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Second Marking Period: Annotated Source List

Bowman, Sam. “Sweatshops Make Poor People Better Off.” ​Adam Smith Institute​,
https://www.adamsmith.org/blog/international/sweatshops-make-poor-people-better-off​.
Accessed 23 Oct. 2018.
This blog published in ​Adam’s Smith Institute compares the wages sweatshop workers
receive living in countries with different economical boundaries. The researchers have found
that in half of the heavily-based sweatshop economies, sweatshop workers earn three times the
national average. This blog mentions the financial downfall of sweatshop workers after the ban
of their workplace (sweatshop).The researchers have also found that non-employment often
leads to the workers practicing prostitution or subsistence farming as a career.
The researcher feels this blog supplements her research as it proves a variety of reasons
sweatshops workers benefit from their labor, despite the multiple factors claiming that
sweatshops have caused deaths, accidents and harm to the workers. This article also provides
statistical evidence proving the fair wages that most sweatshop workers earn, and plentiful of
quantitative data.

Canepa, Garry. Why the World Needs Sweatshops – NUES.

https://web.northeastern.edu/econsociety/why-the-world-needs-sweatshops/​. Accessed 23
Oct. 2018.
This scholarly study compares moral labor standards to economic development. ​For
workers, sweatshops are morally better than not being employed but are morally worse than not
being paid a fair wage. The study provides Sir Arthur ​Lewis’s theory, where urbanization has
led to rapid industrial growth and development in China. Between 1981 and 2010, ​160 million
Chinese citizens had migrated to the cities from the countryside​, the largest internal migration
in human history. While the work along China’s coastal cities involves harsh, underpaid menial
labor, it is still far more productive than agricultural work, allowing workers to earn more than
they would have by farming in their home provinces.
This study emphasizes the harmful effects of boycotting sweatshops on its workers.
Using the 1993 incident as an example, U.S Senator Tom Harkin banned imports from
sweatshops that employed children; all 50,000 children workers were freed but with two
options left, prostitution or subsistence farming. Overall, this study was useful in finding
comparisons of sweatshop labor on a moral value, and provided proper responses to tragic
labor incidents due to the lack of safety enforcement.
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Cherry, Kendra. “How Psychology Influences Our Decisions.” ​Verywell Mind​,

www.verywellmind.com/decision-making-strategies-2795483​. Accessed 8 Oct. 2018.
This blog post describes four different psychological decision making models. The
single-feature model focuses on a certain aspect of a product, such as the price, physical
appearance, and brand. The additive feature, when one takes into account of all possible
outcomes and systematically evaluating each option, allows the researcher account for all of the
important features. This feature includes creating a scale, then balancing the scale by listing pros
and cons of the issue. The elimination model allows the user to approach the issue, eliminating
each option unfit to the criteria and arriving at the final alternative. The availability heuristic, a
flashback of the results of completing a certain task, may refrain the user from repeating the
same mistake, while the representativeness heuristic is comparing the situation to one which
another endures.
This article is useful to the researcher as Cherry brings a new perspective of
psychological decision making, compared to previous authors writing research articles regarding
the topic of psychological effects on decision making. Cherry specifically categorizes each step
in models and guides the reader through the different steps of decision making, yet skips the
basic principles of common negotiation, such as trusting your instinct, seeking others for advice,
etc. This article will be useful e to the reader’s research as a few of these models is demonstrated
in business negotiations.

Creative, Commons. 3.1 Factors That Influence Consumers’ Buying Behavior – Principles of
Marketing.
www.​open.lib.umn.edu/principlesmarketing/chapter/3-1-factors-that-influence-consumer
s-buying-behavior/​. Accessed 16 Oct. 2018.
This library article describes the different factors that contribute to consumer purchases.
The first is situational and social atmosphere, the consumer’s location and whom the buyer is
surrounded by affects the judgement of the decision to buy the product. The consumer would
also debate whether the purchase is necessary, depending on their mood. Personal factors such
as the consumer’s age, gender and stage of life also contributes to the purchase. After all,
advertising only affect one’s mind if the product interests them.
Researched through the University of Minnesota library publications, this research article
is useful to the researcher as it includes all psychological and physical factors that the consumer
reacts to before purchasing a product. The article also explains about Maslow’s hierarchy of
needs before one purchases a product, starting from psychological needs, safety needs, social
needs, esteem needs, to self-actualization needs. This benefits the researcher as she can collab
the principles of needs to the living wages that must cover sweatshop workers.
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Diem, Carpe. “In Defense of Sweatshops - They’re Often the Best and Fastest Way for the
Poor to Escape Poverty.” ​AEI​, 19 Nov. 2014,
www.aei.org/publication/defense-sweatshops-theyre-often-best-fastest-way-poor-escape-p
overty/​.
This brief collaboration of multiple studies and interviews prove that sweatshop labor
provides various economical resources to its workers. Despite difficult working conditions, most
workers have testified proving that they much rather work and receive a form of income, rather
than none. Among the studies of these collaborations, a professor primarily mentions the replica
of the current third world nations to the previous developing country, the United States. This
analogy shows that all developing countries have an economical phase of cheap labor to receive
fast income.
Although all aspects of these are not considered as the most useful, the researcher has
learned primarily that all developing countries must go through the sweatshops phase to
improve their economy. It would help the researcher create a stronger stance if more
quantitative data were collected and incorporated to the comparison of the current developing
nations and previous history of the United States.

