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Κοινὴ Γραμματική

KOINE GREEK GRAMMAR


A BEGINNING-INTERMEDIATE
EXEGETICAL AND PRAGMATIC HANDBOOK

FREDRICK J. LONG

GLOSSAHOUSE
WILMORE, KY
www.glossahouse.com
Κοινὴ Γραμματική
KOINE GREEK GRAMMAR
A BEGINNING-INTERMEDIATE EXEGETICAL AND PRAGMATIC HANDBOOK

© 2015 by GlossaHouse

All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any
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Publisherís Cataloging-in-Publication Data


Long, Fredrick J.,

Koine Greek Grammar: A Beginning-Intermediate Exegetical and Pragmatic Handbook/ Fredrick


J. Long

Includes Appendices and Indices

ISBN-13: 978-1-942697-00-8 (Paperback) / 978-1-942697-08-4 (Hardback)


ISBN-10: 1942697007 (Paperback) / 1942697082 (Hardback)

1. Greek language, GrammarññTextbooks. 2. Greek language, Biblicalññ Grammar Problems, ex-


ercises, etc. 3. Religion, Biblical StudiesññExegesis & Hermeneutics. I. Long, Fredrick J. II. Title

Library of Congress Control Number: 2015909907

The fonts used to create this work are available from www.linguistsoftware.com/lgku.htm.

