ARTS basic human truths which must serve as the ART APPRECIATIONis the ability to interpret or touchstone of our judgement”. understand man-made arts and enjoy them either According to Paolo Picasso, “Art washes away from through actual and work-experience with art tools and the soul of dust of everyday life”. materials or possession of these works of art for one’s According to Oscar Wilde, “It is through art, and admiration and satisfaction through art only that we can realize our perfection; NATURE OF ART through art and art only that we can shield ART- it comes from the Italian word artis, which means ourselves from the sordid perils of actual “craftsmanship, skills, mastery ofform, inventiveness, existence.” and theassociation that exist betweenform and ideas According to Pope John Paul II, “Every genuine art and betweenmaterials and techniques” in its own way is a path to the inmost reality of man From Aryan root, Art comes from the word “ar” which and of the world. It is therefore a wholly valid means “to join together” approach to the realm of faith, which gives human From Greek word, it comes from the word “Artizein” existence the ultimate meaning”. which means “to prepare” and “arkistein” which means to put together THE MAKER AND THE VIEWER OF ART Indigenous arts of the ancestors existed in the form of Artist – the maker of art. There are artists who are dance, painting, music, and poetry accompanied by schooled, and learned the basics of artmaking and ancient rituals then developed their style in making arts. The maker of Cave paintings and drawings are believed to reflect an art is a human person, he brings with him his ideas, ancient religion, beliefs and visions ideals, feelings and emotions, social condition and Most sculptures from the early periods are also everything else that concerns the person doing art associated with religion, with gods and goddesses as The viewer of artis the human being who receives the most common subject meaning being communicated through an artwork Artworks are made from durable materials like metals, Some people called the viewer, the “gazer”, “onlooker” stone, clay, bone, and glass survived longer than or “audience” artworks made from wood Viewer takes the role of an art critic who examines the DEFINITION OF ARTS artwork from historical, social, biographical, critical or ACCORDING TO SEVERAL AUTHORS other pointsof view. Art is derived from the Latin word ars, meaning THE BEAUTIFUL IN ART “ability or skill”- J.V. Estolas According to Aquinas, beauty is something which Art is taken from the Italian word artis, which pleases us upon being seen. means craftsmanship, skill, mastery of form, Emmanuel Kant attaches attitude of looking at the inventiveness, and the associations that exist beautiful that is necessary for the mind to see and between form and ideas, between materials and contemplate beauty. technique–A. Tan. Adler asserts that an artwork has admirable beauty Art is a product of man’s need to expresshimself- F. when it possesses an intrinsic excellence or Zulueta perfection that is appropriate to that kind of thing. Art is concerned with the communication of certain Adler said “The judgment about the beauty of an ideas and feelings by means of sensuous medium, object in terms of its admirability forintrinsic color, sound, bronze, marble, words, and film. – C. excellence or perfection is thejudgement of an Sanchez expert with specialknowledge and skills in judging Art is that which brings life in harmony with the specimensof a certain kind beauty of the world – Plato FOUR COMMON ESSENTIALS OF ART Art is an attitude of spirit, a state of mind – one 1. Art must be man-made which demands for its own satisfaction and fulfilling, 2. Art must be creative not imitative a shaping of matter to new and more significant 3. Art must benefit and satisfy man and must make form. - John Dewey use of art in practical terms Art is the skillful arrangement or composition of 4. Art is expressed through a certain medium or some common but significant qualities of nature material by which the artist communicates himself such as colors, sounds, lines, movements, words, to his fellow. stones, wood etc., to express human feelings, THE SUBJECT OF ART emotions, or thoughts in a perfect meaningful and The subject of art is varied. It is usually anything that is enjoyable way. - Panizo and Rustia represented in the artwork. According to Albert Einstein, “True art is It may be a person, a thing or an event. characterized by an irresistible urge in the creative Representational or objective arts – artworks that artist”. depict something easily recognized by most people. Non-representational or non-objective arts– These 1. Major arts – painting, architecture, sculpture, are artworks with have noresemblance to any subject literature, music and dance. and do notrepresent anything and they are what 2. Minor arts – decorative arts, popular arts, graphic theyare. arts, plastic arts and industrial arts. FOUR MAIN FUNCTION OF ART Estolas grouped the major arts into: 1. Aesthetic function – through art, man becomes Visual arts –graphic arts and plastic arts conscious of the beauty of nature Performing arts – theatre, play, dance, music 