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1) When Thomas Hunt Morgan crossed his red-eyed F1 generation flies to
each other, the F2 generation included both red- and white-eyed flies.
Remarkably, all the white-eyed flies were male. What was the explanation
for this result?

A) The gene involved is on the Y chromosome. B) The gene involved is on the X chromosome.
B) The gene involved is on the X chromosome.

C) The gene involved is on an autosome, but only in males.

D) Other male-specific factors influence eye color in flies.

front
2) Which of the following is the meaning of the chromosome theory of 2 back 2
inheritance as expressed in the early twentieth century?

A) Individuals inherit particular chromosomes attached to genes.

B) Mendelian genes are at specific loci on the chromosome and, in turn, B) Mendelian genes are at specific loci on the
segregate during meiosis. chromosome and, in turn, segregate during
C) No more than a single pair of chromosomes can be found in a healthy meiosis.
normal cell.

D) Natural selection acts on certain chromosome arrays rather than on

genes.

3) Males are more often affected by sex-linked traits than females

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because _____.

A) male hormones such as testosterone often alter the effects of

mutations on the X chromosome

B) female hormones such as estrogen often compensate for the

D) males are hemizygous for the X
effects of mutations on the X chromosome chromosome
C) X chromosomes in males generally have more mutations than X
chromosomes in females

D) males are hemizygous for the X chromosome

4) SRY is best described as _____. front 4 back 4

A) a gene present on the X chromosome that triggers female

development

B) an autosomal gene that is required for the expression of genes

on the Y chromosome
C) a gene region present on the Y chromosome
that triggers male development
C) a gene region present on the Y chromosome that triggers male
development

D) an autosomal gene that is required for the expression of genes

on the X chromosome

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5) In cats, black fur color is caused by an X-linked allele; the other
allele at this locus causes orange color. The heterozygote is
tortoiseshell. What kinds of offspring would you expect from the
cross of a black female and an orange male?

A) tortoiseshell females; tortoiseshell males C) tortoiseshell females; black males

B) black females; orange males

C) tortoiseshell females; black males

D) orange females; black males

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6) Red-green color blindness is a sex-linked recessive trait in
humans. Two people with normal color vision have a color-blind
son. What are the genotypes of the parents?

A) XnXn and XnY

D) XNXn and XNY
B) XNXN and XnY

C) XNXN and XNY

D) XNXn and XNY

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7) Cinnabar eyes is a sex-linked, recessive characteristic in fruit
flies. If a female having cinnabar eyes is crossed with a wild-type
male, what percentage of the F1 males will have cinnabar eyes?

A) 0%

B) 25%
D) 100%
C) 50%

D) 100%

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8) Normally, only female cats have the tortoiseshell phenotype
because _____.

A) a male inherits only one allele of the X-linked gene controlling

hair color
A) a male inherits only one allele of the X-
B) the Y chromosome has a gene blocking orange coloration linked gene controlling hair color
C) only males can have Barr bodies

D) multiple crossovers on the Y chromosome prevent orange

pigment production

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9) In birds, sex is determined by a ZW chromosome scheme. Malesfront are ZZ9 back 9

and females are ZW. A recessive lethal allele that causes death of the
embryo is sometimes present on the Z chromosome in pigeons. What
would be the sex ratio in the offspring of a cross between a male that is
heterozygous for the lethal allele and a normal female?

A) 2:1 male to female A) 2:1 male to female

B) 1:2 male to female

C) 1:1 male to female

D) 3:1 male to female

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10) Sex determination in mammals is due to the SRY gene. Which
of the following could allow a person with an XX karyotype to
develop a male phenotype?

A) the loss of the SRY gene from an autosome

B) translocation of SRY to a X chromosome
B) translocation of SRY to a X chromosome

C) a person with an extra autosomal chromosome

D) a person with one normal and one shortened (deleted) X

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11) In humans, clear gender differentiation occurs, not at
fertilization, but after the second month of gestation. What is the
first event of this differentiation?

A) formation of testosterone in male embryos

C) activation of SRY in male embryos and
B) formation of estrogens in female embryos masculinization of the gonads
C) activation of SRY in male embryos and masculinization of the
gonads

D) activation of SRY in females and feminization of the gonads

12) Duchenne muscular dystrophy is a serious condition causedfrontby a12 back 12

recessive allele of a gene on the human X chromosome. The patients have
muscles that weaken over time because they have absent or decreased
dystrophin, a muscle protein. They rarely live past their twenties. How
likely is it for a woman to have this condition?
C) One-half of the daughters of an affected
A) Women can never have this condition.
father and a carrier mother could have this
B) One-fourth of the daughters of an affected man would have this condition.
condition.