Book Design by Fredrick J. Long

Cover Design by T. Michael W. Halcomb


CONTENTS
THE AGROS SERIES xiv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS xv
ABOUT THIS GRAMMAR xxiii
CHAPTER 1 1
1.0 THE COMMUNICATIVE EVENT OF DISCOURSE
1.1 GRAMMAR: THE FINAL FRONTIER
1.2 THE PARTS OF SPEECH
1.3 THE BASIC CONSTITUENTS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE
1.4 CONJUNCTIONS: LEXICAL MEANINGS, CONSTRAINTS, & PRAGMATIC EFFECTS
CHECK POINT 1.2-4 CONSTITUENT MARKING FUNDAMENTAL SENTENCE ELEMENTS
1.5 MAIN SENTENCES, CLAUSES, AND PHRASES
CHECK POINT 1.5 IDENTIFYING MAIN AND SUBORDINATE CLAUSES
1.6 THE BASICS OF REED-KELLOGG DIAGRAMMING
CASE IN POINT 1: THE GRAMMAR OF ROMANS 5:8-11
CHAPTER 2 24
2.0 PUNCTUATIONóDOES IT MATTER?
2.1 THE GREEK LANGUAGE (ἡ Ἑλληνική Γλῶσσα)
2.2 THE GREEK ALPHABET (¡ Ἑλληνικός Ἀλφάβητος)
CHECK POINT 2.2-3 PRACTICE WRITING GREEK LETTERS
2.3 WRITING GREEK CHARACTERS: ORTHOGRAPHY (Ὀρθογραφία)
2.4 PRONUNCIATION AND SYLLABLES
2.5 AcCent (Tόνος), BREATHING (Πνεῦμα), & OTHER MARKS (Στίχοι)
CHECK POINT 2.3-5 SYLLABIFICATION AND PRONUNCIATION
2.6 PROPER NOUNS AND BORROWED NON-GREEK WORDS
CHECK POINT 2.6 PROPER NAMES AND LOAN WORDS
2.7 VOCABULARY
CASE IN POINT 2: EARLY CHRISTIANS WORDS-LETTERS-SYMBOLS
CHAPTER 3 41
3.0 VOCABULARY
3.1 GREEK WORDS (αἱ Λέξεις) AND LEXICAL MEANINGS
CHECK POINT 3.1 GREEK WORDS, ROOTS, STEMS, AND MEANINGS
3.2 THE GREEK VERB (τÙ Ῥῆμα)
3.3 MEANING OF THE INDICATIVE MOOD (ἡ Ὁριστικὴ ûγκλισις)
3.4 PRESENT TENSE (Ἐνεστώς Χρόνος): FORMATION AND TRANSLATION
3.5 MIDDLE-FORMED VERBS
3.6 NEGATING A VERB: SOME HELP IN TRANSLATION
3.7 HOW ìTO PARSEî (Κανονίζειν) A VERB
CHECK POINT 3.2-7 PARSE AND TRANSLATE THESE VERBS
3.8 THE ACCENT (¡ Τόνος) ON VERBS
CASE IN POINT 3: THE LARGER CONVERSATION IN JOHN 4
CHAPTER 4 61
4.0 VOCABULARY
4.1 GREEK WORD ORDER AND INITIAL CONJUNCTIONS
4.2 GREEK NOUNS (Ὀνόματα): THREE CHARACTERISTICS
4.3 NOUNS OF THE FIRST OR ìAî CLASS DECLENSION (Πρῶτη Κλίσις)
4.2-3 CHECK POINT: PARSE THESE NOUNS
4.4 FEMININE ARTICLE FORMS
4.5 THE ARTICLE (τÙ êρθρον) AND LACK OF AN ARTICLE (êναρθρος)
4.6 TRANSLATING THE CASES
4.7 CONSTITUENT MARKING FOR NAVIGATING A GREEK SENTENCE
4.8 SOME COORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS (Σύνδεσμοι Παρατακτικοί)
CHECK POINT 4.6-8 NOUN CASES AND TRANSLATION
4.9 NOUN AND ADJECTIVE ACCENTS
CASE IN POINT 4: WHAT IS (THE) ETERNAL LIFE?
CHAPTER 5 88
5.0 VOCABULARY
5.1 NOUNS OF THE SECOND OR ìOî CLASS DECLENSION (Δευτέρη Κλίσις)
5.2 MASCULINE AND NEUTER ARTICLE ENDINGS
CHECK POINT 5.1-2 PARSING SECOND DECLENSION NOUNS
5.3 VERBS THAT CAN TAKE PREDICATE NOMINATIVES: Εἰμί and Γίνομαι
5.4 PROPER NOUNS
5.5 VOCATIVES (Κλητικαί) OF DIRECT ADDRESS
5.6 APPOSITION (Παράθεσις)
CHECK POINT 5.3-6 CONSTITUENT MARKING OF NOUN FUNCTIONS
5.7 NT GREEK CRITICAL EDITIONS AND PUNCTUATION
CASE IN POINT 5: MORE ABOUT PREDICATE NOMINATIVES IN JOHN 1
CHAPTER 6 109
6.0 VOCABULARY
6.1 PREPOSITIONS (Προθέσεις)
6.2 PREPOSITIONAL COMPOUND VERBS AND WORDS
