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1) If a horticulturist breeding gardenias succeeds in having a single plant
with a particularly desirable set of traits, which of the following would be
her most probable and efficient route to establishing a line of such plants?

A) Backtrack through her previous experiments to obtain another plant

with the same traits.

B) Breed this plant with another plant with much weaker traits.
C) Clone the plant.
C) Clone the plant.

D) Force the plant to self-pollinate to obtain an identical one.

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2) Which of the following defines a genome?

A) the complete set of an organism's polypeptides

B) the complete set of a species' polypeptides D) the complete set of an organism's genes and
C) a karyotype
other DNA sequences
D) the complete set of an organism's genes and other DNA
sequences

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3) Asexual reproduction occurs during _____.

A) meiosis

B) mitosis B) mitosis
C) fertilization

D) chromosome exchange between organisms of different species

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4) Quaking aspen can send out underground stems for asexual
reproduction. Sexual reproduction is not as common, but when it
does happen, the haploid gametes have 19 chromosomes. How
many chromosomes are in the cells of the underground stems?

A) 9
D) 38
B) 10

C) 19

D) 38

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5) Which of the following is a true statement about sexualfront

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asexual reproduction?

A) Asexual reproduction, but not sexual reproduction, is

characteristic of plants and fungi.
B) In sexual reproduction, individuals transmit
B) In sexual reproduction, individuals transmit half of their nuclear half of their nuclear genes to each of their
genes to each of their offspring.
offspring.
C) In asexual reproduction, offspring are produced by fertilization
without meiosis.

D) Asexual reproduction produces only haploid offspring.

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6) At which stage of mitosis are chromosomes usually

photographed in the preparation of a karyotype?

A) prophase

B) metaphase B) metaphase
C) anaphase

D) interphase

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7) Which of the following is true of a species that has a
chromosome number of 2n = 16?

A) The species is diploid with 32 chromosomes per cell.

C) Each diploid cell has eight homologous
B) The species has 16 sets of chromosomes per cell. pairs.
C) Each diploid cell has eight homologous pairs.

D) A gamete from this species has four chromosomes.

8) Eukaryotic sexual life cycles show tremendous variation. front

Of the
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following elements, which do all sexual life cycles have in
common?

I. Alternation of generations

II. Meiosis
B) II, III, and IV
III. Fertilization

IV. Gametes

V. Spores

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9) In a plant's sexual life cycle _____.

A) sporophytes produce gametes by meiosis

B) gametophytes produce gametes by mitosis B) gametophytes produce gametes by mitosis

C) gametophytes produce gametes by meiosis

D) sporophytes produce gametes by mitosis

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10) Which of the following is an example of alternation of generations? back 10

A) A grandparent and grandchild each have dark hair, but the parent has
blond hair.
B) A diploid plant (sporophyte) produces, by
B) A diploid plant (sporophyte) produces, by meiosis, a spore that gives meiosis, a spore that gives rise to a
rise to a multicellular, haploid pollen grain (gametophyte).
multicellular, haploid pollen grain
C) A diploid animal produces gametes by meiosis, and the gametes
undergo fertilization to produce a diploid zygote. (gametophyte).
D) A haploid mushroom produces gametes by mitosis, and the gametes
undergo fertilization, which is immediately followed by meiosis.

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11) A given organism has 46 chromosomes in its karyotype.
Therefore, we can conclude that it must _____.

A) be human

B) be an animal D) have gametes with 23 chromosomes

C) reproduce sexually

D) have gametes with 23 chromosomes

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12) A triploid cell contains sets of three homologous
chromosomes. If a cell of a usually diploid species with 42
chromosomes per cell is triploid, this cell would be expected to
have which of the following?

A) 63 chromosomes in pairs
B) 63 chromosomes in 21 sets of 3
B) 63 chromosomes in 21 sets of 3

C) 63 chromosomes, each with three chromatids

D) 21 chromosome pairs and 21 unique chromosomes

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13) Which of the following might result in a human zygote with 45

chromosomes?

A) an error in either egg or sperm meiotic anaphase

A) an error in either egg or sperm meiotic
B) failure of the egg nucleus to be fertilized by the sperm anaphase
C) failure of an egg to complete meiosis II

D) incomplete cytokinesis during spermatogenesis after meiosis I

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14) In a human karyotype, chromosomes are arranged in 23 pairs. If we
choose one of these pairs, such as pair 14, which of the following do the
two chromosomes of the pair have in common?

A) length and position of the centromere only

C) length, centromere position, staining pattern,
B) length, centromere position, and staining pattern only
and traits coded for by their genes
C) length, centromere position, staining pattern, and traits coded for by
their genes

D) They have nothing in common except that they are X-shaped.