C) One-half of the daughters of an affected father and a carrier mother

could have this condition.

D) Only if a woman is XXX could she have this condition

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13) All female mammals have one active X chromosome per cellfront
instead
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of two. What causes this?

A) activation of the XIST gene on the X chromosome that will become the
Barr body

B) activation of the BARR gene on one X chromosome, which then A) activation of the XIST gene on the X
becomes inactive chromosome that will become the Barr body
C) inactivation of the XIST gene on the X chromosome derived from the
male parent

D) attachment of methyl (CH3) groups to the X chromosome that will

remain active
14) A man who is an achondroplastic dwarf with normal vision marries
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color-blind woman of normal height. The man's father was six feet tall,
and both the woman's parents were of average height. Achondroplastic
dwarfism is autosomal dominant, and red-green color blindness is X-
linked recessive. How many of their daughters might be expected to be
color-blind dwarfs?

A) none A) none
B) half

C) one out of four

D) three out of four

15) A man who is an achondroplastic dwarf with normal vision
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marries a color-blind woman of normal height. The man's father
was six feet tall, and both the woman's parents were of average
height. Achondroplastic dwarfism is autosomal dominant, and red-
green color blindness is X-linked recessive. What proportion of
their sons would be color-blind and of normal height?

A) none
B) half
B) half

C) one out of four

D) all
16) Pseudohypertrophic muscular dystrophy is a human disorder that16
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causes gradual deterioration of the muscles. Only boys are affected, and
they are always born to phenotypically normal parents. Due to the severity
of the disease, the boys die in their teens. Is this disorder likely to be
caused by a dominant or recessive allele? Is its inheritance sex-linked or
autosomal?

A) dominant, sex-linked
C) recessive, sex-linked
B) recessive, autosomal

C) recessive, sex-linked

D) incomplete dominant, sex-linked

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17) In birds, sex is determined by a ZW chromosome scheme thatfrontis much
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like the typical XY scheme seen in humans and many other organisms,
except that the system is reversed: Males are ZZ (similar to XX in
humans) and females are ZW (similar to XY in humans). A lethal
recessive allele that causes death of the embryo occurs on the Z
chromosome in pigeons. What would be the sex ratio in the offspring of a
cross between a male heterozygous for the lethal allele and a normal
female?
D) 2:1 male to female
A) 1:1 male to female

B) 3:1 male to female

C) 1:2 male to female

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18) A recessive allele on the X chromosome is responsible for red-
green color blindness in humans. A woman with normal vision
whose father is color blind marries a color-blind male. What is the
probability that this couple's first son will be color blind?

A) 1/4
B) 1/2
B) 1/2

C) 2/3

D) 3/4

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19) A man who carries an allele of an X-linked gene will pass it on
to _____.

A) all of his daughters

B) half of his daughters A) all of his daughters

C) all of his sons

D) all of his children

20) Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency (G6PD) is inherited as

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a recessive allele of an X-linked gene in humans. A woman whose father
suffered from G6PD marries a normal man.

(a) What proportion of their sons is expected to be G6PD?

C) (a) 1/2; (b) no

(b) If the husband was not normal but was G6PD deficient, would you
change your answer in part (a)?

A) (a) 100%; (b) no

B) (a) 1/2; (b) yes

C) (a) 1/2; (b) no

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21) In a Drosophila experiment,front
a cross
21 back 21
was made between homozygous wild-
type females and yellow-bodied males.
All of the resulting F1s were
phenotypically wild type. However,
adult flies of the F2 generation
(resulting from matings of the F1s) had
the characteristics shown in the figure
A) (a) recessive; (b) X-linked
above. Consider the following
questions:

(a) Is the mutant allele for yellow body

recessive or dominant?

front 22 back 22

22) Sturtevant provided genetic evidence for the existence of four pairs of
chromosomes in Drosophila in which of these ways?

A) There are four major functional classes of genes in Drosophila.

B) Drosophila genes cluster into four distinct
B) Drosophila genes cluster into four distinct groups of linked genes. groups of linked genes.
C) The overall number of genes in Drosophila is a multiple of four.

D) Drosophila genes have, on average, four different alleles.

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23) Which of the following statements is true of linkage?

