MATHEMATICAL LOGICby:Mrs. Indriati Sukorini,S.

PdSMA 1 KUDUS :MATHEMATICAL

LOGICby:Mrs. Indriati Sukorini,S.PdSMA 1 KUDUS

Menu :Menu Statement, Not Statement and Open Sentence Compound SentencesA. Negation B.
Conjunction C. Disjunction D. Implication E. Biimplication

I. Statement, Not Statement and Open Sentence :I. Statement, Not Statement and Open Sentence
Statement / Preposition Example : 1. Determine the truth value of the following sentences, the true or
false: The sum of angle of triangle is 180° ( ) b. Sin2 x =cos2x-1 ( )

Slide 4:c. Square is rectangle with same length ( ) d. 4 isn’t perfect quadratic ( ) e. The diagonals of
Rhombus are perpendicular ( ) f. Log 10 + log 0,1 = 1 ( )

Slide 5:That Example above are called Statement or Proposition So, We can say that The preposition is
the sentence that has true or false value but neither. The symbols that statement by using small letter,
among other : p, q, r, …etc.

Slide 6:B. Not Statement: is the sentences which can’t be determined of their truth. Not Statement
consist of a. Factual Sentence: is the sentences which must be observed their truth is true or false.
Examples: 1. Bravura is black sweet boy 2. Lika is tall girl 3. Angga is Nurani’s boyfriend. 4. There is
a thief in my class.

Slide 7:b. Open Sentences: is the sentences that still consist of variable. Open Sentences can become
the true statement if that variables are changed with constant that fulfill it. Examples: 1. a) 2x+5=10 b)
x is even number c) x2-x < x+3

Slide 8:2.Find of x, in order that the open sentence became the true statement! a). Sec x = 2 ; 0 0 ;x € R
c). 2logx + 2log (2X-1) =0

Slide 9:SOLUTION 1. a) 2x+5 =10 2x=10-5 x=2,5 b) x is even number x={2,4,6,8,…} c) x2-x < x+3
x2-x –x-3 =0 + - + x2 - 2x-3 = 0 -1 3 (x-3) (x+1) = 0 x=3 V x=-1 HP={xl -1 =x =3 x€R}

Slide 10:Solution: 2 a). Sec x =2 x=600,3000 b). X2- 4x- 5 > 0 (X-5) (X+1) > 0 X=5 V X=-1 -1 5 HP
={xlx =-1 V x =5 x€ R}

Slide 11: c). 2logx + 2log(2x-1) = 0 2logx . (2x-1) =0 2x2 - x =20 =1 2x2 - x - 1 =0 (2x+1) (x-1) =0
x=-1/2 v x=1 (TM) HP {1}

Slide 12:Note: Not statement generally in the form : Command Sentences Interrogative Sentences
Expectation Sentences Exclamation Sentences Example Determine the roots of equation x2-2x = 0
Watch out dog! I hope you will get better soon..

II. Compound Sentences :II. Compound Sentences Compound Sentence is the union of two or more
sentences with linking logic word, among other are: 1. And the symbol is “?” , “&” 2. Or the symbol is
“v” 3. If …..then….symbol is “=>” 4. If and only if the symbol is “?”

Slide 14:NEGATION (Ingkaran) Negation of p statement can be written –p, ~p Negation is the new
statement which is gotten by adding the word ”Not “at that previous statement. The truth of Negation :
Relation negation and Complement of the set. p ~p

Slide 15:Example : p : Jakarta is the capital city of Indonesia. ~p : Jakarta isn’t the capital city of
Indonesia. p : sin 300 – sin 900 < cos 00 ~p : sin 300 – sin 900 = cos 00 p : The all prime number is
odd number. ~p : There is prime number isn’t odd number or Some prime number isn’t odd number

Slide 16:B. CONJUNCTION Conjunction is the compound sentences with the linking word “and” If
given that 2 statements p and q that conjunction p & q can be written “p ? q” The linking “and” can be
change the other words, among other : But, although, nevertheless, etc.
Slide 17:The truth of Conjunction Conclusion : The Conjunction is TRUE if the both statements are
true.