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Refer to the life cycles illustrated in the
figure to answer the following question:

15) Which of the life cycles is typical

for animals?

A) I only A) I only
B) II only

C) III only

D) I and III

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Refer to the life cycles illustrated in the
figure to answer the following question:

16) Which of the life cycles is typical

for plants and some algae?

A) I only C) III only

B) II only

C) III only

D) I and III

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Refer to the life cycles illustrated in the
figure to answer the following question:

17) Which of the life cycles is typical

for most fungi and some protists?

A) I only B) II only
B) II only

C) III only

D) I and II

Refer to the life cycles illustrated in the

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figure to answer the following question:

18) In a life cycle such as that shown in

part III of the figure above, if the
zygote's chromosome number is 10,
which of the following will be true? A) The sporophyte's chromosome number per
A) The sporophyte's chromosome
cell is 10 and the gametophyte's is 5.
number per cell is 10 and the
gametophyte's is 5.

B) The sporophyte's chromosome

number per cell is 5 and the
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19) Homologous chromosomes _____.

A) are identical

B) carry information for the same traits B) carry information for the same traits
C) carry the same alleles

D) align on the metaphase plate in meiosis II

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20) If meiosis produces haploid cells, how is the diploid number
restored for those organisms that spend most of their life cycle in
the diploid state?

A) DNA replication

B) reverse transcription
D) fertilization
C) synapsis

D) fertilization

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21) The human X and Y chromosomes _____.

A) are both present in every somatic cell of males and females

B) are the same size and have the same number of genes
C) include genes that determine an individual's
sex
C) include genes that determine an individual's sex

D) are called autosomes

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22) Which of these is a karyotype?

A) a display of all of the cell types in an organism

B) organized images of a cell’s chromosomes B) organized images of a cell’s chromosomes

C) the appearance of an organism

D) a display of a cell’s mitotic stages

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23) If a cell has completed meiosis I and is just beginning meiosis II,
which of the following is an appropriate description of its contents?

A) It has half the amount of DNA as the cell that began meiosis.

B) It has half the chromosomes but twice the DNA of the originating cell. A) It has half the amount of DNA as the cell
C) It has one-fourth the DNA and one-half the chromosomes as the that began meiosis.
originating cell.

D) It is identical in content to another cell formed from the same meiosis I

event.

24) The somatic cells of a privet shrub each contain 46 chromosomes.

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How do privet chromosomes differ from the chromosomes of humans
,who also have 46?

A) Privet cells cannot reproduce sexually.

B) Privet sex cells have chromosomes that can synapse with human C) Genes of privet chromosomes are
chromosomes in the laboratory.
significantly different than those in humans.
C) Genes of privet chromosomes are significantly different than those in
humans.

D) Privet shrubs must be metabolically more like animals than like other
shrubs.

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25) After telophase I of meiosis, the chromosomal makeup front

of each
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daughter cell is _____.

A) diploid, and the chromosomes are each composed of a single

chromatid

B) diploid, and the chromosomes are each composed of two D) haploid, and the chromosomes are each
chromatids composed of two chromatids
C) haploid, and the chromosomes are each composed of a single
chromatid

D) haploid, and the chromosomes are each composed of two

chromatids
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26) How do cells at the completion of meiosis compare with cells
that are in prophase of meiosis I? They have _____.

A) half the number of chromosomes and half the amount of DNA.

B) the same number of chromosomes and half the amount of DNA.

C) half the number of chromosomes and one-
fourth the amount of DNA.
C) half the number of chromosomes and one-fourth the amount of
DNA.

D) half the amount of cytoplasm and twice the amount of DNA.

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27) Which of the following happens at the conclusion of meiosis I?

A) Homologous chromosomes of a pair are separated from each

other.
A) Homologous chromosomes of a pair are
B) The chromosome number per cell remains the same. separated from each other.
C) Sister chromatids are separated.

D) Four daughter cells are formed.

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28) Sister chromatids separate from each other during _____.

A) meiosis I only

B) meiosis II only D) mitosis and meiosis II

C) mitosis and meiosis I

D) mitosis and meiosis II

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29) Which of the following occurs in meiosis but not in mitosis?

A) chromosome replication

B) synapsis of chromosomes B) synapsis of chromosomes

C) alignment of chromosomes at the equator

D) condensation of chromosomes

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30) When we first see chiasmata under a microscope, we know that
_____.

A) meiosis II has occurred

B) anaphase II has occurred C) prophase I is occurring

C) prophase I is occurring

D) separation of homologs has occurred

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31) Homologous chromosomes are
aligned at the equator of the
spindle.

A) I

B) II
B) II
C) IV

D) VI

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32) Centromeres of sister
chromatids disjoin and chromatids
separate.