A) The closer two genes are on a chromosome, the lower the probability
that a crossover will occur between them.
A) The closer two genes are on a chromosome,
B) The observed frequency of recombination of two genes that are far
apart from each other has a maximum value of 100%. the lower the probability that a crossover will
C) All of the traits that Mendel studied—seed color, pod shape, flower
occur between them.
color, and others—are due to genes linked on the same chromosome.

D) Linked genes are found on different chromosomes.

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24) How would one explain a testcross involving F1 dihybrid flies
in which more parental-type offspring than recombinant-type
offspring are produced?

A) The two genes are closely linked on the same chromosome. A) The two genes are closely linked on the
B) The two genes are linked but on different chromosomes. same chromosome.
C) Recombination did not occur in the cell during meiosis.

D) Both of the characters are controlled by more than one gene.

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25) What does a frequency of recombination of 50% indicate?

A) The two genes are likely to be located on different

chromosomes.

B) All of the offspring have combinations of traits that match one

A) The two genes are likely to be located on
of the two parents. different chromosomes.
C) The genes are located on sex chromosomes.

D) Abnormal meiosis has occurred.

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26) What is the definition of one map unit?

A) the physical distance between two linked genes

B) a 1% frequency of recombination between two genes B) a 1% frequency of recombination between

C) 1 nanometer of distance between two genes
two genes
D) the recombination frequency between two genes assorting
independently

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27) Recombination between linked genes comes about for what
reason?

A) Nonrecombinant chromosomes break and then rejoin with one

another.
D) Crossovers between these genes result in
B) Independent assortment sometimes fails. chromosomal exchange.
C) Linked genes travel together at anaphase.

D) Crossovers between these genes result in chromosomal

exchange.

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28) What is an adaptive advantage of recombination between
linked genes?

A) Recombination is required for independent assortment.

B) Recombination must occur or genes will not assort C) New allele combinations are acted upon by
independently. natural selection.
C) New allele combinations are acted upon by natural selection.

D) The forces on the cell during meiosis II results in

recombination.

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29) Map units on a linkage map cannot be relied upon to calculatefront

physical
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distances on a chromosome for which of the following reasons?

A) The frequency of crossing over varies along the length of the

chromosome.

B) The relationship between recombination frequency and map units is A) The frequency of crossing over varies along
different in every individual.
the length of the chromosome.
C) Physical distances between genes change during the course of the cell
cycle.

D) The gene order on the chromosomes is slightly different in every

individual.
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30) Between which two genes would
you expect the highest frequency of
recombination?

A) A and W

B) E and G
D) A and G
C) A and E

D) A and G

31) In a series of mapping experiments,

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the recombination frequencies for four
different linked genes of Drosophila
were determined as shown in the figure
above. What is the order of these genes
on a chromosome map?

A) rb-cn-vg-b
C) b-rb-cn-vg
B) cn-rb-b-vg

C) b-rb-cn-vg

D) vg-cn-b-rb

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32) Which of the following are the

phenotypes of the parents in this cross?

A) 2 and 5

B) 1 and 6 C) 4 and 8
C) 4 and 8

D) 3 and 7

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front 33 back 33
33) Which of the progeny phenotypes
will require recombination between
genes A and B?

A) 1, 2, 5, and 6
A) 1, 2, 5, and 6

B) 1, 3, 6, and 7

C) 2, 4, 5, and 8

D) 2, 3, 5, and 7

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34) If recombination frequency is equal
to distance in map units, what is the
approximate distance between genes A
and B?

A) 3 map units

B) 6 map units
A) 3 map units
C) 15 map units

D) 30 map units

35) What is the greatest benefit of having used a testcross for

frontthis
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experiment?

A) The homozygous recessive parents are obvious to the naked

eye.
C) The phenotypes of the progeny reveal the
B) The homozygous parents are the only ones whose crossovers allelic content of the gamete from the
make a difference.
heterozygous parent.
C) The phenotypes of the progeny reveal the allelic content of the
gamete from the heterozygous parent.

D) All of the progeny will be heterozygous.

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36) The greatest distance among the three genes is between a and
c. What does this mean?

A) Gene c is between a and

B) Genes are in the order: a—b—c. B) Genes are in the order: a—b—c.
C) Gene a is not recombining with

D) Gene a is between b and

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front 37 back 37
37) What is the reason that closely linked genes are typically
inherited together?

A) They are located close together on the same chromosome.

B) The number of genes in a cell is greater than the number of

A) They are located close together on the same
chromosomes. chromosome
C) Alleles are paired together during meiosis.

D) Genes align that way during metaphase I of meiosis.