Slide 18:The relation between Conjunction and Set can be draw : ( p ? q) = ( p n q) p q

Slide 19:EXAMPLE A. Determine the truth value of the following Conjunction : 2 is even number and
prime number ( ) v3v3v3=3 and 3 is composite number ( ) 3log 27 = -3 and v12+v12+…. =3 ( ) 9 isn’t
root form and 50 is the prime number ( ) Ronal is stupid boy and 5 is composite number ( )

Slide 20:Determine the value of x from sentences p(x) and q : To solve the value of x is sentence p(x) ?
q based on the Conjunction table If p(x) ? q True, so q is true, and p(x) must TRUE If p(x) ? q False, so
q is true and p(x) must FALSE

Slide 21:EXAMPLE Determine the value of in order that conjunction is true : a). x2 – 4x = 0 and 8 ½
is irrational number b). 2log (x+1) = 3 and 9log 3 = 1/2 2. Determine the value of x in order that
conjunction is false a). x2 – 36 = 0 and Baghdad is capital city of Iraq b). x2 – 2x – 3 > 0 and 2log10–
2log 5 =1 c). sin 2x =0, and < x < 270 and cotan 600 =v3

Slide 22:SOLUTION a) v8 is irrational number. So x2 – 4x = 0 must be true ? x(x-4) ? x =0 V x=4 HP

{0,4} b) 9log3 = ½. So 2log (x+1) = 3 must be true x+1 = 23 x =8-1 x = 7

Slide 23:2. a) x2-36 =0 and Baghdad is capital city of Irak x2 ?v36 x ? ±6 b) x2- 2x -3 >0 and 2log10 –
2log5 =1 (x+1) (x-3) = 0 x = -1 V x= -3 + - + -1 3 HP ={x I -1 = x = 3 x€ R} q = 2log – 2log5 =1
2log(10/5) = 2log2 2 = 2 (T)

Slide 24:c) sin 2x =0, and < x < 2700 and cotan 600 =v3 p(x) ? q = F q= cotan 600 = v3 (F) p=sin 2x =
0 , 0 = x = 2700 must be false 2x = k. 1800 x = 900 HP={900, 1800, 2700}

Slide 25:C. DISJUNCTION is the compound sentence with the linking word “or” If given that 2
statements p and q, so disjunction of it can be written “pVq” Disjunction consist of : 1. Disjunction
Inclusive (v) * Disjunction is false if the both statements are false.

Slide 26:2. Disjunction Exclusive (V ) * Disjunction is false if the both statements has the same value.

Slide 27:The Relation Between Disjunction Inclusive and set (pVq) = (pUq) P q

Slide 28:Example : Determine the truth of Disjunction sin2x+cos2x = 2log2 or 1+ tan2x=sec2x ( ) 2.

y=mx+c has the slope m or cut in (0,c) ( ) 3. The sunrise from west or the earth goes arround the moon.
( ) 4. 2log2 ¼ = -4 or a Sin B=b Sin A ( )

Slide 29:Determine The value of x from sentence p(x)Vq 1. In order p(x)Vq is true if q false so p(x)
must be true. 2. In order p(x)Vq is false if q false so p(x) must be false.

Slide 30:Example Determine the value of x in order to Disjunction p(x)Vq is true. a). x2+3x =4 or sin
600=1/2 ? x2+3x-4=0 ?(x+4)(x-1) ? x=-4 V x=1 HP={-4,1} b). All of x € A,(2x+1) is even number or
log (x-1) +log(x+2) =log 10 q:log (x-1)+ log(x+2)=log10

Slide 31:log(x-1)(x+2) =log10 Log(x2 +x-2) =log10 ? x2+x-2 = 10 ? x2+x-12 =0 ?(x+4)(x-3) = 0 ?

