Horticulture
University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad - 580 005, Karnataka, India
E-mail: ccssa2011@gmail.com
(Received: July, 2010)

Abstract: The treatment receiving Azospirillum, Phosphate Solubilising Bacteria (PSB), vermicompost and 50 per cent
recommended NPK (T8) recorded the highest plant height, number of branches, plant spread, dry matter accumulation and
yield attributes such as number of flower plant-1 and flower yield. The same treatment (T8) registered significantly higher
quality parameters such as stalk length, flower diameter, shelf life of garland flowers. The economics analysis clearly indicated
that net returns per hectare and B:C ratio was the highest in the plots treated with Azospirillum, PSB, vermicompost and 50
% recommended NPK (T8) (` 3,28,504 and 6.04 respectively) and these findings can be used in making chrysanthemum
production more profitable. The recommended Dose of Fertilizer (R.D.F.) was 150:100:100 kg N: P2O5:K2O per hectare.
Key words: Chrysanthemum, growth, flower yield, quality, economics, integrated nutrient management

Introduction Material and methods

Chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat.) which
occupies a prominent place in ornamental horticulture is one of
the commercially exploited flower crops. In many countries,
including the United States and Japan, it is considered as the
number one crop. It is mainly grown for cut flower and loose
flower for garland making, general decoration, hair adornments
and religious function. Though the Chrysanthemum is one of
the important commercial flower crops of Karnataka, its yield
and quality levels are low and hence there is a need to
standardize the optimum dose of nutrients particularly the
integrated nutrient management for improving the soil structure,
physico-chemical properties and flower yield.
Application of nitrogen (20 g/m2) and phosphorus (20 g/m2
P2O5) interacted positively resulting in maximum yield of
chrysanthemum Cv. Flirt (Beniwal et al., 2006). At present, these
nutrients are supplied through chemical fertilizers. The
indiscriminate and continuous use of chemical fertilizers has led
to an imbalance of nutrients in soil which has adversely affected
the soil health, affecting the yield and quality of the produce.
Therefore, the integrated use of nutrient is need of the hour.
The use of organic manures and bio-fertilizers along with the
balance use of chemical fertilizers is known to improve physico-
chemical and biological properties of soil, besides improving
the efficiency of applied fertilizers. The INM approaches not
only improve the quality of the produce but also help in
improving the soil fertility including the biosphere by reducing
the cost of production in agriculture. Integrated nutrient
management practices involving judicious combination of
organic manures, bio-fertilizers and chemical fertilizers can be
feasible and viable for sustainable agriculture on a commercial
and profitable scale. In addition, they are eco-friendly, easily
available and cost-effective. Therefore, emphasis is now focused
on the use of organic manures such as farm yard manure,
vermicompost and bio-fertilizers like Azospirillum and
Phosphate Solubilising Bacteria (PSB).
The present investigation was carried out at Floriculture Unit of
new orchard, Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture,
University of Agriculture Sciences, Dharwad, during the year 2008-
2009 to standardize the Integrated Nutrient Management (INM) on
growth, yield and quality of Chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum
morifolium Ramat.) Cv. Raja. The experiment was laid out in
randomized block design (RBD) with 8 treatments replicated three
times. Individual plot size was 3.0 m x 3.0 m. The treatment included
inorganic form of N (150 kg ha-1), P2O5 (100 kg ha-1) and K2O (100 kg
ha-1) alone as Recommended Dose of Fertilizer (R.D.F.) as well as in
combination with organic manures viz., vermicompost (2.5 t ha-1),
farm yard manure (20 t ha-1) and bio-fertilizers viz., Azospirillum
(500 g ha-1) and Phosphate Solubilizing Bacteria (500 g ha-1). A
slurry of 200 g of the lignite based culture of Azospirillum and PSB
were prepared in 1000 ml of water individually and combination of
both 100 g Azospirillum and 100 g PSB were prepared in 1000 ml of
water. The rooted suckers of chrysanthemum were dipped in the
above slurry for 30 minutes before transplanting. The growth and
yield observations were recorded in five plants randomly selected
in each treatment. The land was brought to a good tilth by repeated
ploughing and harrowing. Farm yard manure and vermicompost
were added as per the treatments to the plots 15 days before planting
and were mixed well with the soil.
Results and discussionm
There were significant differences with respect to growth
parameters like plant height, number of primary and secondary
branches, plant spread and dry matter production in all the
treatment combinations (Table 1). Application of (Azo+ PSB +
VC equivalent 50% RD‘N’ + 50% RDF + 50% FYM) (T8) resulted
in maximum plant height (63.39 cm), number of primary branches
(20.07), number of secondary branches (23.13), plant spread
(33.20 cm) and total dry matter production (42.55 g plant-1)
compared to T4 (Azo + 75% RD‘N’ + RD‘P’ and RD ‘K’ + 100%
FYM) in above all parameters. The production of auxin and