38) A homozygous tomato plant with red fruit and yellow flowers was38
front back 38
crossed with a homozygous tomato plant with golden fruit and white
flowers. The F1 all had red fruit and yellow flowers. The F1 were
testcrossed by crossing them to homozygous recessive individuals and the
following offspring were obtained:

Red fruit and yellow flowers—41

Red fruit and white flowers—7

B) 15
Golden fruit and yellow flowers—8

Golden fruit and white flowers—44

How many map units separate these genes?

39) In Drosophila melanogaster, vestigial wings are caused by a recessive
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allele of a gene that is linked to a gene with a recessive allele that causes
black body color. Morgan crossed black-bodied, normal-winged females
and gray-bodied, vestigial-winged males. The F1 were all gray bodied,
normal winged. The F1 females were crossed to homozygous recessive
males to produce testcross progeny. Morgan calculated the map distance to C) gray-bodied, normal-winged flies PLUS
be 17 map units. Which of the following is correct about the testcross black-bodied, vestigial-winged flies = 17% of
progeny?
the total
A) black-bodied, normal-winged flies = 17% of the total

B) black-bodied, normal-winged flies PLUS gray-bodied, vestigial-winged

flies = 17% of the total

40) If cell X enters meiosis, and nondisjunction of one chromosome occurs

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in one of its daughter cells during meiosis II, what will be the result at the
completion of meiosis?

A) All the gametes descended from cell X will be diploid.

C) 1/4 of the gametes descended from cell X
B) Half of the gametes descended from cell X will be n + 1, and half will
be n - 1. will be n + 1, 1/4 will be n - 1, and 1/2 will be
C) 1/4 of the gametes descended from cell X will be n + 1, 1/4 will be n -
n.
1, and 1/2 will be n.

D) Two of the four gametes descended from cell X will be haploid, and
two will be diploid.

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front 41 back 41
41) One possible result of chromosomal breakage is for a fragment
to join a nonhomologous chromosome. What is this alteration
called?

A) deletion

B) inversion
C) translocation
C) translocation

D) duplication

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42) A nonreciprocal crossover causes which of the following
products?

A) deletion only

B) duplication only D) deletion and duplication

C) nondisjunction

D) deletion and duplication

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43) Of the following human aneuploidies, which is the one that
generally has the most severe impact on the health of the
individual?

A) 47, trisomy 21

B) 47, XXY
A) 47, trisomy 21
C) 47, XXX

D) 45, X

44) A phenotypically normal prospective couple seeks genetic counseling

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because the man knows that he has a translocation of a portion of his
chromosome 4 that has been exchanged with a portion of his chromosome
12. Although his translocation is balanced, he and his wife want to know
the probability that his sperm will be abnormal. What is your prognosis
A) 1/4 will carry the two normal chromosomes, 4 and 12, 1/4 will
regarding his sperm?
have only the two translocation chromosomes and no normal
A) 1/4 will carry the two normal chromosomes, 4 and 12, 1/4 will have chromosomes 4 and 12, and 1/2 will have both normal and
only the two translocation chromosomes and no normal chromosomes 4 translocated chromosomes.
and 12, and 1/2 will have both normal and translocated chromosomes.

B) All will carry the same translocation as the father.

C) None will carry the translocation.

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front 45 back 45
45) Abnormal chromosomes are frequently found in malignant
tumors. Errors such as translocations may place a gene in close
proximity to different control regions. Which of the following
might then occur to make the cancer worse?

A) an increase in nondisjunction B) expression of inappropriate gene products

B) expression of inappropriate gene products

C) a decrease in mitotic frequency

D) failure of the cancer cells to multiply

46) A couple has a child with Down syndrome. The mother is 39

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years old at the time of delivery. Which of the following is the
most probable cause of the child's condition?

A) The woman inherited this tendency from her parents.

B) The mother had a chromosomal duplication.

D) The mother most likely underwent
nondisjunction during gamete production.
C) One member of the couple underwent nondisjunction in somatic
cell production.

D) The mother most likely underwent nondisjunction during

gamete production.
front 47 back 47
47) What is a syndrome?

A) a characteristic facial appearance

B) a trait that leads to cancer at some stage in life C) a group of traits typically found in
conjunction with a particular chromosomal
C) a group of traits typically found in conjunction with a particular
chromosomal aberration or gene mutation aberration or gene mutation
D) a specific characteristic that appears in conjunction with one
specific aneuploidy

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48) Which of the following is known as a Philadelphia
chromosome?