x=-4 V x=3

Slide 32:2.Like no.1 but Disjunction is false a). 22x-2x-2 =0 or 2 is the root form [F] p: 22x-2x-2 =0
2x =p=> p2-p-2?0 (p-2)(p+1) ?0 p?2 V p? -1 [™] b). 2 2log5 = 25 or vx2-4x = 0 q: vx2-4x < 0 (i) x2-
4x <0 (ii) x2-4x = 0 x(x-4) <0 x(x-4) = 0 x=0 V x=4 x=0 V x=4 + - + 0 4 + - + 0 4

Slide 33:D. IMPLICATION is the command statement with the linking word “if….then…” If given
that p and q that implication of it can be written “p=>q” p:antecedent q:consequence p=>q can be read:
1. If p then q 2. q if p 3. p is adequate condition of q 4. q is necessary condition of p

Slide 34:The truth of Implication : P ? Q = (p=>q) The Relation Implication and set q P
Slide 35:The characteristic of Implication : I. Implication is false if: Antecedent is true and
Consequence is false II. Implication is true if: (i) Antecedent is false (ii) Consequence is true

Slide 36:EXAMPLE If (42 + 32)1/2 =7 then 7 is irrational number [ ] 2. If a3-b3 = (a-b)(a2+ab+b2)

then x=-1 is the root of x2-x+2=0 [ ] 3. If -2 = 3 then -32 =-9 [ ] 4. If Adi is precident then 2 is even
number [ ]

Slide 37:5. If log(x-y) =log x/y then Toni loves Nia [ ] 6. If today is here after then the sunset in east [ ]
7. If x2=16 then x=4 [ ] 8. If x2-x >0 then x0 x=0 V x=1 + - + 0 1

Slide 38:Conclusion: Implication is false if we give one example so that Implication is FALSE
Determine the value of x from the sentence p(x) => q V p =>q(x) : p(x) =>q is TRUE, if q is false so
p(x) must FALSE p(X) =>q is FALSE if q is false so p(x) must TRUE p(x) =>q is FALSE if p is true
so q(x) must FALSE

Slide 39:EXAMPLE Determine the x value in order that the Implication is TRUE! a). 2log(x-1)=3 =>
am.an =amn b). Sin 2700=-1 => vx-2 = v2x-3 2. Determine the x value in order to the Implication is
FALSE! a). v5+2 vx = v3 + v2 =>the roots of x2+3x+5 =0 are the real number b). v6-2 v8 =2- v2 => ½
logx =-1

Slide 40:SOLUTION a) 2log (x-1) ? 3 => am.an =amn x-1 ?23 x ? 9 so the value is TRUE b) Sin
2700=-1 [F] => vx-2 = v2x-3 x-2 = 2x-3 -x =-1 x =1

Slide 41:2. a). p : [T] v5+ 2 vx = v3 + v2 v(3+2)+2 v3.2 = v3 + v2 x = 6 [T] q : [F] b). v6-2 v8 =2- v2
[T] ½ logx = -1 x= ½ x ? 2

Slide 42:LOGICAL IMPLICATION The implication p(x)=> q(x) is called the logical implication if
each of x fulfills p(x) also q(x) EXAMPLE Please observe that implication include Logical Implication
or not a). x2-1 = 0 => x2+x-6 x2+x =0 c). x2 = 25 => x=-5 d). x= v3 => x2 =3

Slide 43:SOLUTION a) x2-1 = 0 (x-1)(x+1) = 0 + - + x=1 V x=-1 -1 1 HP={xl-1 = x = 1x €R} x2+x-6

< 0 (x+3)(x-2)<0 + - + x=-3 V x=2 -3 2 HP={xl-3<2,x €R} so its Logical Imp.

Slide 44:b) x2+5 = x+7 => x2+x =0 x2 -x-2=0 x(x+1)=0 (x-2)(x+1)=0 x=0 V x=-1 x=2 V x=-1 HP={-
1,2} so it isn’t Logical Imp. x=-1 c). X2 =25 x=±5=>Not Logical Imp. d). X=v3 X2=(v3)2 X2=3 so, it
Logical Imp.