Ferguson, Benjamin PhD: Assistant Professor in Ethics at VU of Amsterdam

Date of Interview: January 1, 2018
This interview focuses on the Roemer’s theory, which is a theory revolving the
exploitation angle. If racial groups in America are discriminated against and this makes these
racial groups poorer, then when non-discriminated groups do better when they interact with the
discriminated groups, then the non-discriminated groups are exploiting. Or, when people in low
income countries work in sweatshops and therefore because of colonialism, for example, then
these prior injustices, if they mean that the sweatshop workers get less and that the corporations
or people in wealthy countries get more, then that’s exploitation.
Through this interview, the researcher has a better understanding of the term exploitation.
Exploitation is often used on sweatshop workers, which challenges the moral of sweatshop labor,
labeling sweatshop labor as illegal as workers are paid an unfair wage. However, sweatshops are
morally better than not being employed and exploitation allows employment among the workers,
despite its faults. Therefore, the researcher can argue the positive and negative effects of
exploitation and its impact on the sweatshop workers.
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Hoskins, Tansy, ‘Robot Factories Could Threaten Jobs of Millions of Garment Workers’, ​The
Guardian,​ 16 July 2016, section Guardian Sustainable Business
https://www.theguardian.com/sustainable-business/2016/jul/16/robot-factories-threaten-jo
bs-millions-garment-workers-south-east-asia-women​ accessed 1 January 2019
This review published by ​The Guardian ​explains the development of the automation
industry, and its effects on the likeability of sweatshops to remain due to the new creation.
According to the International Labor Organization, ninety percent of garment and footwear
workers starting in Cambodia and Vietnam are at risk from automated assembly lines, sewbots.
As automation dominates the sweatshop industry due to efficiency and cheaper labor, workers
will be left a fairly minimum amount of workload and less pay. Therefore, restrictions need to
be placed on the automation industry to preserve workers’ labor and pay.
From this review, the researcher has gained knowledge of possible threats to the
sweatshop industry. Possibilities of leaving workers with limited career options and no source of
income due to the automation industry harms the developing economies, thus limits need to be
enforced to secure the future of the current sweatshop workers, while establishment needs to be
made for the children of current workers.

Hymann, Yvette. “The Impact of a Living Wage for Garment Workers.”

Good On You,​ 20 May 2017,
https://goodonyou.eco/impact-living-wage-for-garment-workers/​. Accessed 1 Jan. 2019.
This research article explains the “living” or sweatshop wage workers earn, as the second
stage of the sweatshop workers’ living standards. Despite the minimality workers are earning,
they are still providing the worker’s family with basic needs such as limited food, housing and
education. Though limited, measurements need to be put into place to improve the lives of these
workers. However, living wage is still a much better option than non-employment, which is stage
three of the workers’ sweatshop living standards.
Although this article primarily focuses on improving the lives of workers rather than the
current conditions they are living in, it still provides sufficient detail regarding the outcome of
minimum wage. This article has informed the researcher multiple ways to help campaign or
advocate for the sweatshop workers in the future, and the necessities that workers still lack due
to their minimum income.
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Johnson, Will. “The Psychology of Decision Making.” ​OpenLearn​,