6.3 AGENCY, MEANS, SOURCE, AND DIVINE PASSIVE
CHECK POINT 6.1-3 PREPOSITIONS AND CASE USAGE
6.4 PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES WITH Πρός MAY MARK INDIRECT OBJECTS
6.5 SPECIAL USES OF THE PRESENT TENSE
6.6 HISTORIC PRESENT (HP) AND DISCOURSE PRAGMATICS
6.7 A FIRST LOOK AT MAJOR LEXICONS: BDAG, L&N, AND LSJ
CASE IN POINT 6: DIVINE AGENCY AND HUMAN RESPONSE IN EPH 2:8-10
CHAPTER 7 131
7.0 VOCABULARY
7.1 ADVERBS (Ἐπιρρήματα): A FIRST LOOK
7.2 ADJECTIVES (Ἐπίθετα): AGREEMENT AND FORMATION
7.3 ADJECTIVAL FUNCTIONS AND CONSTRUCTIONS
CHECK POINT 7.2-3 ADJECTIVE CONSTRUCTIONS
7.4 COMMON USES OF THE ARTICLE
7.5 NON-ROUTINE DIRECT AND INDIRECT VERBAL OBJECTS
7.6 OTHERWISE IDENTICAL FORMS BUT FOR THE DIFFERENT ACCENT
CASE IN POINT 7: ADVERBIAL INSIGHTS FROM GAL 4:6-9
CHAPTER 8 148
8.0 VOCABULARY
8.1 IMPERFECT TENSE (Παρατατικός): TENSE MARKERS AND FORMATION
8.2 IMPERFECT TENSE (Παρατατικός): VERBAL ASPECT AND TRANSLATION
8.3 AUGMENTATION: SPECIFICS RULES AND EXAMPLES
8.4 IMPERFECT TENSE FORMS OF Εἰμί
CHECK POINT 8.1-4 PARSING IMPERFECT VERBS
8.5 CONJUNCTIONS: Γάρ, Àτι, AND Εἰ
CASE IN POINT 8: INSIGHTS FROM JESUSí ìIMPERFECTî MINISTRY
CHAPTER 9 164
9.0 VOCABULARY
9.1 INTRODUCTION TO PRONOUNS (Ἀντωνυμίαι)
9.2 PERSONAL PRONOUNS (Πρωτότυποι ¢ ΠροσωπικαÚ Ἀντωνυμίαι)
9.3 RELATIVE PRONOUNS (ἈναφορικαÚ Ἀντωνυμίαι)
9.4 ELLIPSIS (ûλλειψις): SUPPLYING AN IMPLIED WORD
9.5 MARKING OR DIAGRAMMING SUBORDINATE CLAUSES AND IMPLIED ITEMS
CASE IN POINT 9: DIMENSIONS OF HUMAN SINFULNESS IN EPH 2:1-3
CHAPTER 10 183
10.0 VOCABULARY
10.1 AORIST TENSE (Ἀόριστος) AND FUTURE TENSE (Μέλλων): TENSE MARKERS
AND VERBAL ASPECT
10.2 PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TENSE ENDINGS
10.3 FUTURE ACTIVE AND MIDDLE TENSE: FORMATION AND TRANSLATION
10.4 AORIST ACTIVE AND MIDDLE TENSE: FORMATION AND TRANSLATION
10.5 ADDING Σίγμα TO VERB STEMS: RULES AND EXAMPLES
CHECK POINT 10.1-5 FORMING AORIST AND FUTURE VERBS
10.6 PRINCIPAL PARTS: AN EXPLANATION
10.7 AN ODDLY FORMED VERB: Οἶδα
10.8 METACOMMENTS AND PRAGMATICS
CASE IN POINT 10: AORIST AND FUTURE AMONGST THE TENSES
CHAPTER 11 200
11.0 VOCABULARY
11.1 2ND AORIST VERBS: GENERAL INFORMATION
11.2 2ND AORIST VERBS: FORMATION AND TRANSLATION
11.3 COMMON 2ND AORIST STEMS
11.4 COMPLETE LIST OF PRINCIPAL PARTS FOR THE 2ND AORIST VERBS
11.5 FUTURE FORMS OF Εἰμί
CHECK POINT 11.1-5 PARSE 2ND AORIST VERBS
11.6 COMMON USES OF THE GENITIVE CASE
CASE IN POINT 11: THE GENITIVES NOUNS OF COL 2:16-23
CHAPTER 12 213
12.0 VOCABULARY
12.1 NOUNS OF THE THIRD DECLENSION (Τρίτη Κλίσις)
12.2 ADJECTIVES (Ἐπίθετα) OF NUMBER AND AMOUNT
12.3 GREEK ALPHABET AND NUMERIC VALUES
12.4 QUANTITATIVE EMPHASIS
12.5 DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS (ΔεικτικαÚ Ἀντωνυμίαι)
12.6 NAVIGATING MAJOR LEXICONS
CASE IN POINT 12: DEMONSTRATIVE ANTECEDENTS
CHAPTER 13 236
13.0 VOCABULARY
13.1 PERFECT (Παρακείμενος) AND PLUPERFECT (’περσυντέλικος) TENSES:
TENSE MARKERS AND VERBAL ASPECT
13.2 PERFECT AND PLUPERFECT TENSES: FORMATION AND TRANSLATION
