DR.

AZIZAH ABDULLAH
School of Education, CAS, UUM
 Research Process
 Different clients are  Qualitative Research –
likely to want different Language-based
things for therapy at research, in which
different points in time, experiences, perception,
and that there is no, one, and observations, are not
`right` way of working reduce to numerical
with clients.
Pluralistic therapeutic  Quantitative Research –
framework (Cooper & Number-based research,
Mcleod,2007) generally incorporating
statistical analysis
 A glimpse of Qualitative Research
 Qualitative research provides a more responsive
method of inquiry as well as being more adaptable to
deal and understand the real-life issues.
 In contrast, quantitative studies with emphasis on the
statistical results normally did not correspond or
reflect the uniqueness of particular process, thus are
limited in addressing some questions that may be
crucial for certain issues.
 (McLeod, 2011). “a process of systematic inquiry into
meanings which people employ to make sense of their
experience and guide their action”.
 A glimpse of Qualitative Research
 In qualitative studies, researchers seek to build an
understanding of the phenomenon under study based
on the perspective of individuals who are being studied
in detail (Elliott, Fisher & Rennie, 1999)
 Qualitative research is inductive in nature where the
researchers gather detailed information to form
themes, sub-categories, categories and major category
from the data until patterns emerge toward the
establishment of a theory or new concept. Creswell,
2009)
 Rational for Qualitative research
 Report data in narrative texts, use thick
description to represent the data, carry out
systematic investigations that are interpretative
and grounded in the lived experiences of
people, require rigorous work, and draw on
small, purposeful samples instead of large
numbers of randomly selected people
(McLeod, 2011, Barker, Pistrang & Elliott, 2003;
Polkinghorne, 2005; Morrow, 2007; Creswell,
2009).
 Rational for Qualitative research

Thick description is one aspect which is

quite important in qualitative research (
Ponterotto, 2006)
Naturalistic inquiry involves qualitative
research methods such as in-depth
interview/focus group/natural
observation.
 Advantages of qualitative research
 Qualitative designs available to the researcher differ
depending on the field of study (Creswell, Hanson, Clark &
Morales, 2007).
 In the field of Social Science, qualitative research represents a
form of narrative knowledge based on everyday experience
and has the potential to make significant contribution to the
evidence-based practice.
 ‘it is an interpretive account that offers the reader a vivid
description of what happens, while at the same time allowing
them to begin to appreciate the many levels of meaning that
give significance to what happened’ (McLeod,2011,p. 113).
 Advantages of qualitative research
 To describe experiences that require a more complex and
deeper meaning
 To address research questions that cannot be described
by numbers
 To use a more flexible approach such as changing
research protocols
 Enable individu to be studied in-depth and detail.
 Intrinsically discovery-oriented and constructional
 To obtain unexpected findings that might not originally
looking for
(Barker, Pistrang & Elliott, 2003)
 QR ( Barker et. al, 2002)
 Qualitative
 To study people`s thoughts, perceptions, experiences,
feelings, or use of language in depth and detail
Two main tradition:
 Phenomenology – to understand the person`s perceptions
and experiences
 Constructionist – how language is used in social
interactions, and how discourse is affected by culture,
history, and social structure
 Qualitative Research Tradition
 Phenomenological
 People`s experiences
 Life world
 Type of Phenomenological
Research:
 Empirical Phenomenology
 Grounded Theory
 Hermeneutic approach
 Interpretative
Phenomenological analysis
 Social Constructive
 Focus on language in text
or speech
 Type of Social Constructive
research:
 Discourse Analysis
 Conversation analysis
 Ethnographic Studies
 Historical Studies
 Examples of Phenomenological research
 My study is interested in discovering how person-centred
creative arts therapists work in their practices,
theoretically and practically.
 It is also interested in knowing more about the helpful and
unhelpful processes as well as the outcomes in the broader
creative practices for children and young people, which
will lead to the delineation of particular patterns based on
research questions.
 The researcher studies phenomena and contextual
meanings as perceived by person-centred art therapists,
person-centred play therapists, and person-centred
expressive art therapists.
 Phenomenological research
 The aim of the researcher is to produce an exhaustive
description of the phenomena of everyday experiences, thus
arriving at an understanding of essential structure of the things
itself, phenomenon’ (McLeod, 2011).

 Basically the result from phenomenological study describes the

“what and how of a specific phenomenon rather than the
explanatory why.”

 This statement becomes a basis for interview protocol designed

specifically for qualitative research based on phenomenom
tradition.
 Managing Data Collection
 Procedure for collection of data based on the
phenomenological traditions specifically
grounded theory procedure.
 It was built and drawn together by describing
the procedure of interviewing to collect
empirical data.
 Interviewing was used for this qualitative study
due to its flexibility and the personal responses
it can elicit (McLeod, 2001)
 Consclusion
 Phenomenological
 People`s experiences
 Life world
 Type of Phenomenological Research:
Empirical Phenomenology
Grounded Theory
Hermeneutic approach
Interpretative Phenomenological analysis
 Basic inquiry to your own research process
 What are you interested to explore and
why?
 Existing knowledge?
 What you find from Literature Review?
 What are your personal bias?
 What are your proposed research
questions?
 Pembinaan Proposal
 Penyataan masalah
 Objektif kajian
 Kajian literatur; cari kelompongan (gaps) kajian
 Kenal pasti reka bentuk kajian
 Bina kriteria responden
 Dapatkan responden
 Bina protokol
 Pengurusan pengumpulan data
 Analisa data (cross checking)
 Audit data (peer / member checking/ expert review)
 Laporan hasil penyelidikan
 Perbincangan