 Bisexual flowers, actinomorphic, poorly differentiated perianth

ANGIOSPERM FAMILIES  2 Philippine species: Nymphaea nouchali & N. pubescens

Basal Angiosperms Schisandraceae
 170 species of herbs, shrubs, & trees  Vines, woody, monoecious or dioecious
 Distributed to tropical and temperate regions  Flowers are axillary to leaves on ultimate branches, or in acils of
 Shared traits fugacious bracts near the base of ultimate shoots
 Elongate vesssels with slanted perforation plates (or no  Possesses “pseudostyle” and “pseudostigma”
vessels) Illiciaceae
 Radially symmetrical flowers with several to many free  Closely Allied to Schisandraceae
carpels and stamens  Leaf blade is fragrant with translucent dotted and pinnately veined
 Stamens with broad, short, petal like or poorly differentiated  Bisexual, solitary flowers with tepals
filaments  Fruits are aggregate or radially arranged follicles, dehiscence
 Carpels with short or missing styles but with elongate adaxially.
stigmatic region  Very aromatic thus usually used for flavorings.
 Pollens with single aperture  1 species in the Philippines: Illicium philippinense (Star Anise)
 Seeds with small embryos but with significant amount of
endosperm Paleodicots
Ana Grade Chloranthales (Chloranthaceae)
 Amborellales (Amborellaceae)  A member of the paleodicots
 Nymphaeales (Hydatellaceae, Cabombaceae, Nymphaeaceae)  Aromatic plants with opposite phyllotaxy
 Austrobaileyales (Austrobaileyaceae, Trimeniaceae, Schisandraceae,  Leaves most of the time distinctively serrate with interpetiolar stipules
Incl. Illiciaceae)  Petals are absent (and sometimes sepals)
Amborellaceae  3 genus (Ascarina, Chloranthus, and Sarcandra) in Philippines with 8
 Monotypic genus of Amborella representative species.
 1 species (Amborella trichopoda)
 Dioecious, vesselless shrubs/ trees Magnoliids
 Flowers: Small, unisexual, actinomorphic, perianth not differentiated,  Multiple vessels ● Bracts with sheathing bases
apocarpous, with (unfused) stigmatic crests  Secondary phloem is stratified ● Conduplicate leaves
 Numerous stamens, with undifferentiated filaments and anthers and the pith appears septate
 Fruit is typically ovoid and borne on a stalk.  4 orders (Magnoliales, Laurales, Cannelales, Piperales)
 No Philippine representative species  Plant families in Philippines: Winteraceae, Hernandiaceae,
Nymphaeaceae Lauraceaea, Annonaceae, Myristicaceae, Monimiaceae,
 Aquatic rhizomatous herbs with 8 genera and 70 species Aristolochiaceae, Piperaceae, Saururaceae, Ceratophyllaceae
 Has scattered vascular bundle in stems and frequent presence of latex Winteraceae
(no so sticky)  Trees and shrubs bearing essential oils. Mesophytic (neither dry nor
 Leaves mostly alternate and simple, submerged, floating, or emergent wet)
  Leaves leather, gland dotted, aromatic, epulvinate (no pulvinus (  Phyllotaxy: mostly alternate
swollen at base of leaf; in Fabaceae)), pinnately veined Piperaceae
 Flower inflorescence mostly cymose  Shrubs, herbs, epiphytes, lianas
 1 genus 1 species in Philippines (Tasmannia piperata)  Alternate, simple leaves (that often appear opposite), asymmetrical
 Winteraceae because of color of flowers (white) leaf bases
Lauraceae  Spicy odor common
 Trees, shrubs  Sheathing petiole, swollen nodes, stem often have zigzag appearance
 Simple, alternate (irregularly spiraled) leaves, no stipule  Rat-tail inflorescence
 Strong odor (A little bit smoky; range from sweet to rank to fishy)  2 genus (Piper and Pepperomia), 88 species, 4 non-native
 Sulcate twigs
 Inflorescence axillary, cyme or solitary