13.3 REDUPLICATION: SPECIAL RULES AND EXAMPLES
13.4 PLUPERFECT OF οἶδα IS ᾖδειν
13.5 DISCOURSE PRAGMATIC OPTIONS TO REPRESENT PAST TIME IN THE INDICATIVE MOODS
13.6 MORE NOUNS OF THE THIRD DECLENSION (Τρίτη Κλίσις)
CHECK POINT 13.6 PARSE THESE THIRD DECLENSION NOUNS
CASE IN POINT 13: PERFECTED LOVE IN 1 JOHN
CHAPTER 14 251
14.0 VOCABULARY
14.1 INTERROGATIVE AND INDEFINITE PRONOUNS
14.2 QUESTIONS IN GREEK
CHECK POINT 14.1-2 QUESTIONS IN GREEK
14.3 INTERROGATIVE EMPHASIS
14.4 INDIRECT STATEMENTS OF MANNER AND LOCATION
14.5 COMMON USES OF THE DATIVE CASE
14.6 VERBS THAT TAKE GENITIVE, ACCUSATIVE, OR DATIVE OBJECTS
14.7 LEXICAL INFORMATION ON THE CASE OF VERBAL OBJECTS
CASE IN POINT 14: GODíS GIFTS AND 1 COR 12:29
CHAPTER 15 273
15.0 VOCABULARY
15.1 SIXTH PRINCIPAL PART
15.2 AORIST PASSIVE: FORMATION, ASPECT, AND TRANSLATION
15.3 FUTURE PASSIVE: FORMATION, ASPECT, AND TRANSLATION
CHECK POINT 15.1-3 PARSING AORIST AND FUTURE PASSIVES
15.4 INTERJECTIONS AS ATTENTION-GETTING DEVICES
15.5 ASYNDETON (Ἀσύνδετον) AND POLYSYNDETON (Πολυσύνδετον)
15.6 CORRELATIVE EMPHASIS: LISTS AND COORDINATED CONNECTIVES
CASE IN POINT 15: 2 COR 6:1-10 AND PAULíS IMPASSIONED APPEAL
CHAPTER 16 291
16.0 VOCABULARY
16.1 VOWEL STEM NOUNS OF THE THIRD DECLENSION (Τρίτη Κλίσις)
16.2 SOME SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS
16.3 SINGULAR VERBS WITH NEUTER PLURAL SUBJECTS
16.4 SEMANTIC DIAGRAMMING: INTRODUCTION AND PROCEDURES
CHECK POINT 16.4 SEMANTIC DIAGRAMMING
16.5 SEMANTIC ANALYSIS: MAJOR LINGUISTIC CATEGORIES OF MEANING
CHECK POINT 16.5 SEMANTIC ANALYSIS
CASE IN POINT 16: THE LOVE COMMAND IN JOHN 13:31-35
CHAPTER 17 315
17.0 VOCABULARY
17.1 INTRODUCTION TO THE PARTICIPLE (ἡ Μετοχή)
17.2 PARTICIPLE FORMATION
17.3 ADJECTIVAL PARTICIPLES
17.4 CIRCUMSTANTIAL PARTICIPLES
CHECK POINT 17.4 CIRCUMSTANTIAL PARTICIPLES
CASE IN POINT 17: GOT SPIRIT? FILLED WITH THE SPIRIT IN EPH 5:18-21
CHAPTER 18 340
18.0 VOCABULARY
18.1 FORMATION OF THE MIDDLE/PASSIVE AND MIDDLE PARTICIPLES
18.2 A SUMMARY OF PARTICIPLE FORMS
18.3 A GUIDE TO TRANSLATING ADJECTIVAL AND CIRCUMSTANTIAL PARTICIPLES
CHECK POINT 18.3 PARTICIPLES
18.4 MARKING AND DIAGRAMMING PARTICIPLES
18.5 TAKING CONTROL OR ìANSWERING BACKî IN CONVERSATION: Ἀποκρίνομαι
CASE IN POINT 18: A LOOK AT SOME PARTICIPLES IN MATT 8:14
CHAPTER 19 361
19.0 VOCABULARY
19.1 REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS (Ἀντανακλαστικὴ Ἀντωνυμία)
19.2 RECIPROCAL PRONOUNS (ἡ Ἀμοιβαία Ἀντωνυμία)
19.3 POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS (ΚτητικαÚ Ἀντωνυμίαι)
19.4 INDEFINITE RELATIVE PRONOUNS (Ἀντωνυμίαι Ἀόριστοι καÚ Ἀναφορικαί)
CHECK POINT 19.1-4 PRONOUNS
19.5 PERIPHRASTIC USE OF THE PARTICIPLE
19.6 COMPLEMENTARY USE OF THE PARTICIPLE
CASE IN POINT 19: SPECIAL USES OF PARTICIPLES IN MATT 9:35-36
CHAPTER 20 380
20.0 VOCABULARY
20.1 CONTRACT VERBS IN GENERAL
20.2 CONTRACT VERBS: CONTRACTION CHART, RULES, AND FORMATION
20.3 INTENSIVE AND IDENTICAL USES OF ΑÃτός (Σύντονος Ἀντωνυμία)