​www.open.edu/openlearn/body-mind/psychology/the-psychology-decision-making​.
Accessed 1 Oct. 2018.
This research article describes explains the different elements that the brain processes
through before one makes decisions. The first is “framing the problem,” thinking through the
problem and identifying whether or not you lose or gain from the situation, an element which can
be found exercised often when businessmen negotiate. The second, “using information” is often
processed through one’s biased judgement. Studies show that people are more likely to cooperate
with others whom have the same way of thinking, than the opposite. Third, “problems of
judgement,” plays a vital role on one’s first impression, the person then later bases their bias on a
situation through their first impression. Last, “post-decision evaluation” is the type of decision
making when one puts their effort to maintain their self-esteem, filtering out information that
might show them in a dishonorable light.
These elements of decision making portray the different processes humans go through
when making a decision, helping the researcher to understand the thought process of when
consumers decide to purchase an item. This thought process relates to her research as the
researcher is also trying to discover how our consumer behavior affects the lives of sweatshop
workers. Although the list may not apply to all businessmen, as their thinking may be different,
the way humans think and their moral principles, however, are still the same. This article
explains the basic principles of psychology when one makes decisions, but it is enough to help
the researcher understand the basics.

Kline, J. “Shutting down Sweatshops Just Throws Workers onto the Streets” | National Post​.
https://nationalpost.com/opinion/jesse-kline-in-support-of-sweat-shops​. Accessed 12 Jan.
2019.
This review article published in ​The National Post explains the results of banning
sweatshops, and the freewill of workers to work in a sweatshop, rather than what the audience
thinks of forced labor. According to Kline, when people take jobs at sweatshops, the alternative
is often starvation, which is why studies have found that workers are unwilling to give up any
pay for better conditions. Many of these factories also pay higher wages than other positions
available in the local job market.
This article informs the researcher the consequences of boycotting goods. Due to the
limited resources sweatshop workers are already receiving, boycotting goods would only lead
them to the third stage of “living standards”, which is unemployment. This review article
provides examples of previous boycotts which allow the researcher to understand how these
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campaigns take place. This article also provides information about the effects of banning
sweatshops, which in another incident resulted in leaving 30,000 child workers on the streets.

Kuepper, Justin. “How Globalization Impacts International Investors and Economic

Growth.” ​The Balance,​ ​www.thebalance.com/globalization-and-it
s-impact-on-economic-growth-1978843​. Accessed 13 Sept. 2018.
In this journal article, it ​explains the different benefits world economies receive in result
of globalization. These benefits include: foreign direct investment, technological innovation, and
economies of sale. However, there are also multiple risks included such as equity distribution,
national sovereignty, and interdependence. Tariffs play a large part in global trades as well, for
example, there’s a 127% U.S tariff on Chinese paper clips, or 778% tariff on Japanese imported
rice. Globalization has impacted every aspect of life, starting from the clothes we wear, the food
we eat, to most things we use. Globalization is also one of the best solutions to “ensure
consistent economic growth.” However, as a result, more sweatshops are enforced.
This article focuses on both the positive and negative benefits of globalization.
Collaborating this information with a possible research topic would be of use as it explains both
sides on the impact of globalization. The article allows the researcher to develop her
understanding of whether tariffs or other aspects of international trade affects the income
sweatshop workers receive.

Powell, Benjamin. “In Defense of ‘Sweatshops.’” ​Econlib,​

https://www.econlib.org/library/Columns/y2008/Powellsweatshops.html​. Accessed 25
Oct. 2018.
This article discusses the specific cases where a company was allegedly exploiting
sweatshop labor. In 9 of the 11 countries surveyed, the average reported sweatshop wage, based
on a 70-hour work week, equaled or exceeded average incomes. In Cambodia, Haiti, Nicaragua,
and Honduras, the average wage paid by a firm accused of being a sweatshop is more than
double the average income in that country. This article also discusses the reason for low wages
the third world because worker productivity is low (upper bound) and workers’ alternatives are
lousy (lower bound).
This article is one of the most beneficial resources to the researcher.The researcher has
learned that get sustained improvements in overall compensation, policies must raise worker
productivity and/or increase alternatives available to workers. Policies that try to raise
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compensation but fail to move these two bounds risk raising compensation above a worker’s
upper bound resulting in his losing his job and moving to a less-desirable alternative.

Powell, Benjamin Ph.D: Director of the Free Market Institute

Date of Interview: January 21, 2018
This interview conducted with Professor Powell’s primary focus is on the angle of
automation and its influence on sweatshop workers. As the advancement of automation takes
place, it is often said that automation would solve sweatshops. Although minimum sweatshops
would exist, life would be much harder for the workers as opportunities in the workforce are
scarce. ​Thus, ​we can get rid of sweatshops by paying fair wages, or we can get rid of them by
automating products and not paying the people anything. However, the real solution for workers
is for them to be employed and paid a fair wage.
This interview conducted with Professor Powell allows the researcher to expand her
knowledge of the solution needed to balance the positive and negative side of sweatshops. As the
purpose of the researcher’s project is to help the sweatshop workers and growing generation, the
automation industry goes against helping. Therefore, the researcher now knows that getting rid
of sweatshops by paying fair wages is the correct solution.