MONOCOTS
 Flowers actinomorphic, with hypanthium  Produces flowers and seeds enclosed in fruits
 Cinnamon  1 cotyledon
 29 genus (2 non-native) in the Philippines  Flower parts are in 3’s or in multiples of 3
 Litsea sp.  Leaves are parallel veined and vascular bundles scattered
Annonaceae  Includes:
 Mainly trees, few lianas 1. Acorales
 Simple, alternate, entire leaves 2. Alismatales (Araceae)
 No stipules 3. Arecales (Arecaceae)
 Almost have distichous leaves (two rows of leaves) 4. Asparagales (Amyrillidaceae, Iridaceae, Orchidaceae,
 Young leaves are conduplicate Xanthorrhoaceae)
 Crushed leaves with strong fruity to unpleasant sour odor 5. Dioscoreales (Dioscoreaceae)
6. Liliales (Liliaceae, Smilaceae)
 Not showy flowers
7. Pandanales (Pandanaceae)
 Goniothalamus sp. & Annona muricata (guyabano)
8. Commelinales (Commelinaceae, Pontederiaceae)
Magnoliaceae
9. Poales (Bromeliaceae, Cyperaceae, Poaceae)
 Mostly trees
10. Zingiberales (Cannaceae, Costaceae, Heliconiaceae,
 Stamens and pistils in spirals on a conical receptacle
Marantaceae, Musaceae, Streliziaceae, Zingiberaceae)
 Flower parts not distinctly differentiated into sepals and petals Araceae
 1 genus with 11 species in the Philippines  Herbaceous, many climbers and hemiepiphytes
 Young flowers/ buds look like Dragon eggs  Alternate leaves, simple to palmately compound, usually entire
Aristolochiaceae  Can have reticulate venation
 2 genus with 13 Philippine species
 Many have caustic and/ or foul smelling latex
 Shrubs, lianas or herbs bearing essential oils
 Spadix subtended by a spathe
 Flowers are often malodorous
 More or less succulent leaves and petioles, glossy sheen leaves
 Aka pipe vine
 Amorphophallus adamensis, Monstera sp., Raphidophora sp.
Arecaceae  Aloe vera
 Trees, shrubs, with unbranched trunks, sometimes acaulescent, liana Dioscoreaceae
 Simple, pinnately or palmately compound, always with strongly  Herbaceous or woody vines with tubers or rhizomes
parallel venation  Leaves usually alternate and spiral. May be cordate or sagittate,
 Palm family palmately lobed
 Cocos nucifera, Calamus trispermus, Licuala grandis  Strong side veins from the base
Amyrillidaceae  Fruits usually triangular or three winged capsule, but sometimes a
 Big flowers berry or samara
 Herbs with bulb or rhizome  Seeds usually flattened and winged
 Sheathing leaf bases  Ube family
 Flower an umbel or head on a long leafless stem, subtended by a few  Stem quadrangular (twisting)
membranous, spathe-like bract, showy  Dioscorea alata
 Amaryllis sp. Liliaceae
Iridaceae  Herbs, with bulbs or rhizomes
 Herbs with corms, rhizomes or bulbs  Does not smell like onion
 Leaves alternate and arranged into two rows often forming a fan  Leaves alternate (rarely whorled), often basal, sheathinh at base,
 Scorpoid cyme inflorescence or solitary parallel-veined
 6 tepals, in 2 whorls, petaloid sometime spotted  Inflorescence terminal, raceme, or solitary
 Patersonia philippinensis, Iris setosa, Geosiris sp.  Sweet smelling
Orchidaceae  Lilium philippinense
 Second most diverse angiosperm Smilacaceae
 Terrestrial or epiphytic (as in Bulbophyllum)  Scandent shrubs and herbs or lianas; tendril climbers (tendrils from
 Long dangling aerial roots petiole base, or petiole twiners (tendrils sometimes reduced to ponts)
 Velamen  Alternate phyllotaxy; base of vine is thorny
 Flower parts: labellum, column, pollinia Pandanaceae
 Fruit capsule splitting lengthwise  Trees or shrubs with spirally twisted, candelabra-like branches and
 Fungal association for germination large prop roots, or lianas climbing by aerial roots