20.4 THE GENITIVE CIRCUMSTANTIAL PARTICIPLE (AKA THE GENITIVE ABSOLUTE)
CHECK POINT 20.4 PARTICIPLES
CASE IN POINT 20: THE UNIFIED GODHEAD IN 1 COR 12:4-6
CHAPTER 21 397
21.0 VOCABULARY
21.1 LIQUID VERBS
21.2 SPECIAL USES OF THE NOMINATIVE CASE (Πτῶσις Ὀρθή, ΕÃθεῖα, Ὀνομαστική)
21.3 LEFT (DIS)LOCATED TOPICS & FRAMES WITH A TRACE
CHECK POINT 21.3 LEFT-(DIS)LOCATIONS
21.4 DISCOURSE PRAGMATIC USE OF THE ARTICLE OR ITS ABSENCE
CHECK POINT 21.4 PRAGMATIC USE OF THE ARTICLE OR ITS ABSENCE
CASE IN POINT 21: THE SAMARITAN WOMAN IN JOHN 4:9
CHAPTER 22 425
22.0 VOCABULARY
22.1 THE SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD (ἡ ’ποτακτικὴ ûγκλισις): FORMATION
22.2 OVERVIEW OF THE SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD
22.3 DEPENDENT USES OF THE SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD
22.4 INDEPENDENT USES OF THE SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD
CHECK POINT 22.1-4 SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD VERBS
22.5 ADVERBS (Ἐπιρρήματα): MORE ON FORMATION AND FUNCTION
22.6 NEGATIVE EMPHASIS
CHECK POINT 22.5-6
CASE IN POINT 22: SUBJUNCTIVE TENSES IN JOHN 20:31
CHAPTER 23 450
23.0 VOCABULARY
23.1 THE INFINITIVE (ἡ Ἀπαρέμφατος ûγκλισις)
23.2 COMPLEMENTARY INFINITIVES
23.3 SUBSTANTIVAL INFINITIVES
23.4 INFINITIVES OF INDIRECT DISCOURSE, CONTENT, AND EPEXEGETICAL STATEMENTS
23.5 ADVERBIAL INFINITIVES
CHECK POINT 23.1-5 INFINITIVES
23.6 COMMON USES OF THE ACCUSATIVE CASE
CASE IN POINT 23: INFINITIVES IN 1 THESS 4:9-12
CHAPTER 24 473
24.0 VOCABULARY
24.1 IMPORTANT CHARACTERISTICS OF THE Μι CONJUGATION
24.2 ENDINGS AND FORMATION OF THE Μι CONJUGATION
24.3 ΜΙ VERBS IN THE NON-INDICATIVE MOODS
24.4 PRINCIPAL PARTS OF Μι VERBS IN THE GNT
CHECK POINT 24.1-5 Μι VERBS
24.5 THE OPTATIVE MOOD (ἡ ΕÃκτικὴ ûγκλισις)
24.6 SPECIAL GRAMMATICAL CONSTRUCTIONS WITH THE ARTICLE
CASE IN POINT 24: INFINITIVES IN EPH 4:20-24
CHAPTER 25 494
25.0 VOCABULARY
25.1 THE IMPERATIVE MOOD (ἡ Προστατικὴ ûγκλισις): FORMATION AND TRANSLATION
25.2 THE IMPERATIVE MOOD: USES AND SIGNIFICANCE
CHECK POINT 25.1-2 IMPERATIVES
25.3 THE POTENCY OF EXHORTATIONS: PRAGMATIC CONSIDERATIONS
25.4 PERIPHRASTIC PARTICIPLES WITH NON-INDICATIVE MOODS
25.5 COMPARATIVE AND SUPERLATIVE ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS (ΣυγκριτικÏ καÚ
’περθετικÏ Ὀνόματα καÚ Ἐπιρρήματα)
25.6 COMPARATIVE AND SUPERLATIVE EMPHASIS
CASE IN POINT 25: COMMAND FORMS IN LUKE 12:22-40
CHAPTER 26 517
26.0 VOCABULARY
26.1 AN INTRODUCTION TO CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
26.2 TYPES OF GREEK CONDITIONS
26.3 EXCEPTION CLAUSES
26.4 QUALITATIVE EMPHASIS
CASE IN POINT 26: CORRELATIVE PRONOUNS AND THE GOLDEN RULE
CHAPTER 27 543
27.1 INTRODUCTION TO WORD STUDY
27.2 BASIC TOOLS OF WORD STUDY
27.3 PROBLEMATIC ASSUMPTIONS AND PRACTICES OF WORD STUDY
27.4 A PROCEDURE FOR PERFORMING A WORD STUDY
27.5 A WORD STUDY ON Βοάω I CRY OUT FROM MARK 15:34
CASE IN POINT 27: WORD STUDY ON Καυχάομαι I BOAST FROM ROM 5:3