Slide 45:E. BIIMPLICATION If the compound statement with the linking word “If and only if” p
biimplication q can be written “p?q” Biimplication is often called Biimplication 2 direction and can be
stated : p?q ˜ (p=>q) ? (q=>p)

Slide 46:The Truth table of Biimplication : The characteristic of Biimplication : * Biimplication is true
if the both statements are the same truth value.

Slide 47:The Relation between Biimplication and set : (P=Q) p?q can be read : p if and only if q If p
then q and if q then p p is necessary and enough condition to q q is necessary and enough condition to
pp=q

Slide 48:EXAMPLE Determine that truth value 1+ cotan2x = cosec2x if and only if ax log ay=y/x ( )
2. a sin B= b sinC if and only only if a2=b2+c2+2bc.cosA ( ) 3. x2-6x +9=0 has twin roots if and only
if y= x2+4 doesn’t cut x axis at 2 points ( ) 4. l x l= -x for x > 0 if and only if l2x-1l =3 So the value of
x= 2. or x=-1 ( ) 5. cos750 = -sin 150 if and only if sec (2700-x) =-sec x ( )

Slide 49:6. x=2 ?x2=4 x=2 => x2 =4 [T] ? x2=4 =>x=2 [F] ( ) 7. x2>0 ?x0 => xx2 >0 ( ) 8. x2+2x =0 ?
-2 =x =0 x2+2x =0 => -2 =x =0 [T] ? -2 =x =0=> x2+2x =0 x(x+2) =0 + - + x=0 V x=-2 -2 0 ( )

Slide 50:9. x2-3x -1 x2-3x x = -1/4[F] ?x = -1/4=> 4x2+x = 0[F] x(4x+1) = 0 x=0 V x=-1/4 + - + -1/4
0 HP={xlx =-1/4V x =0 ,x €R}
Slide 51:Determine the x value from the sentence p ?q or p?q(x) EXAMPLE Determine the value of x
that Biimplication TRUE a). 2x-5=9 ? 9 is the Composite number b). Ln e=-1 ? x2-5x+4=0 c). v40-
16(1+ v2) =4-2v2?lx+3l <2 d). vx2-2x = v3? a2log ½=4

Slide 52:Like no.1 but that Biimplication FALSE a). Sin2700=1? log2x=3 b) P(x,5) is culmination
point of y=2x2+12x-13?1+ tan2 x=sec2x c) Y=2x+5 has the slope 2 ? lx2+2xl =1 d). lxl=x for x>0 ?
vx2+x >2

Slide 53:SOLUTION a). 2x-5=9 b).x2-5x+4 ?0 2x=14 (x-4)(x-1) ?0 x=7 x ?4 v x ?1 c). v40-16(1+ v2)
=4-2v3 [T] lx+3l <2 (x+3)2-22 <0 (x+3-2)(x+3+2)<0 (x+1)(x+5)<0 x=-1 V x=-5 + - + HP={xl-5<-
1,x€R} -5 -1

Slide 54:d). vx2-2x = v3 (i) x2 – 2x ‹3 (ii) x2 – 2x =0 x2 – 2x -3 <0 x(x-2) =0 (x-3)(x+1) <0 x=0 V
x=2 x=3 V x=-1 + - + -1 3 + - + 0 2 -1 0 2 3 HP={xl -1< x = 0 V 2 = x <3 x€ R}

Slide 55:2. a) Sin2700=1 [F] log2x=3 2x=103 x=500 b). P(x,5) is culmination point of y=2x2+12x-13
x? -b 2a x ? -12 =>x?-3 2.2 ?1+ tan2 x=sec2x [T]