 Pinalia sp. – Mt. Pulag Orchids  Strap-like leaves arranged in screw like spirals
Xanthorrhoeaceae  Kell-like midrib
 Shrubs or arborescent plants  Fruit may be berry or drupe
 Caulescent or acaulescent (no distinction of leaves and stem)  Pandanus copelandii & Pandanus odoratissiumus
 Basal aggregation of leaves Commelinaceae
 Leaves simple, entire, parallel-veined  Herb,sometimes succulent, often creeping, swollen at nodes
 Fruits are non-fleshy dehiscent capsule  Leaves alternate and spiral with closed, tubular, basal sheaths
 Dianella javanica  Cyanotis cristata, Cyanotis axillaris, & Dischorisandra thyrsiflora
Pontederiaceae  Veins perpendicular to midrib
 Aquatic herbs, floating to emergent, stems spongy, with rhizomes  Heliconia rostrata & Heliconia psittacorum
(aerenchyma) Marantaceae
 Leaves usually alternate and spiral long stem, lead bases sheating  Herbs, erect, tuber-like eith statchy rhizomes
 Inflorescence spike or raceme subtended by a spathe, solitary or  Alternate leaves usually arranged in two rows
terminal  Feather pattern design of leaf and folds upward at night
 Pontederia crassipes (syn. Eichornia crassipes) Water hyacinth  No ligule, exstipulate
Cyperaceae  Long petioles with a leaf at end
 Grass like herbs, stems composed of rhizomes below ground and Musaceae
culms above  Large herbs with false stems with milky juice
 Culms usually solid, triangular in cross section and jointed  Thick midrib, leaves spirally arranged
 Flowers subtended by bracts or glume  Fruits are elongate fleshy berries forming a compact inflorescence
 Fruit is achene  Musa textilis – abaca
 Cyperus sp. Zingeberaceae
Poaceae  Small to large herbs
 Herbs to tall woody bamboos. Flowering stems (culms), internodes  Aromatic/ spicy leaves with colored rhizomes or tuberous roots
hollow or solids  Leaves emerging from the rhizomes in 2 rows
 Leaves alternate in ranks, leaf sheath visible  Blades fairly large with distinct long ligule
 Ligule is an important spot character (up to the species level)  Ligules are very important spot character
 Andropogon gerardii & Yushania niltakayamensis (top Mt. Pulag)
Cannaceae Ceratophyllaceae
 Tall, erect, with fleshy rhizomes, mucilaginous  Probably sister of Eudicot
 No ligule and stipule  Ceratophyllum demersum
 Terminal flowers
 Fruit is warty with tufts of hairs EUDICOTS
 No native species in the Philippines  Very diverse
Costaceae  Eudicot and Core Eudicots
 Simple, alternate leaves in alternate leaves in a spiral arrangement  Fabids, Malvids, Campanulids, Lamiids
 Inflorescence is almost always borne at the end of the stalk  Buxales
 Costaceae because of leaf attachment  Proteales (Nelumbonaceae)
 Cheilocostus speciosus  Ranunculales (Berberidaceae, Ranunculaceae)
Heliconiaceae  Sabiales
 Leaf sheath partly open at top PROTEALES
 Large, simple, alternate leaves Nelumbinaceae
 Petiole channeled  Aquatic herbs, perennials, rhizomatous
  Leaves arise from rhizomes  Inflorescene usually globular to elongate head with spike
 Leaf blade peltate inflorescence
 Produce nut-like fruits  Fruit is utricle, achene or capsule with persistent perianths/ bracteoles
 Pollinated by beetles or other insects  Amaranthus viridis
 Ornamental for landscape and fishpond Cactaceae
 Nelumba nucifera  Herbs to trees, succulent stems with thickened green stem bearing few
RANUNCUALES to many sharp spines
Berberidaceae  Areoles
 Berberis barandana (Mt. Data)  Glochids
 Herbs or shrubs (woody)  Flower is floral receptacle and vibrantly colored
 Leaves simple and pinnately compound  Hylocerus sp., Opuntia sp.