2. Utilitarian function – through art man is provided Literary arts – short story, novel, poetry, drama with shelter, clothing, food, light, medicine, beautiful Popular arts – films, newspaper, magazine, radio, surroundings, personal ornamentals, entertainment, television language, transportation and other necessities and Estolas grouped the minor arts into: conveniences of life Gustatory art of the cuisine – food andbeverage 3. Cultural function – through the printed matter, art preparation transmits and preserves skills and knowledge from Decorative arts or applied arts –beautification of one generation to another. It makes man aware of houses, offices, cars andother structures. his cultural background making him more Two major divisions of arts (Panizo and Rustia, 1995): knowledgeable and achieve an enduring and 1) According to purpose satisfying life a) Practical arts or useful arts – directed to 4. Social function – Through civic and graphic arts, produce artifacts and utensils for the man learns to love and help each other. satisfaction of human needs International understanding and cooperation are b) Liberal arts – arts directed toward intellectual fostered and nations become more unified, friendly, growth cooperative helpful and sympathetic c) Fine Arts – focused towards creative activity OTHER PURPOSES AND FUNCTIONS OF ART for the contemplation of the mind and the Art is a form of enjoyment. upliftment of the spirit Art may also be a medium for political andsocial d) Major Arts – are characterized by actual and commentary. potential expressiveness. Art provides a record of life at a givenspace and e) Minor Arts – concerned with practical uses and time. purposes Art does not only convey data but revealsinsight 2) According to media and forms and wisdom that give meaning tohuman existence. a) Plastic arts – works which exist in physical Art is a powerful tool for communication. space and perceived by the sense of sight THE SCOPE OF ART b) Kinetic arts – involves the elements of rhythm Two general dimensions of art (Manaois): c) Phonetic arts – utilizes sounds and words as a 1. Fine arts or independent arts – made primarily for medium of expression aesthetic enjoyment through the senses, especially d) Pure arts – take only one medium of visual and auditory expression like sound in music and color in 2. Practical arts or useful or utilitarian arts – these painting arts are intended for practicaluse. It is the e) Mixed arts – take more than one medium like development of raw materialsfor utilitarian purposes opera which combines music, poetry and drama According to Custodiosa Sanchez (2002), arts consists of: CHAPTER 2: ARTIST’S MEDIUM Visual arts Medium is a Latin word that denotes the means by Literature which an artist communicates his idea. Drama and theatre The architect uses wood, bamboo, bricks, stone, Music and dance concrete, and various building materials. Visual arts– these arts are classified into graphic arts The painter uses pigments on wood or canvas to and plastic arts create reality of nature. Graphic arts– include painting, drawing,photography, The sculptor uses steel, marble, bronze, metal and graphic process (printing), commercial arts (designing wood. of books, advertisements, signs, posters and other A musician uses instruments to produce and display) and mechanical process in which portrayals of communicate a message and a literary writer uses forms and symbols are recorded on a two-dimensional words. surface Basis of medium (two classification of arts): Plastic arts include all fields of visual arts for which 1) Visual arts are those whose mediums can be seen materials are organized into three-dimensional forms and which occupy space Two groups of arts (Josefina Estolas, 1995): a) Dimensional or Two-dimensional arts – Usually done on wooden panel made very smooth these include painting, drawing, printmaking with plaster called “gesso” (chalk and gum). and photography Pastel– It is a stick of dried paste made ofpigment b) Three-Dimensional arts- these include ground with chalk and compounded with gum sculpture, architecture, landscape, community water. It is a very flexible medium whose colors are planning, industrial designs, and crafts like and luminous furniture Encaustic– It is one of the early mediumsused by c) Auditory arts are those whose mediums can the Egyptians for painting portraits on mummy be heard and which are expressed in time cases d) Combined artsare those whose mediums can Oil– Oil painting one of the mostexpensive art be both seen and heard and which exist in both activities today. It is the heaviest of painting space and time mediums. In oil painting, pigments are mixed with TECHNIQUE linseed oil and applied to the canvass It is the manner in which the artist controls his Acrylic– it is a medium used popularly medium to achieve the desired effect. bycontemporary painters of the transparency and It is the ability which he fulfills the technical quick-drying characteristics of watercolor and the requirements of his particular work of art. flexibility of oil combined It has something to do with the way he manipulates MOSAIC – It is the art of putting together small pieces his medium to express his ideas