Slide 56:c). Y=2x+5 has the slope 2 [T] lx2+2xl =1 (X2+2X-1) (x2+2x+1)<1 (-2± v22 -4.1-1) V (x+1)
(x+1) 2 x=-1 -2 ± v8 2 x1=-2- 2v2 = -1- v2 x2= -2+2v2 =-1+ v2 2 2 + - - + -1- v2 -1 -1+ v2 HP={xl-1-
v2 < x < -1+v2, x?1 x € R }

Slide 57:LOGICAL BIIMPLICATION Biimplication p(x)?q(x) is called Logical Biimplication each x

fulfills p(x) also q(x) or vice versa Example Determine that biimplication include Logical
Biimplication or not! a). alogb=c ? ac=b b). X2-4=0 ? x± 2 c). X2-4x-5>0 ? x<-1 d). lx+3l =2 ?x=-1 V
x=-5 e). 2x+1=5 ?x2-4=0 2. Determine the x value so 3x-4=8 ? x2-6x+8=0 is called Logical
Biimplication

Slide 58:SOLUTION 1. a). Logical Biimp b). Logical Bimp c). X2-4x-5>0 => xX2-4x-5>0[T] (x-5)
(x+1)>0 + - + x=5 V x=-1 -1 5 Not Logical Biimp. d). lx+3l =2 => x=-1 V x=-5 ? x=-1 V lx+3l =2
(x+3)2=22 (x+3)2-22=0 (x+3-2) (x+3+2)=0 x=-1 V x=-5 Logical Biimp

Slide 59:e). 2x+1=5 =>x2-4=0 ? x2-4=0 => 2x+1=5 2x=4 (x-2)(x+2)=0 x=2 x=2 V x=-2 Not Logical
Biimp. 2). 3x-4=8 => x2-6x+8=0 ? x2-6x+8=0 => 3x-4=8 3x=12 (x-4)(x-2) x=4 x=4 V x=2 so x=4

Slide 60:1. ~ ( p ? q ) = ( ~ p ? ~q ) 2. ~ ( p ? q ) = ( ~ p ? ~q) 3. ~ ( p ? q ) = ( p ? ~q ) 4. ~ ( p ? q ) =

( p ? ~q ) ? (q ? ~p) ~ ( p ? q ) = ( ~q ? p ) = ( ~p ? q ) III. NEGATION OF CONJUNCTION,
DISJUNCTON, IMPLICATION & BIIMPLICATION NEXT SLIDE

Slide 61:EXAMPLE : Determine the negation of the statement below ; 1. 5 x 4 < 2 + 17 and 4 is
composite number 2. A ? B = A or A ? B = B ? A (read ; A subset B = A or A union B = B union A) 3. If
Simon is handsome then Paula loves him. 4. ABCD is rectangle if and only if AC ? BD ANSWER : 5 x
4 = 2 + 17 or 4 is not composite number A ? B ? A and A ? B ? B ? A Simon is handsome and Paula
doesn’t love him. ABCD is rectangle and AC not perpendicular of BD or AC ? BD and ABCD is not
rectangle NEXT SLIDE

Slide 62:THE EQUIVALENCE OF THE COMPOUND STATEMENTS To know the compound

statement whether equivalence or not, we must prove the truth table of it equivalence or not. If it has
same the truth value then the compound statements is equivalence. Formula of truth value is 2n, where
n=the amount of statements. For example ; ? ~ ( p? q) = ( ~p ? ~q ) have 2 statements there are p & q
Truth values of p are T T F F Truth values of q are T F T F NEXT SLIDE

Slide 63:EXAMPLE : Prove by using the truth table so that compound statements are equivalence! 1.
~ ( p ? q) = ( ~p ? ~q ) 2. ~ ( p ? q ) = (~ p ? ~q ) 3. ~ ( p ? q ) = ( p ? ~q ) 4. ~ ( p ? q ) = ( p ? ~q ) ?
(q ? ~p) 5. ~ ( p ? q ) = ( ~q ? p ) 6. ( p ? q ) = ( ~p ? q ) 7. ( p ? q ) = ~( p ? ~q ) 8. ( p ? q ) = (~q? ~p )
9. ( q ? p ) = (~p ? ~q ) 10. { p ? ( q ? r ) } = { ( p ? q ) ? r } NEXT SLIDE
Slide 64:1.) ~ ( p ? q ) = ( ~p ? ~q ) SAME BACK

