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EURE

ISSN: 0250-7161
eure@eure.cl
Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile
Chile

Méndez, Ricardo
Transformaciones económicas y reorganización territorial en la región metropolitana de Madrid
EURE, vol. XXVII, núm. 80, mayo, 2001, p. 0
Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile
Santiago, Chile

Disponible en: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=19608007

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