in the artwork. of colored stones or glass called “tesserae” to create THE ARTIST AND HIS MEDIUM an image. Tesserae are most often cut into squares The artist thinks, feels, and gives shape to his and glued on a surface with plaster or cement. Mosaic vision in terms of his medium. art is an important features of Byzantine churches. A When an artist chooses a particular medium, he prominent religious artwork in Manila done in mosaic is believes that his choice can best express the idea found in the altar of Sta. Cruz Church. It shows a he wants to convey. wounded white lamb, symbolizing Christ, with a stream The mater of selecting the medium depends that flows down directly to be tabernacle. entirely on the artist himself. STAINED GLASS – it is an artwork common in Gothic He normally selects the materials that can be cathedrals and churches. It is made by combining handled with ease, that would best suit his plan, small pieces of colored glass held together by bands of and adequately bring out the qualities he wants to lead. It is also a kind of patchwork. show. TAPESTRY – It is a fabric produced by hand-weaving THE ARTIST AND HIS TECHNIQUE colored threads upon a warp Artist differ from one another in technique even if DRAWING – It is usually done on paper using pencil, they use the same medium. A musician’s technique pen and ink, or charcoal. It is the most fundamental of is his ability to make music sound the way he wants all skills necessary in arts. This has always been it. considered as a very good training for artists because it For instance, a pianist may sound differently from makes one concentrate on the use of line another pianist even as they handle the same Pencil leads are graded in different degrees of instrument and play the same musical composition. hardness or softness MEDIUMS OF THE VISUAL ARTS Ink, one of the oldest medium offers great variety of PAINTING –it is the art of creating meaningful effects qualities, depending on the tools and techniques in on a flat surface by the use of pigments. Different application mediums are used Charcoal is a carbonaceous material obtained by Watercolor– its pigments invites brilliance and heating wood or other organic substances in the variety of hues. Simple and clear spontaneity is its absence of oxygen. Soft charcoal produces the principal essence darkest value while the hardest produces the Gouache – example of watercolor technique (tend lightest tone to make the color less luminous)done by mixing Bistre– it is a brown pigment extractedfrom the zinc white with the regular watercolor paints to tone soot of wood, and often used in pen and wash them down, giving appearance of sobriety suitable drawings for dramatic purposes Crayons– these are pigments bound bywax and Fresco– it is a painting method done on a moist compressed into painted sticks used for drawing plaster surface with colors ground in water or a SILVERPOINT– To produce a silverpointartwork, the limewater mixture. Must be done quickly because it artist uses a silver stylus to produce a thin grayish on is exacting medium specially prepared paper (popular during the Tempera– Tempera paints are mineral pigments Renaissance period) mixed with egg yolk or egg white and ore. This egg- based emulsion binds the pigments to the surface. PRINTMAKING – A print is anything printed on a Horizontal lines are line of repose and serenity. surface that is a direct result from the duplication Express ideas of calmness and quiescence. Found process in reclining persons, landscapes, bodies of water LITHOGRAPHY – It is a surface printing done from an and in distant meeting of the earth and sky almost smooth surface which has been treated (horizon) chemically or mechanically so that some surface areas Vertical lines are lines that denote action. Suggest will print and others will not. (Known as planographic poise, balance, force, aspiration, exaltation and process) dynamism SCULPTURE – In choosing a subject for sculpture, the Diagonal lines suggest action, life, and movement. most important thing to consider is the material Gives animation to any composition in which they Stone– It is hard and brittle substance formed from appear mineral and earth material Curved lines suggest grace, subtleness, direction, Jade– it is a fine stone, usually colored green, and instability, movement, flexibility, joyousness, and used widely in Ancient China. It is highly esteemed grace as an ornamental stone for carving and fashion Crooked or jagged lines jewelry. COLOR Ivory– It comes from the main parts oftusks of Color has the most aesthetic appeal. It is a property of elephants. It is a hard white substance used to light. make carvings and billiard balls Three dimensions of color Metals– it includes any of a class of elementary 1. HUE – gives color its name. substances such as gold, silver or copper all of a. Primary colors – red, yellow, blue which are crystalline when solid and many of which b. Secondary colors – mixed primary are characterized by capacity, ductility, colors conductivity, and peculiar luster when freshly c. Warm hues – red, orange, yellow. fractured Conspicuous, cheerful, stimulating, Plaster– It is composed of lime, sand and water. It