A) III

B) IV
D) VII
C) V

D) VII

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Refer to the drawings in the figure

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single pair of homologous
chromosomes as they might appear
during various stages of either mitosis
or meiosis, and answer the following
questions.

33) Which diagram represents anaphase A) I

I of meiosis?

A) I

B) II

C) IV
Refer to the drawings in the figure
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single pair of homologous
chromosomes as they might appear
during various stages of either mitosis
or meiosis, and answer the following
questions.

34) Which diagram represents anaphase D) V

II of meiosis?

A) I

B) III

C) IV
You have isolated DNA fromfront three35 back 35
different cell types of the same
organism, determined the relative DNA
content for each type, and plotted the
results on the graph shown in the figure
below. Refer to the graph to answer the
following question(s).
A) I
35) Which sample of DNA might be
from a nerve cell arrested in G0 of the
cell cycle?

A) I

You have isolated DNA fromfront three36 back 36

different cell types of the same
organism, determined the relative DNA
content for each type, and plotted the
results on the graph shown in the figure
below. Refer to the graph to answer the
following question(s).
B) II
36) Which sample might represent an
animal cell in the G2 phase of the cell
cycle?

A) I

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You have isolated DNA fromfront three37 back 37

different cell types of the same
organism, determined the relative DNA
content for each type, and plotted the
results on the graph shown in the figure
below. Refer to the graph to answer the
following question(s).
A) I
37) Which sample might represent a
zygote?

A) I

B) II
38) A certain female's number 12 38
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chromosomes both have the blue gene
and number 19 chromosomes both have
the long gene. As cells in her ovaries
undergo meiosis, her resulting eggs
(ova) may have which of the following?
D) one chromosome 12 with one blue gene and
A) either two number 12 chromosomes one chromosome 19 with one long gene
with blue genes or two with orange
genes

B) either two number 19 chromosomes

with long genes or two with short genes

39) If a female of this species front

has one
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chromosome 12 with a blue gene and
another chromosome 12 with an orange
gene, and has both number 19
chromosomes with short genes, she will
produce which of the following egg
types?
C) one-half blue short and one-half orange short
gene eggs
A) only blue short gene eggs

B) only orange short gene eggs

C) one-half blue short and one-half

orange short gene eggs
40) A female with a paternal set of one
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orange and one long gene chromosome
and a maternal set comprised of one
blue and one short gene chromosome is
expected to produce which of the
following types of eggs after meiosis? D) Each egg has a one-fourth chance of having
A) All eggs will have maternal types of
either blue long, blue short, orange long, or
gene combinations. orange short combinations.
B) All eggs will have paternal types of
gene combinations.

C) Half the eggs will have maternal and

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41) Somatic cells of roundworms have four individual
chromosomes per cell. How many chromosomes would you expect
to find in an ovum from a roundworm?

A) four

B) two
B) two
C) eight

D) a diploid number

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42) Which of the following can occur by the process of meiosis but
not mitosis?

A) Haploid cells fuse to form diploid cells.

B) Haploid cells multiply into more haploid cells. C) Diploid cells form haploid cells.
C) Diploid cells form haploid cells.

D) A diploid cell combines with a haploid cell.

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43) In meiosis, homologous chromosomes are separated during
_____.

A) anaphase II

B) prophase I D) anaphase I
C) mitosis

D) anaphase I

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44) What is a major difference between meiosis II and mitosis in a
diploid animal?

A) Homologues align on the metaphase plate in meiosis II.

B) Sister chromatids separate in mitosis, and homologues separate C) Meiosis II occurs in a haploid cell, while
in meiosis II. mitosis occurs in diploid cells.
C) Meiosis II occurs in a haploid cell, while mitosis occurs in
diploid cells.

D) Crossover takes place in meiosis II.

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45) What is a major difference between mitosis and meiosis I in afront 45

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organism?

A) Sister chromatids separate in mitosis, while homologous pairs of

chromosomes separate in meiosis I.
A) Sister chromatids separate in mitosis, while
B) Sister chromatids separate in mitosis, while homologous pairs of homologous pairs of chromosomes separate in
chromosomes separate in meiosis II.
meiosis I.
C) DNA replication takes place prior to mitosis, but not before meiosis I.

D) Only meiosis I results in daughter cells that contain identical genetic

information.

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46) Crossing over normally takes place during which of the
following processes?

A) meiosis II

B) meiosis I B) meiosis I
C) mitosis

D) mitosis and meiosis II

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47) For the duration of meiosis I, each chromosome _____.

A) is paired with a homologous chromosome

B) consists of two sister chromatids joined by a centromere B) consists of two sister chromatids joined by a
C) consists of a single strand of DNA
centromere
D) is joined with its homologous pair to form a synaptonemal
complex

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48) Homologous pairs of chromosomes align opposite of each
other at the equator of a cell during _____.