Riley, Oliver. How Sweatshops Help the Poor.” ​Adam Smith Institute​,
https://www.adamsmith.org/blog/how -sweatshops-help-the-poor​. Accessed 23 Oct.
2018
This research blog published by the ​Adam Smith Institute,​ primarily focuses on the
economical development that is improved with the enforcement of sweatshops.​The extra money
earned by sweatshop workers can be taxed to provide basic infrastructure, sound governance,
education for the growing generation, healthcare, motorbikes and goats. There are also options
given to sweatshop workers on loans, which allows them to implement businesses and pay off
the money at a later time.
This blog supports the researcher’s idea of the benefits of sweatshop employment. As
proved in the blog, the extra money earned can be spent on improving living conditions, which
gives the researcher more ideas of which aspect to help target improve.
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Roesler, Peter. “How Social Media Influences Consumer Buying Decisions.” ​The Business
Journals​,​www.bizjournals.com/bizjournals/how-to/marketing/2015/05/how-social-media
-influences-consumer-buying.html​. Accessed 16 Oct. 2018.
In this business journal, the author describes consumer behavior affected by the usage of
social media, depending on the user’s age, gender, and race. As social media produces interactive
demographics, users are more active and therefore see a repetitive advertisement on the network
more often, leading users to believe the product is essential to their life. Studies have resulted in
forty seven percent of millenials are influenced by their purchases of social media, including
fifty six percent of consumers buying baby products, forty percent purchasing home furnishings,
and thirty three percent purchasing health and wellness products. Companies encourage
customers to use social media by including their social media logos in eye distracting areas.
This business journal informs the researcher of how social media influences consumer
buying decisions and its effects on the sweatshop workers. This business journal includes
statistics and study results of consumer behavior depending on one’s usage of social media.
However, the journal does not describe how social media attracts the consumer behavior despite
seeing continuous motion of interactive demographics. If the researcher were to use this article,
she would only include the study results and statistics, for the author is brief upon the topic of the
question “how.”

Saff, Pon. “Negotiation Techniques: How to Predict a Negotiator’s Decisions.” ​PON - Program on
Negotiation at Harvard Law School,​ 12 Feb. 2018,
www.pon.harvard.edu/daily/dealmaking-daily/negotiation-skills-and-negotiation-techniques-
predicting-negotiator-decisions-and-behavior/​.
This Harvard blog post explains the three steps of predicting a negotiator’s decision making.
The first step is to consider the opposite, figuring out the opponent’s interests, priorities, limits, the
opponents before their own negotiation and consider motivations that the negotiator is expected to
experience. The second step is to remove your opponent’s personality from the equation, consider the
opposite of your opponent’s behavior. Studies show that men often underestimate the negotiation
ability women have, thus their shield is easily defeated. The third step is to speak with your opponent
by speaking with status and sounding professional, with your goal in mind. Often times, the
negotiator attempts to disregard your objective and negotiates going off topic, remember to always
keep the objective in mind.
Although this blog post no longer correlates to the researcher’s topic, the researcher finds it
that this post may correlate exploitation. Often times, sweatshop workers aren’t given their choice of
interests or priorities, rather they must work. This blog post is useful to the researcher as the author
includes negotiation techniques based on techniques. The researcher finds this article helpful as these
techniques were only found on this blog post.
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Taylor, Jim. “6 Steps for Making Tough Business Decisions.” ​Psychology Today,​
www.psychologytoday.com/blog/the-power-prime/201411/6-steps-making-tough-busines
s-decisions​. Accessed 8 Oct. 2018
In this newsport article, Taylor, who once worked in the business field, guides the reader
through six steps of the business decision making process. The first step is to frame the issue,
understanding the circumstances regarding the issue and collaborating with others to combine
knowledge and finalize the decision. The second step is to analyzing the thoughts of your
opponent and understanding their point of view is the second step, allowing the negotiator to
extend their level of thinking, revealing the issue. The third step is to deepen the understanding
of the issue, whether or not the team believes to have full control over the stage. Finally, when
confident, the team should ratify the decision, take action, and debrief over the decision.
This article was of little value to the researcher as the author claims to provide the
methods of business negotiations, but fails to differentiate the methods explained from common
decision making steps. However, it replicas consumer behavior and their decision on purchasing
items, which affect sweatshop workers.