vivacious, joyous, and exciting. is worked on an armature of metal wires and rods Advancing colors in addition to various materials and fibers d. Cool colors – green, blue-green, blue, Clay– Clay is a natural earthly materialthat is and blue-violet. Causes surface covered plastic when wet. It consistessentially of hydrated with them to appear to recede. Suggest silicates of aluminum and is used for making distance. Calm, sober, restful, and bricksand ceramics.Clay is generally fragile so it inconspicuous. becomes necessary to cast it in another durable 2. VALUE – sometimes called chiaroscuro which material. Earth ware is referred as terra cotta. refers to the lightness or darkness of a color. A Glass– is a medium that is hard, brittle,non- quality which depends on the amount of light crystalline, more or less transparent substances and dark in color. They give the expression of produced by fushion, usually consisting of mutually depth and solidity and form to paintings dissolved silica and silicates and contains soda and TINTS are the values above the normal and lime SHADES are the values below the normal Wood – It is a medium easier to carvethan any 3. INTENSITY refers to its brightness or darkness other mediums because it can besubjected into a which gives the color strength variety of treatment COLOR HARMONIES Related color harmonies – this may either be CHAPTER 3: ELEMENTS OF VISUAL ARTS monochromatic or adjacent. Monochromatic The artist utilizes the medium and puts together the harmonyare the simplest and easiest to use since elements to create a work of art. these are composed of different colors of the same hue The medium is the physical means through which he Contrasted color harmonies – this color contrast with can come up with a work of art and the elements are each other strongly therefore they are more difficult to its quantities or properties. use harmoniously than the related color LINE combinations.Composed of complementary colors Line is an important element at the disposal of every which lie directly opposite each other in the color wheel artist. It is through lines that artist represents figures TEXTURE and forms in paintings and sculptures. Always have Texture is an element that deals more directly withthe direction and always moving sense of touch. It has to do with the characteristics of Straight line is the basic framework of many forms, surfaces which can be rough or smooth, fine or coarse, but it lacks softness and flexibility. Suggests shiny or dull, plain or irregular. It has to do with the efficiency, simplicity, and strength. Moves in one characteristics of surfaces which can be rough or direction as to horizontally, vertically and diagonally smooth, fine or coarse, shiny or dull, plain or irregular. Elements of arts are parts of a whole while perceptions Found in all visual arts of art design are rules or guides to help one put these PERSPECTIVE elements together. Perspectivedeals with the effect of distance upon the appearance of objects, by means of which the eye PRINCIPLES OF ART DESIGN: judges spatial relationships HARMONY – the principle which produces an Two kinds of perspective: impression of unity through the selection and 1) Linear Perspective – the representation of an arrangement of consistentobjects or ideas appearance of distance by means of converging Five aspects of Harmony: lines. It involves the direction of lines and the size 1) Harmony of lines and shapes–Lines are made of objects harmonious by either repeating the shape of the 2) Aerial Perspective – the representation of relative lines or by connectingtransitional lines to distances of objects by gradations of tone and contrasting lines. color. Objects become fainter in the distance due to a) A transitional line or merely transition is the effect to the atmosphere usually a curved, graceful line which connects SPACE two opposing or contrastinglines.The latter are The exterior of a building is seen as it appears in straight lines which intersect each other and space, while the interior is seen by one who is inside form angles. Lines made in this manner are an enclosure called contrasting or opposing lines. FORM Contradiction, is a form of transition, FORMapplies to the overall design of a work of art. It butbecause it is not harmonious, it may describes the structure or shape of an object. Form beclassified under the lines in contrast. directs the movements of the eyes. Consists of size Contradiction is straight line connecting and volume that signifies weight twoopposite lines diagonally Regular Forms are those whose parts are related 2) Harmony of Size. Harmony of size refersto good to one another in a consistent, orderly manner. proportion They are generally stable and symmetrical in about 3) Harmony of Color. Creating harmony ofcolor one or more axes means using two or more colors indecorating an Irregular Forms are those whose parts are article or object dissimilar and unrelated to one another. These are 4) Harmony of Texture. The character of texturecan regular forms from which irregular elements have be determined by feeling the object with been subtracted or an irregular composition of thefingertips or by looking at it. regular forms. They are generally