A) a human chromosome 22 that has had a specific translocation

B) a human chromosome 9 that is found only in one type of cancer

A) a human chromosome 22 that has had a
specific translocation
C) an animal chromosome found primarily in the mid-Atlantic area
of the United States

D) a chromosome found only in mitochondria

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49) Which of the following is generally true of aneuploidies

frontin49 back 49
newborns?

A) A monosomy is more frequent than a trisomy.

B) Monosomy X is the only viable monosomy known to occur in

humans.
B) Monosomy X is the only viable monosomy
known to occur in humans.
C) Human aneuploidy usually conveys an adaptive advantage in
humans.

D) An aneuploidy resulting in the deletion of a chromosome

segment is less serious than a duplication.
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50) A woman is found to have forty-seven chromosomes, including
three X chromosomes. Which of the following describes her
expected phenotype?

A) a female with masculine characteristics such as facial hair C) healthy female of slightly above-average
B) an apparent male who is sterile height
C) healthy female of slightly above-average height

D) a sterile female

front 51 back 51

51) Which of the following is an example of monosomy?

A) Turner's syndrome

B) Klinefelter's syndrome A) Turner's syndrome

C) Down syndrome

D) trisomy X

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52) Genomic imprinting is generally due to the addition of methyl (-CH3)
groups to C nucleotides and chemical histone changes to silence a given
gene. If this depends on the sex of the parent who transmits the gene,
which of the following must be true?

A) Genes required for early development stages must not be imprinted. C) Methylation must be reversible in ovarian
B) Methylation of this kind must occur more in males than in females.
and testicular cells.
C) Methylation must be reversible in ovarian and testicular cells.

D) The imprints are transmitted only to gamete-producing cells.

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front 53 back 53
53) Correns found that the inheritance of variegated color on the
leaves of certain plants was determined only by the maternal
parent. What phenomenon explains this pattern?

A) ribosome structure
B) chloroplast inheritance
B) chloroplast inheritance

C) genomic imprinting

D) sex-linkage

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54) Mitochondrial DNA is primarily involved in coding for
proteins needed for protein complexes of the electron transport
chain and ATP synthase. Therefore, mutations in mitochondrial
genes would most affect _____.

A) DNA synthesis in cells of the immune system C) generation of ATP in muscle cells
B) the movement of oxygen into erythrocytes

C) generation of ATP in muscle cells

D) the storage of urine in the urinary bladder

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55) The pedigree in the figure above
shows the transmission of a trait in a
particular family. Based on this pattern
of transmission, the trait is most likely
_____.

A) mitochondrial A) mitochondrial
B) sex-linked dominant

C) sex-linked recessive

D) autosomal dominant

56) A certain kind of snail can have a right-handed direction offront

shell56 back 56
coiling (DD or Dd) or left-handed coiling (dd). However, if direction of
coiling is due to a protein deposited by the mother in the egg cytoplasm,
then a Dd egg-producing snail and a dd sperm-producing snail will have
offspring of which genotype(s) and phenotype(s)?

A) 1/2 Dd:1/2 dd; all right-coiling A) 1/2 Dd:1/2 dd; all right-coiling
B) all Dd; all right-coiling

C) 1/2 Dd:1/2 dd; half right-coiling and half left-coiling

D) all Dd; half right-coiling and half left-coiling

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57) During meiosis, a defect occurs in a cell that results in the failure
front of
57 back 57
microtubules, spindle fibers, to bind at the kinetochores, a protein structure
on chromatids where the spindle fibers attach during cell division to pull
sister chromatids apart. Which of the following is the most likely result of
such a defect?
D) The resulting cells will not receive the
A) New microtubules with more effective binding capabilities to
kinetochores will be synthesized to compensate for the defect.
correct number of chromosomes in the gametes,
a condition known as aneuploidy.
B) Excessive cell divisions will occur resulting in cancerous tumors and an
increase in the chromosome numbers known as polyploidy.

C) The defect will be bypassed in order to and ensure normal chromosome

distribution in the new cells.
58) Inheritance patterns cannot always be explained by Mendel’s
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models of inheritance. If a pair of homologous chromosomes fails
to separate during meiosis I, select the choice

that shows the chromosome number of the four resulting gametes

with respect to the normal haploid number (n)?

A) n+1; n+1; n-1; n-1

A) n+1; n+1; n-1; n-1
B) n+1; n-1; n; n

C) n+1; n-1; n-1; n-1

D) n+1; n+1; n; n

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