Slide 65:2.) ~ ( p ? q ) = ( ~p ? ~q ) SAME BACK

Slide 66:3.) ~ ( p ? q ) = ( p ? ~q ) SAME BACK

Slide 67:4.) ~ ( p ? p ) = ( p ? ~q ) ? (q ? ~p) SAME BACK

Slide 68:5.) ~ ( p ? q) = ( ~q ? p ) SAME BACK

6. ( p ? q ) = (~q ? p) :6. ( p ? q ) = (~q ? p) SAME BACK

7. ( p ? q ) = ~( p? ~q) :7. ( p ? q ) = ~( p? ~q) SAME BACK

8. ( p ? q ) = (~q ? ~p ) :8. ( p ? q ) = (~q ? ~p ) SAME BACK

9. ( q ? p ) = (~p ? ~q) :9. ( q ? p ) = (~p ? ~q) SAME BACK

10. { p ? ( q ? r ) } = { ( p ? q ) ? r } :10. { p ? ( q ? r ) } = { ( p ? q ) ? r } SAME BACK

Slide 74:V. CONVERSE, INVERS AND CONTRAPOSITION FROM THE STATEMENT “ p ? q”

Can be made : (q ? p) is called Converse (?p ? ?q) is called Inverse (?q ? ?p) is called Contraposition
Example : Find the converse, inverse and contraposition of the statement below ; 1. If Shoju is
beautiful then Chooy loves her 2. If the line g // h then g and h haven’t intersection point Answer : 1. a)
Converse : If Chooy loves Shoju then she is beautiful b) Inverse : If Shoju is not beautiful then Chooy
does not love her c) Contraposition : If Chooy does not love Shoju then she is not beautiful 2. a)
Converse : If g and h have no intersection point then the line g // h b) Inverse : If the line g is not // h
then g or h has intersection point c) Contraposition : If g or h has intersection point then the line g is
not // h NEXT SLIDE

Slide 75:Make the truth table Conclusion : ( p ? q ) = (~q ? ~p ) ( q ? p ) = (~p ? ~q ) NEXT SLIDE

Slide 76:VI. TAUTOLOGY AND CONTRADICTION Tautology is the compound statement which
always has TRUE value Contradiction is the compound statement which always has FALSE value If
the compound statement is not include tautology or contradiction then that compound statement is
called CONTINGENTION NEXT SLIDE

Example : :Example : Please observe this compound statements below whether Tautology,
Contradiction or Contingention {( p ? q ) ? ~q } ? ~p ( p ? q) ? (~p? ~q ) ( p ? ~q) ? ( p ? q ) {( p ? q ) ?
p } ? q ( p ? ~q ) ? r ( p ? ~q ) ? (q ? r) NEXT SLIDE

Slide 78:a. {( p ? q ) ? ~q } ? ~p Tautology BACK

Slide 79:( p ? q ) ? (~p ? ~q ) Contradiction BACK

Slide 80:( p? ~q ) ? ( p ? q ) Contradiction BACK

Slide 81:{( p ? q ) ? p } ? q Tautology BACK

Slide 82:( p ? ~q ) ? r Tautology BACK

Slide 83:f. ( p ? ~q ) ? (q ? r) Contingention BACK

VII. QUANTIFIER :VII. QUANTIFIER Quantifier consist of 2 kinds : Universal Quantifier

Existential Quantifier Universal Quantifier Is the statement which is using word “all” or “every” with
the symbol ? ?x . p(x) can be read : Every x are p(x) All x are p(x) NEXT SLIDE
The relations between universal quantifier with set : :The relations between universal quantifier
with set : A B ?x ? A ? x ? B = A ? B Example : The all human will be dead (True) Every Monday held
raising red and white flag ceremony at school (False) Every x elements positive number x2 > x can be
written (?x > 0, x2 > x) (False) NEXT SLIDE