* Part of M.Sc. (Agri.) thesis, submitted by the first author to the University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad - 580 005, India

681
Karnataka J. Agric. Sci.,24 (5) : 2011

Table 1. Effect of integrated nutrient management (INM) on growth attributes of chrysanthemum Cv. Raja at different stages of crop during
Kharif season of 2009
Treatment Plant height (in cm) Number of branches Plant spread (cm) Total dry weight
Days after transplanting (DAT) plant-1 Days after transplanting (DAT) of plants (g/plant)
30 60 90 120 30 60 90 120
Primary Secondary Days after
branches branches Transplanting
(DAT)
70 120
T1 13.76 28.73 40.43 58.93 19.67 21.97 6.98 10.93 22.77 31.83 10.26 39.96
T2 10.58 26.58 33.60 52.78 18.13 20.67 5.97 9.45 21.03 29.23 9.46 34.44
T3 11.03 26.73 39.47 55.37 18.60 21.33 6.64 10.39 22.73 31.33 9.51 39.67
T4 10.16 25.55 32.93 51.46 14.93 16.07 6.05 9.17 19.57 24.80 9.28 29.85
T5 14.01 28.96 41.20 60.86 19.93 22.23 7.23 11.16 23.67 32.33 11.30 40.26
T6 12.62 27.10 39.33 56.47 18.27 20.87 5.77 9.56 22.40 30.50 11.22 36.00
T7 13.46 27.59 36.27 54.13 16.80 18.27 6.87 10.30 21.73 27.73 10.99 35.15
T8 14.59 29.39 42.53 63.39 20.08 23.13 7.99 11.28 23.93 33.20 12.46 42.55
S.Em± 0.901 0.805 1.712 2.314 0.965 1.086 0.35 0.51 0.73 1.16 0.540 1.979
C.D. at 5% 2.734 2.440 5.192 7.020 2.928 3.295 1.07 1.56 2.23 3.52 1.638 6.002
T1 = 100% RDF + 100% FYM Azo - Azospirillum
T2 = VC equivalent 50% RD‘N’ + 50% RDF + 50% FYM PSB – Phosphate solubilising bacterium
T3 = Azo + VC equivalent 50% RD‘N’ + 50% RDF + 50% FYM VC – Vermicompost
T4 = Azo + 75% RD‘N’ + RD‘P’ and RD ‘K’ + 100% FYM FYM –Farm yard manure
-1
T5 = PSB + VC equivalent 50% RD‘N’ + 50% RDF + 50% FYM RDF- Recommended dose of fertilizer (150:100:100 kg N:P2O5:K2Oha
T6 = PSB + 75% RD‘P’ + RD‘N’ and RD ‘K’ + 100% FYM INM - Integrated nutrient management
T7 = Azo + PSB + 50% RD‘N’ and ‘P’ + RD ‘K’ + 100% FYM DAT - Days after transplanting
T8 = Azo+ PSB + VC equivalent 50% RD‘N’ + 50% RDF + 50% FYM RD - Recommended dose

Table 2. Effect of integrated nutrient management (INM) on yield parameters and shelf life of chrysanthemum Cv. Raja at different stages of
crop during Kharif season of 2009
Treatment Flower yield plant-1 (g) Flower yield plot-1 (kg) Total flower yield (t ha-1) Shelf life in ambient condition (hr.)
T1 105.30 10.53 11.70 40.33
T2 72.48 7.24 8.05 44.67
T3 99.83 9.98 11.08 45.00
T4 70.03 7.00 7.78 41.00
T5 110.22 11.02 12.24 47.00
T6 82.42 8.24 9.15 42.00
T7 74.47 7.44 8.26 49.07
T8 118.15 11.81 13.12 51.53
S.Em± 3.238 0.571 0.680 1.405
C.D. at 5% 9.821 1.731 2.064 4.262