asymmetrical and 5) Harmony of idea. Combining antique and dynamic. modernfurniture in the same room does not show Centralized Forms consist of a number of harmonyof idea secondary forms clustered to produce a dominant, RHYTHM central, and parent form. These forms share the In design, rhythm is the regular, uniform, or self-centering properties of the point and circle relatedvisual movement made through the repetition of Linear Forms arranged sequentially in a row or a aunit or motif.It is the basis of almost all performing arts series of forms along a line. A linear form can result becauseit is the principle which is most quickly felt. from a proportional change in a form’s dimensions A unit or motif is a dominant feature or partrepeated or the arrangement of a series to form along a line in a design or decoration. Repetition of aunit creates a Radial Forms – these are compositions of linear feeling of movement or rhythm form that extend outward from central form in a Formal or uniform rhythm is the repetition of radial manner amotif with variation in its form, size, GRID FORMS – modular forms whose andarrangement relationships are regulated by 3-dimensional grids. BALANCE VOLUME Balance is a condition or quality which gives afeeling Volume refers to the amount of space occupied in of rest, repose, equilibrium, or stability. In arts, it is the three dimensions, it therefore refers to solidity or visual weights of lines, forms, values, textures, and thickness. It can be perceived through contour lines, colors that we really balance outlines or shapes of objects, and by surface lights and Visual weight is the quality which gains and shadows holdsattention. In other words, it is the power of attractionof each of the elements of art. CHAPTER 4: PRINCIPLES OF ART DESIGN FORMAL OR SYMMETRICAL BALANCE Art design – The proper arrangement of the different It is the balance of equal visual weights placed art elements in order to produce something beautiful atequal distances from the axis. Bisymmetrical balance is the balance of identical By action or movement – Dynamic ofidentical objects placed on each side of the illustrationsusually attract more attention than centralaxis and equally distant from the center passive ones Symmetrical or obvious balance is the balance OTHER ART PRINCIPLES ofobjects with nearly identical description Novelty or Newness –Novelty provides thebest INFORMAL OR ASYMMETRICAL BALANCE opportunity for developing one’s creativeability. Informal or asymmetrical balance is the balance Variety or Variation –Variation in the arrangement ofunequal visual weights, the heavier one being nearer orstyle of furniture makes the space the theaxis and the lighter one farther. furnitureoccupies more interesting and attractive. It is sometimes referred to as occult balance or Utility, Adaptability or Function – A work ofart freebalance. Slant or diagonal balance is a form of must not only possess beauty but also utility.The informalbalance in which the objects are balanced on a object must be adaptable to the purpose forwhich it diagonalaxis. is made. This is especially true to allpractical arts. PROPORTION Contrast – This art principle is synonymous Proportion is the art principle which shows toopposition or contradiction. It has pleasingrelationship between a whole and its parts and somerelationships with balance and emphasis. betweenthe parts themselves. It can be achieved Twocontrasting lines or colors may balance each through properarrangement of space divisions. other Proportions are generally expressed in terms of ratios.The standard Greek proportion for two dimensional orflat surfaces is the Greek oblong or rectangle whoseratio is two is to three (2:3). The Greek standard for three-dimensional objects orsolids is the ratio, 5:7:11, which is especially used inbuilding and in determining the proportion of margins forframed pictures. Three aspects of proportion: 1) Proportion in the grouping of objects 2) Proportion in space divisions 3) Proportion in scales EMPHASIS Emphasis is the principle of art which tends tocarry the eyes from the center of interest ordominant part of any composition to the lessimportant or subordinate parts Methods of Emphasizing Objects By arrangement or groupings of objects –If objects are grouped together, the one to beemphasized should be located at the centerand should be the biggest and brightest incolor. By decoration – Objects which havedecorations are given more emphasis thatthose without them By color contrast – Contrasting colors such ascomplementary combinations and the triads aremore emphatic than analogous or any otherrelated harmonies. Hues of great intensities aremore noticeable than those having lowerintensities. The use of contrasting values makesone value more dominant than the other By the use of plain background space –Simple decorations which are placed againstsufficient, plain background will be more emphaticthan when the background space is small. By the use of unusual lines, shapes andsizes of color – Novelty or newness can alsodraw attention to a specific element of the work. Itis difficult to keep the eye away from veryextraordinary figures or subjects, as in a man whohas an unusual height