APPENDICES 564

VOCABULARY 20 TIMES OR MORE 589

INDICES:

AUTHOR AND SOURCE INDEX 604

SUBJECT INDEX 606


AGROS
ACCESSIBLE GREEK RESOURCES AND ONLINE STUDIES

SERIES EDITORS

T. Michael W. Halcomb
Fredrick J. Long

GlossaHouse
Wilmore, KY
AGROS

The Greek term ἀγρός is a field where seeds are planted and growth occurs. It al-
so can denote a small village or community that forms around such a field. The
type of community envisioned here is one that attends to Holy Scripture, particu-
larly one that encourages the use of biblical Greek. Accessible Greek Resources
and Online Studies (AGROS) is a tiered curriculum suite featuring innovative
readers, grammars, specialized studies, and other exegetical resources to encour-
age and foster the exegetical use of biblical Greek. The goal of AGROS is to fa-
cilitate the creation and publication of innovative and inexpensive print and digi-
tal resources for the exposition of Scripture within the context of the global
church. The AGROS curriculum includes five tiers, and each tier is indicated on
the bookís cover: Tier 1 (Beginning I), Tier 2 (Beginning II), Tier 3 (Intermediate
I), Tier 4 (Intermediate II), and Tier 5 (Advanced). There are also two resource
tracks: Conversational and Translational. Both involve intensive study of mor-
phology, grammar, syntax, and discourse features. The conversational track spe-
cifically values the spoken word, and the enhanced learning associated with
speaking a language in actual conversation. The translational track values the
written word, and encourages analytical study to aide in understanding and trans-
lating biblical Greek and other Greek literature. The two resource tracks com-
plement one another and can be pursued independently or together.