 Leaves modified into thorns in the main shoot (from the midrib of Droseraceae
abscised leaf)  Insectivores; has glands with digestive enzymes for digestion of
 Alternate shoots insects
 Yellow flowers and blue berries common  With roots or rootless, carnivorous
 Heterophylly with short shoots and long shoots (the leaves of the  Sticky leaf glands
latter are spines)  Drosera serpens (violet flpwer), Drosera ultramafica(sundew ysllow
Ranunculaceae red)
 Mostly bisexual, actinomorphic Nephentaceae
 Inflorescene solitary, raceme or cyme  Insectivorous herbs, shrubs or lianas
 Fruit is achene, follicle or berry  Epiphytic, climbing or with tendrils
 Clematis smilacifolia  Modified leaf (Pitchers)
 Male and female inflorescence are raceme borne on a different plant
CORE EUDICOTS (Dioecious)
1. Dilleniales (Dillenia) Dillenia philipinensis  Nephentaceae alata, N. copelandii
2. Caryophyllales (Amaranthaceae, Cactaceaeceae, Droseraceae, Nyctaginaceae
Nepenthaceae, Nyctaginaceae, Polygonaceae, Portulaceae)  Bougainvillea spectabilis
3. Escalloniales
 Trees, shrubs or herbs
4. Gunnerales
 No stipules but thorns
5. Paracryphiales
 Cluster of flowers often surrounded by bracts
6. Santales (Balanophora; roots, Loranthaceae; trunk) parasitic
 Tubular flower, 5 lobed
7. Saxifragales (Crassulaceae)
Amaranthaceae  Fruit achene by persistent perianth
Polygonaceae
 Herbs or shrubs, sometimes succulents
 Herbs, shrubs trees or vines swollen at nodes
 Often hairy, no stipule
  Leaves usually alternate, spiral, simple, with stipules uniting into an ROSIDS I (FABIDS)
ocrea 1. Celastrales
 Fruit is achene or nut, three angled, surrounded by persistent perianth 2. Cucurbitales ( Begoniaceae, Coriariaceae, Cucurbitaceae)
Portulacacea 3. Fabales (Fabaceae-Mimosoideae, Desalpinoideae, Papilionoideae
 Mostly succulent herbs often creeping with tuberous roots 4. Fagales (Casuarinaceae, Fagaceae)
 Leaves alternate or opposite, sometimes in basal rosettes, fleshy 5. Malphigiales (Euphorbiaceae, Passifloraceae, Phyllanthaceae,
 Solitary flowers (sometimes) Rafflesiceae, Violaceae)
 Capsule fruit 6. Oxilidales (Oxilidacee)
Balanophoraceae 7. Rosales
 Bizarre, fleshy herbs 8. Zygophalles
Begoniaceae
 Roots of trees at high elevations
 Simple, alternate leaves
 Form tubers, fungoid
 Very asymmetrical bases, sometimes peltate, and large stipules
 Sometimes hiding
 Flowers: three tisted styles and swollen, fleshy calyx
 Not photosynthetic
 3 sections (Petermannia, ….