Table 3. Economics as influenced by integrated nutrient management (INM) in chrysanthemum Cv.Raja during Kharif season of 2009
Treatment Total cost of cultivation Flower yield Gross returns Net returns Benefit cost ratio
` ha - 1 t ha - 1 ` ha - 1 ` ha - 1
T1 62441 11.70 351000 288559 5.62
T2 64146 8.05 241500 177354 3.76
T3 64871 11.08 332400 267529 5.12
T4 62864 7.78 233400 170536 3.71
T5 64871 12.24 367200 302329 5.66
T6 62639 9.15 274500 211861 4.38
T7 61733 8.26 247800 186067 4.01
T8 65096 13.12 393600 328504 6.04

gibberellins type plant growth regulators is known to help in
higher plant growth. Similar results of higher plant height due to
combined application of Azospirillum, PSB and inorganic
fertilizers has been reported earlier in Crossandra ( Narsimha
Raju and Haripriya, 2001) and in Dahlia (Warade et al., 2007).
Vermicompost is rich sources of micro and macro nutrients, Fe
and Zn might have enhanced the microflora and enzymatic
682
activity which might have augmented the plant growth. The
positive effect of vermicompost on plant growth has been
reported in China Aster (Nethra et al., 1999) and Golden Rod
(Kusuma, 2001).
Data about yield are presented in Table 2. Total yield plant-1
(118.15 g), plot-1 (11.81 kg) and hectare-1 (13.12 tonnes), were
significantly higher in T8 (Azo+ PSB + VC equivalent 50%
Growth, yield and quality of chrysanthemum......................
RD‘N’ + 50% RDF + 50% FYM) followed by (T5) yield plant-1
(110.15 g), plot-1 (11.02 kg) and hectare -1 (12.24 tonnes) supplied
with (PSB + VC equivalent 50% RD‘N’ + 50% RDF + 50% FYM)
over remaining treatments. This might be due to possible role of
Azospirillum through atmospheric nitrogen fixation, better root
proliferation, uptake of nutrients and water. More photosynthesis
enhanced food accumulation which might have resulted in better
growth and subsequently higher number of flowers per plant and
hence, more number of flower yield per hectare. Similarly,
Chandrikapure et al. (1999) reported higher flower yield in
marigold. The higher flower yield due to application of
vermicompost has been reported in China Aster (Nethra et al., 1999 ;
Chaitra and Patil, 2007) and marigold (Sunita et al., 2007).
There was significant difference in shelf life of garland flowers
as influenced by different treatments (Table 2). The maximum
shelf life (51.53 hrs.) of garland flowers was recorded in T8 (Azo+
PSB + VC equivalent 50% RD‘N’ + 50% RDF + 50% FYM).
Whereas, in treatment T1 (100 per cent RDF + 100 per cent FYM)
was noticed lower shelf life (40.33 hrs.) in ambient condition,
References
Chaitra, R. and Patil, V. S., 2007, Integrated nutrient management studies
in China Aster [Callistephus chinensis (L.) Nees] Cv. Kamini.
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B. D., 1999, Effect of bio-inoculants and graded doses of nitrogen
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yield and quality of golden rod. M. Sc. (Hort) Thesis, Univ.
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Influence of N and P application on flower yield and nutrient
683
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which might be due to the higher retention of water in the cells
of flowers and lower desiccation. Similar beneficial effects of
bio-fertilizers and vermicompost on shelf life have been reported
in marigold (Mashaldi, 2000).
Data on economics of chrysanthemum flowers are presented
in Table 3. Treatment combination of Azospirillum, PSB,
vermicompost equivalent 50% RD‘N’, 50 per cent recommended
NPK and 50 per cent FYM (T8) has realized maximum net returns
` 3,28504 per hectare with a benefit cost ratio of 1:6.04. Results
have clearly showed that the cost of fertilizers can be saved with
inoculation of both Azospirillum and PSB besides, obtaining
higher flower yield of chrysanthemum. Therefore, it may be
concluded that the use of Azospirillum, PSB , vermicompost
equivalent 50% RD‘N’, 50 per cent FYM along with 50 per cent
recommended nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium (T8) helped
in realizing better plant growth, higher flower yield and better
quality flowers of chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium
Ramat.) Cv. Raja with higher benefit cost ratio under field
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