Slide 86:The truth value of Universal Quantifier is true, if there was no answer (penyangkal) which
make the statement false. Meanwhile that quantifier statement is false if there is one minimum answer
which make that statement false. Example : Determine the truth value of the quantifier below : ?x ? B,
x ? R (True, because every whole number is real number) ?x > 0, x2 > x (False, because if we
substitute X= ½ then (½)2 is not > ½. But ¼ < ½) NEXT SLIDE

2. Existential Quantifier :2. Existential Quantifier Is the statement which is using word “there are” or
“some” with the symbol ? ?x . p(x) can be read : There x are p(x) Some x are p(x) The relations
between universal quantifier with set : A B ?x ? A ? x ? B = A ? B NEXT SLIDE

Slide 88:The truth value of Existential Quantifier is true, if there was minimum value which make the
statement true. Meanwhile that quantifier statement is false if there was no answer which make that
statement false. Example : Determine the truth value of the quantifier below : There are the odd
numbers which divisible by 2 (False, because all of odd numbers are not divisible by 2) Some students
are not responsible (True) ?x . x2-8x+16=0 (True) NEXT SLIDE

VIII. NEGATION OF QUANTIFIER :VIII. NEGATION OF QUANTIFIER Statement Negation All

A are B ? Not All A are B ? Some A are not B Some A are B ? All A are not B ? There is no A which B
1. ?(?x . p(x)) = ?x . ?p(x) 2. ?(?x . p(x)) = ?x . ?p(x) The Formula are : NEXT SLIDE

Determine the negation of the statements below : :Determine the negation of the statements below :
All Rational numbers include Real numbers. Some students in SMA 1 Kudus are smart. There are no
even prime number. ?x > 0, x2 > 0 ?x ? C . x > 0 ?x ? A . x2 + x = 0 ?x ? Q . x2 - 4x + 4 = 0 Answer : ?
Not All Rational numbers include Real numbers. ? Some rational numbers are not include real
numbers. NEXT SLIDE

Slide 91:2. ? All students in SMA 1 Kudus are not smart. ? There are no students in SMA 1 Kudus
which smart 3. ? Some even number is prime number. ? All even number is prime number. 4. ? ?[ ?x >
0, x2 > 0 ] ? ?x > 0, x2 ? 0 5. ? ?[ ?x ? C . x > 0 ] ? ?x ? C . x ? 0 6. ? ?[ ?x ? A . x2 + x = 0 ] ? ?x ? A .
x2 + x = 0 7. ? ?[ ?x ? Q . x2 - 4x + 4 = 0 ] ? ?x ? Q . x2 - 4x + 4 = 0 NEXT SLIDE

IX. DRAWING CONCLUSION :IX. DRAWING CONCLUSION Drawing conclusion consists of 3

kinds : Modus Ponens p ? q (Premise 1) p (Premise 2) ... q (Conclusion) Modus Tollens p ? q (Premise
1) ~q (Premise 2) ... ~p (Conclusion) Syllogism p ? q (Premise 1) q? r (Premise 2) ... p ? r (Conclusion)
NOTE : The drawing conclusion beside is called Valid If it’s include Tautology NEXT SLIDE

1. Let’s check the arguments at the slide above, by using the truth table ! :1. Let’s check the
arguments at the slide above, by using the truth table ! Modus Ponens p ? q (Premise 1) p (Premise
2) ... q (Conclusion) Valid Promise 1 connected with promise 2 by using CONJUNCTION The
promises connected with the conclusion by using IMPLICATION Tautology

Slide 94:Modus Tollens p ? q (Premise 1) ~q (Premise 2) ... ~p (Conclusion) Tautology Valid

Slide 95:Sylogism p ? q (Premise 1) q ? r (Premise 2) ... p ?r (Conclusion) Tautology Valid