 Balanophora papuana (red with whites)
 Diagonal bases
Loranthaceae
 Parasitic plants, forming haustoria  The stipules are attached to rhizomes
 Inflorescence cyme, spike, raceme or umbel with bracteoles  Rhizomatous (Variandra)
 Lepidaria quadrifolia (tubular flowers)  Semi rhizomatous to erect
 Male flowers has 2 tepals
 Common in large trees to small trees in high altitude
Crassulaceae  Females have 4-5 tepals
 Succulent (leaves) herbs, sometime woody at the base Cucurbitaxeae
 Leaves usually opposite, alternate, spiral or whorled (basal rosettes)  Tendril bearing
 Alternate leaves
 Fruit is follicles
 Palmate venation
 Sedum ebracteatum
VITALES (Grape family)  Tendril 90° with respect to petiole
Do not form one monophyletic clade  Sechium edule
Vitaceae Fabaceae
 Tetrastigma loheri (host of stigma)  Leguminosae
 Vines or lianas with tendrils and alternate leaves that can be simple,  Prosopis juliflora
palmately lobed or palmately compound, with stipules; can also form  Chlorophyllous smell from broken petiole
trees  Presence of pulvinus (swollen base and/or tip of petioles; even in
 Lia (butterfly attractors) forms herbs to shrubs leaflets)
 Petioles directly opposite to tendril  Alternate leaves with stipules
 Compound leaves forms pedate  Almost all species are pinnately compound except for bifid0leaved
Bauhinia and unifoliate Swartzia simplex
 SUBFAMILIES OF FABACEAE  Nectaries at base of petiole
1 . Mimosoideae  Simple to trifoliate leaves
 Numerous stamens Phyllantaceae
 Mimosa pudica  Shrubs or trees
2. Caesalpinioideae  Alternate leaves
 Senna, Narra  Axillary or epiphyllous flowers (axils)
 Different flower from the rest  Fruits may be dehiscent capsules or not
 Red exudates  Flowers and fruits are downwards (catkin)
3. Papilionoideae  Looks like pinnately compound
 Lip like structure  Fruits berry or dry
Casuarinaceae Rafflesiaceae
 Agoho  Parasitic to woody vines of Tetrastigma sp. (Liana with flattened
 Trees and shurbs with equisiteform shoots stem of Vitaceae)
 Very minute leafs (but actually modified stems)  Host-specific (roots or stem)
 Leaf whorled  Larget flower in the world
 No stipules  Emit a putrid/ rotten smell to attract pollinators
Fagaceae  Rare, short bloomer (Nov, Feb, March)
 Three species in Mt. Data (distinguishable by their "hat")  Buds appear to be leathery cabbage
 Resins or tannins, but with scant clear watery exudate (sap)  Rafflesia lagascae, Rafflesia consueloae
 Twigs terete (slighty tapering) or angeled Violaceae
 Stipules present  Viola family
 Leaf stalk swollen at base  Commonly mistaken as
 Veins strong  Temperate in origin
 Blade usually silver or metallic blue sheen below or green copper  Leaves form rosette
 Lithocarpus sp.  Keel-like in flower
Euphorbiaceae  Basal petal shorter and more concave than the other petals
 Usually alternate, simple to palmately compound, often with stellate  Most have dark veins
trichomes and/ or obvious glands  Rosette or stolonoferous (habit) or erect
 Many genera have white latex  Viola diffusa
 All have stipules  Flower color mostly violet, light purple yellow or white with spur
 Fruits are 3-locular schizocarpic capsules Oxalidaceae
 Diverse; sometimes a trashbin taxon  Herbs with often bulb like tubers or fleshy rhizomes
 Milkish-white exudate  Alternate or spiral leaves, compound or trifoliate
Passifloraceae  Umbel-like inflorescene
 Tendrils borne at axils  Weedy dispersal
Moraceae Brassicaceae
 Trees, herbs, hemiepiphytes  Leaves alternate
 Simple leaves, often with white latex or colored sap  Flowers with 4 petals (cruciform); usually in clusters
 Stipule scars (from bud scales) encircle the twig; Annular scar  Leaves exstipulate
 Almost all have pale veins at adaxial but prominent at underside  Many members are pubescent
(abaxial) of the leaf (promunulous)  Cardamine hirsuta
 Secondary veins join near margin Capparaceae
 Artocarpus sp., Ficus sp.  Alternate leaves, simple to palmately compound
Rosaceae  Petioles of different length on the stem plant
 Mostly woody plants, mostly shrubs or small to medium sized tree  Smell like wasabi peas in broken petiole or crushed leaves
 Armed with thorns, spikes, prickles  Conduplicate young leaves