A) mitosis metaphase

B) meiosis metaphase I B) meiosis metaphase I

C) meiosis telophase II

D) meiosis metaphase II

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49) Centromeres split and sister chromatids migrate to opposite
poles in meiosis _____.

A) anaphase I

B) telophase I C) anaphase II
C) anaphase II

D) telophase II

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50) Quaking aspen can send out underground stems for asexual
reproduction. Sexual reproduction is not as common, but when it
does happen, the haploid gametes have 19 chromosomes. How
many chromosomes are in the cells of the underground stems?

A) 9
D) 38
B) 10

C) 19

D) 38

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51) Independent assortment of chromosomes occurs during _____.

A) meiosis I only

B) meiosis II only A) meiosis I only

C) mitosis and meiosis I

D) mitosis and meiosis II

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52) For a species with a haploid number of 23 chromosomes, how
many different combinations of maternal and paternal
chromosomes are possible for the gametes?

A) 23

B) 46
D) about 8 million
C) about 1000

D) about 8 million

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53) Independent assortment of chromosomes is a result of _____.

A) the random way each pair of homologous chromosomes lines

up at the metaphase plate during meiosis I
A) the random way each pair of homologous
B) the random combinations of eggs and sperm during fertilization
chromosomes lines up at the metaphase plate
C) the random distribution of the sister chromatids to the two during meiosis I
daughter cells during anaphase II

D) the diverse combination of alleles that may be found within any

given chromosome

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54) When homologous chromosomes cross over, what occurs?

A) Two chromatids get tangled, resulting in one re-sequencing its

DNA.

B) Two sister chromatids exchange identical pieces of DNA. C) Corresponding segments of non-sister
C) Corresponding segments of non-sister chromatids are
chromatids are exchanged.
exchanged.

D) Maternal alleles are "corrected" to be like paternal alleles and

vice versa.

55) How is natural selection related to sexual reproduction as 55

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opposed to asexual reproduction?

A) Sexual reproduction results in many new gene combinations,

some of which will lead to differential reproduction.
A) Sexual reproduction results in many new
B) Sexual reproduction results in the greatest number of new gene combinations, some of which will lead to
mutations.
differential reproduction.
C) Sexual reproduction allows the greatest number of offspring to
be produced.

D) Sexual reproduction utilizes far less energy than asexual

reproduction
56) The diploid number of a roundworm species is 4. Assuming
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there is no crossover, and random segregation of homologues
during meiosis, how many different possible combinations of
chromosomes might there be in the offspring (not including variety
generated by crossing over)?

A) 4 C) 16
B) 8

C) 16

D) 64

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57) The bulldog ant has a diploid number of two chromosomes.
Therefore, following meiosis, each daughter cell will have a single
chromosome. Diversity in this species may be generated by
mutations and _____.

A) crossing over C) crossing over and independent assortment

B) independent assortment

C) crossing over and independent assortment

D) nothing else

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58) The fastest way for organisms to adapt to a changing

environment involves _____.

A) mutation
C) sexual reproduction
B) asexual reproduction

C) sexual reproduction

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59) Imagine that there are twenty-five different species of protists living in
a tide pool. Some of these species reproduce both sexually and asexually,
and some of them can reproduce only asexually. The pool gradually
becomes infested with disease-causing viruses and bacteria. Which species
are more likely to thrive in the changing environment?
A) the sexually reproducing species
A) the sexually reproducing species

B) the asexually reproducing species

C) Sexually and asexually reproducing species are equally likely to thrive.

60) In eukaryotes, genetic information is passed to the next generation by

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processes that include mitosis or meiosis. Which of the explanations
identifies the correct process and supports the claim that heritable
information is passed from one generation to another?

A) During mitosis, DNA replication occurs twice within the cell cycle to C) In asexual reproduction, a single individual
insure a full set of chromosomes within each of the daughter cells
produced.
is the sole parent and passes copies of its genes
to its offspring without the fusion of gametes.
B) Mitosis, followed by cytokinesis, produces daughter cells that are
genetically different from the parent cell, thus insuring variation within the
population.

C) In asexual reproduction, a single individual is the sole parent and passes

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61) Genetic variation leads to genetic diversity in populations and is the
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raw material for evolution. Biological systems have multiple processes,
such as reproduction, that affect genetic variation. They are evolutionarily
conserved and shared by various organisms.

Which statement best represents the connection between reproduction and D) Sexual reproduction increases genetic
evolution?
variation because random mutations can be
A) Plants that use sexual reproduction are rare since this type of shuffled between organisms.
reproduction in plants does not contribute to genetic diversity.

B) In order to increase genetic diversity for evolution in sexually

reproducing organisms, mutations must occur in the zygote after
fertilization.

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