Example !Determine Valid or Invalid that argument below : :Example !Determine Valid or Invalid
that argument below : ~p ? q ~p ... q p ? q p ? r ... ~r ? q If they are pregnant then they are woman Yanti
is not woman ... Yanti is not pregnant If x is an odd number then x2 is an odd number If x2 is an odd
number then x2+1 is an even number ... If x is an odd number then x2+1 is an even number NEXT
SLIDE

Answer : :Answer : ~p ? q ~p Include modus PONENS ... q (Valid) p ? q = ~q ? p p ? r p ? r Include

SYLOGISM ... ~r ? q ~q ? r = ~r ? q (Valid) p ? q ~q Include modus TOLLENS ... ~p (Valid) p ? q q ?
r Include SYLOGISM ... p ? r (Valid) NEXT SLIDE
X. APPLICATION IN ELECTRIC CURRENT :X. APPLICATION IN ELECTRIC CURRENT
Disjunction as parallel connection Conjunction as series connection q p p ? q = = p ? q NEXT SLIDE

Exercise !Draw the electric current or give the statement from the figure below : :Exercise !Draw
the electric current or give the statement from the figure below : ( p ? q ) ? (p v q v r) {(p v q ? (~r v q}
v (p v r) p q ~q ~r p p NEXT SLIDE

Answer : :Answer : p p q r 1. 2. 3. r p p q ~r q {(~r ? p) v (p v ~q)} v (q ? p) NEXT SLIDE

XI. MATHEMATICAL INDUCTION :Example ! 1+2+3+…….+n = ½ n (n+1) 1.2+2.3+3.4+…..

+n(n+1) = ……………………………….. 5n – 1 is divisible by 4 XI. MATHEMATICAL
INDUCTION How to solve the mathematical induction (i) Prove that formula is true for n = 1 (ii) Let
if the formula is true for n=k, prove that formula will be true for n = k+1 (iii) If (i) & (ii) is proven so
that formula will be valid for n ? A NEXT SLIDE

Answer : :Answer : 1+2+3+…….+n = ½ n (n+1) (i) n = 1 1 = ½ .1 (1+1) 1 = 1 (true) (ii) n = k ?

1+2+3+…….+k = ½ k (k+1) (true) (iii) n = k+1 ? 1+2+3+…….+ k + (k+1) =½k(k+1)(k+2) RKi =
1+2+3+…….+ k+ (k+1) = ½ k (k+1)+(k+1) = ½k(k+1){k+2} = Rka (Valid)

Slide 103:b) 1.2+2.3+3.4+…..+n(n+1) = (i) n = 1 (ii) n = k ? 1.2+2.3+3.4+…..+k(k+1) = (iii) n = k+1 ?

1.2+2.3+3.4+…..+(k+1) (k+2) = RKi = + (k+1)(k+2) = = = RKa (true) (true) (Valid)

Slide 104:1 + 31 + 32 + …. + 3n-1 = ½ (3n -1) (i) n = 1 1 = ½ (31-1) 1 = 1 (ii) n = k ? 1 + 31 + 32 +

…. + 3k-1 = ½ (3k -1) (iii) n = k+1 ? 1 + 31 + 32 + …. + 3k-1+ 3k-1+1 = ½ (3k+1 -1) RKi = ½ (3k -1)
+ 3k = {½ 3k – ½} + 3k = 1½ 3k – ½ = ½ 3k+1 – ½ = ½ (3k+1 -1) = RKa (Valid) (true) (true)

Slide 105:5n – 1 is divisible by 4 (i) n = 1 ? 51 – 1 = 4 {is divisible by 4 (true)} (ii) n = k ? 5k – 1 = 4m

{is divisible by 4 (true)} (iii) n = k+1 ? 5k+1 – 1 5k+1 – 1 = 5k . 51 – 1 = 4 . 5k + (5k – 1) = 4 . 5k +
4m = is divisible by 4 + is divisible by 4 = is divisible by 4 (Valid)