 Flat or shallow cup shaped flower in multiples of 5 or 4  Peltate scales in leaves
 Sepals and petals free from each other Dipterocarpaceae
Urticaceae  Large and understory trees
 Many of them can inflict a painful sting  Strongly resinous
 Opposite or alternate leaves always simple and almost with a crenate  Sometimes strongly smelling of turpentine or incense
margin  Buttress with spiral phyllotaxy
 Opposite leaved genera (Pilea sp.) are almost always anisophyllous  Young leaves bear glands
(one leaf is larger one is smaller)  Stipule protect growing apex
 Stipules are usually large and papery, and borne between the  Leaves entire with scalariform venation and long petioles
petiole and the stem  Fruit is dry indehiscent one-seeded nut with a woody pericarp
 The majority of species have abundant needle-shaped hairs on their  Key species
leaves and stem, some that can inject acid when crushed.  Provided with wings for dispersal purposes
 Some species are herbaceous, others are shrubs, and some are Malvaceae
occasionally liana (Urera eggersii); more often a sprawling shrub  Filaments unite to form a column that surrounds the style
ROSIDS II (Malviids)  Herbs to soft-wooded trees
1. Brassicales (Brassicaceae, Capparaceae, Moringaceae, Cleomaceae,  Leaves broad, often serrate or lobed
Tropaeolaceae)  Flowers with fused column or stamens, includes a calyx plus
2. Ceossomatales epicalyx
3. Geraniales  Hibiscus sp.
4. Huertales Combretaceae
5. Malvales (Bombaceae, Diptrocarpaceae, Malvaceae, Muntingiaceae,  Trees, shrubs, liana
Sterculiaceae)  Leaves simple, alternate or opposite, stipules small or absent, with
6. Myrtales (Combretaceae, Lythraceae, Melastomataceae, Onagraceae) nectar glands
7. Sapindales (Anacardiaceae, Rutaceae)  Leaves sometimes dotted with oil glands
  Fruit is flat, ribbed or winged, drupe with large seed Ericaceae
Melastomaceae  Trees or shrubs
 Flower have hypanthium (floral cup) that is small or hairy  Bell-shaped flowers
 Trees, shrubs, herbs, occasionally lianas  Stamens twice the number of corolla lobes
 Simple, opposite leaves, with 5-9 main veins that curvinerved Primulaceae
(originated at one point in the base and converge at leaf tip);  Herbs, shrubs, trees
secondary veins are scalariform  Non-laticeferous
 Melastoma sp.  Basal aggregation of leaves
Anacardiaceae  Non-sheating
 Mango family  Inflorescene is scapiflorous
 Alternate, pinnately compound or simple  Bracteolate
 Many genera have secondary veins that split before reaching the  No free hypanthium
margin (but never meets)  Bending of petals fully expanded
 Many have oily or glossy-looking leaf surface
Rutaceae EUASTERIDS I (Lamiids)
 Alternate, simple, or compound leaves or unifoliate 1. Boraginales (Boraginaceae)
 Pellucid dots (punctuations) 2. Gentianales (Apocynaceae, Gentianaceae, Rubiaceae)
 Crenate leaf margin (pellucid dots larger in crenate indentations 3. Lamiales (Acanthaceae, Bignoniaceae, Gesneriaceae, Lamiaceae,
Linderniaceae, Scrophulariaceae)
 Citrus odor
4. Solanales (Concolculaceae, Solanaceae)
ASTERIDS Boraginaceae
1. Cornales (Hydrangeaceae)  Herbaceous, hairy annual plants, some are trees or vines and few
2. Ericales (Actinidiaceae, Balsaminaceae, Ericaceae, Primulaceae, parasites
Sapotaceae); in high elevations  Alternate leaves
Actinidiaceae  Round stems
 Leaves spiral; no stipules; blades often rough hairy with a strongly  Flower clusters often coiled to scorpion tails
toothed margin Apocynaceae
 Flowers five-merous; radially symmetric; sepals free; petals fused at  Herbs, vines, lianas, shrubs, trees
the base; stamens many, joined to the corolla; ovary superior  Usually opposite leaves but sometimes whorled
 Saurauia sp.  Copious white latex
Balsaminaceae  Exstipulate
 Herbs, with watery juice (more or less succulent)  Colleters (external secretory structure)
 Alternate (spiral) or opposite or whorled (3’s)  Allamanda cathartica
 Flowers bracteates or bracteolate; 5-merous; very irregular Gentianaceae
 Presence of spur  Majority herbaceous
 Impatiens sp.  Opposite phyllotaxy; entire margin
  Epipetalous stamen, isomerous (same number) with sepals  Sepals fused, 5, corolla 2-lipped, stamens 2 or 4
 Ovary is superior  Fruits: 4 nutlets hidden inside calyx
 Closes when shaded  Clerodendrum sp.
Rubiaceae Buddlejaceae (new APG Scrophulariaceae)
 Opposite leaves  Trees, shrubs, liana
 Interpetiolar stipule  Opposite, or alternate to opposite, or whorled
 Coffee family  Petiolate to sessile; stipulate (often reduced), interpetiolar
Acanthaceae  Inflorescence: cyme, raceme, heads, panicles
 Herbs, shrubs, soft-wooded trees, lianas  Buddleja asiatica
 Opposite leaves, almost always toothed and usually anisophyllous Convolvulaceae
(one leaf is larger than the other)  Vines, lianas
 Exstipulate but has an interpetiolar ridge  Lianas: simple, alternate, entire
 Flowers are zygomorphic, fused 5-lobed corolla and 4 (sometime 2)  Twining stems
stamens; often subtended by bracts  Several species with white latex
Bignionaceae  Palmately nerved, entire margin
 Trees, shrubs or liana  Tubular corolla; persistent calyx (1st and 2nd internal, 4th and 5th
 Oppositely paired, compound leaves external, 3rd with one margin external and one internal)
 Bell or funnel shapes flowers  Merremia sp.
 Seeds are usually winged and flat borne inside capsule Solanaceae
 Generalist (can strive in any condition)  Herbs, shrubs, trees, or lianas (often prickly); resinous or not
 Some are invasive (Spathodea campanulata)  Leaves alternate (often becoming opposite near inflorescence)
Gesneriaceae  Corolla gametopetalous; stamens adnate (on the tube)
 Herbs, soft-wooded shrubs, some are climbers or hemiepiphytes  Some species are poisonous
 Opposite leaves, almost all anisophyllous; in some cases the small
leaflets fall off during development which makes them mistakenly EUASTERIDS II (Campanulids)
alternate phyllotaxy Apiaceae
 Many have fuzzy leaves  Parsley family
 Flowers are large and showy, fused five-lobed corolla, four stamens  Umbelliferae
with anthers joined at the tip  Aromatic herbs
 Epithema sp.  Alternate feather-divided leaves sheathed at base
Lamiaceae  Flowers arranged in umbel inflorescence
 Herbs, some woody  Fruits dehisce at maturity
 Leaves opposite, simple, arranged at 90° angle with each other Araliaceae
 Exstipulate; quadrangular stem  Trees, hemiepiphytes (occasionally vines)
 Flowers in groups in leaf axils or in terminal spikes  Alternate, simple to palmately compound)
  Petiole base often slightly sheathing, but not nearly as much as in
monocots
 Leaflets near branch tips borne on much shorter petiole
 Crushed leaf odor – evanescent (does not last long)
 Schefflera obtusifolia
Aquifoliaceae
 Trees or shrubs
 Leaves alternate, rarely opposite; blade leathery, papery, or
membranous, margin entire, serrate, or spinose; stipules minute,
persistent or caduceus (fast drying; falls)
 Ilex crenata
Asteraceae
 Compositae
 Herbs, shrubs, or less commonly trees
 Flowers reduced and organized into an involucrate pseudanthium in
the form of a head or capitulum
 Simple or compound; opposite or alternate
 Frequently serrate or dentate, but they can be entire
 Vegetative odor; sweet like sunflower or sharp and unpleasant; some
lack an odor
 Ageratum conyzoides
Campanulaceae
 Herbaceous plants
 Many with showy blue-bell like flowers
 Most have united petals
 Leaves are alternate-simple
 Inferior ovary (for most)