xv
SUBJECT INDEX
compounded with a preposition (113); §7.1 ADVERBS: A FIRST
LOOK; as made into a substantive by the article (141), as derived
Entries marked with asterisk(*) show occurrences in order of appearance. from relative pronouns (170); CASE IN POINT 7: ADVERBIAL IN-
SIGHTS FROM GAL 4:6-9; VOCABULARY 14 interrogative adverbs
2nd Aorist*, §11.1 2ND AORIST VERBS: GENERAL INFORMATION; (251-52); questions introduced with an interrogative adverb (254);
§11.2 2ND AORIST VERBS: FORMATION AND TRANSLATION; §11.3 §14.4 INDIRECT STATEMENTS OF MANNER AND LOCATION (with ad-
COMMON 2ND AORIST STEMS; §11.4 COMPLETE LIST OF PRINCIPAL verbs); as verbal adjunct (268), VOCABULARY 15 (274-75); 15.6
PARTS FOR THE 2ND AORIST VERBS; formation of participles (321), CORRELATIVE EMPHASIS (used within); as semantically dia-
not among contract verbs (381), not among liquid verbs (399), sub- grammed and type of modifier (299-300), negative adverb Μή
junctive forms (429), infinitive forms (451), Μι verb forms (474- (318), as trace in left (dis)location (408, 411-13); §22.5 ADVERBS:
80), imperative forms (497) MORE ON FORMATION AND FUNCTION; as occurring with Èστε to
Accents*, §2.5 ACCENT, BREATHING, & OTHER MARKS; §3.8 THE mark description use (461); §25.5 COMPARATIVE AND SUPERLA-
ACCENT ON VERBS; §4.9 NOUN AND ADJECTIVE ACCENTS; §7.6 TIVE ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS
OTHERWISE IDENTICAL FORMS BUT FOR THE DIFFERENT ACCENT; on Adverbial Clause, see Subordinate Clause
relative pronouns (170); on 3rd declension vocative forms (217), as Agency, §6.3 AGENCY, MEANS, SOURCE, AND DIVINE PASSIVE; CASE
differentiating indefinite and interrogative pronouns (252), on per- IN POINT 6: DIVINE AGENCY AND HUMAN RESPONSE IN EPH 2:8-10;
fect active participles (321), on M/P perfect participles (343); AP- see also 22, 56, 307, 389
PENDIX §24 SYNOPSIS OF GREEK ACCENT RULES Aktionsart, 48-50
Accusative Case*, in Greek case system (69-70), as a constituent Alphabet (Greek), §2.2 THE GREEK ALPHABET; §12.3 GREEK AL-
marked (81), as object of preposition (111), as subject of infinitive PHABET AND NUMERIC VALUES
(543), with Ἀκούω (144), with implied infinitive of Εἰμί (456), as Anaphoric/Anaphora*, 74, 76, 129, 142, 165; Anaphora and Kata-
subject of preposition-infinitive constructions (459), as subject of phora (166); 404, 418, 421, 423
Èστε clauses (461); §14.6 VERBS THAT TAKE GENITIVE, ACCUSA- Aorist*, relative frequency of (48), as having perfective aspect (49),
TIVE, OR DATIVE OBJECTS; §23.6 COMMON USES OF THE ACCUSA- as augmented in indicative mood (150); §10.1 AORIST TENSE AND
TIVE CASE FUTURE TENSE: TENSE MARKERS AND VERBAL ASPECT; §10.4 AO-
Active Voice, significance and translation (51, 55, 152, 188, 190, RIST ACTIVE AND MIDDLE TENSE: FORMATION AND TRANSLATION;
240, 346, 348, 496-97); see also Voice adding σίγμα to verb stem (190-93), within principal part system;
Adjectives*, as modifier in English grammar (6, 9), as made into a §13.5 DISCOURSE PRAGMATIC OPTIONS TO REPRESENT PAST TIME IN
substantive/noun by the article (74), as a constituent marked (81); THE INDICATIVE MOODS; §15.2 AORIST PASSIVE: FORMATION, AS-
§4.9 NOUN AND ADJECTIVE ACCENTS; as predicate adjective (91); as PECT, AND TRANSLATION; aspect of in relation to participles (317-
able to be compounded with a preposition (113); as formed with 18), participle formation of active and passive (320), participle
passive suffix ñτος (118); §7.2 ADJECTIVES: AGREEMENT AND formation of middle (342), translation of participle (344, 347),
FORMATION; §7.3 ADJECTIVAL FUNCTIONS AND CONSTRUCTIONS; rarely used for periphrastic constructions (373), in genitive abso-
CHECK POINT 7.2-3 ADJECTIVE CONSTRUCTIONS; as made into a lutes (386), σίγμα rejected in liquid verbs (398), formation of sub-
substantive by the article (141); §12.2 ADJECTIVES OF NUMBER AND junctive (418-19), prohibition with subjunctive (435), formation of
AMOUNT; demonstrative as adjectival (225), in emphatic fronted infinitive (451-52), verbal aspect in infinitives (453), formation of
position (228), interrogative and indefinite pronouns used as adjec- Μι verbs (476-80), formation of optatives (483), formation and
tives (253), as semantically diagrammed and type of modifier (299- translation significance for imperatives (495-98), scope and timing
300), participles as verbal adjectives (316-17, 322-26), possessive in exhortations (505), in past time conditions (527); see also 2nd
pronoun as adjectival (363), intensive and identical uses of ΑÃτός Aorist, Aspect (verbal), and Tense Formation
as adjectival (384), Vocabulary 22 negative and dual termination Ἀποκρίνομαι, §18.5 TAKING CONTROL OR ìANSWERING BACKî IN
adjectives (425-27), 22.3.D. with epexegetical Ἵνα (433), as stem CONVERSATION: Ἀποκρίνομαι
for adverbs (440), adverbs may function like adjectives (442), as Apposition(al)*, as a constituent marked (81); §5.6 APPOSITION;
taking complementary infinitive (455), neuter adjective forms may Àτι functioning as (160), relative pronouns functioning as (173),
function as adverb (464), in an exception to Apolloniusí Canon appositional genitive (209), example with appositional emphasis
and its Corollary (486), in Granville Sharpís Rule (487, see also (222), as semantically diagrammed and type of modifier (299-301),
490); §25.5 COMPARATIVE AND SUPERLATIVE ADJECTIVES AND AD- articular nominatives appositional to vocatives (403), epexegetical
VERBS; §25.6 COMPARATIVE AND SUPERLATIVE EMPHASIS; APPEN- infinitives as (456), in exception to Apolloniusí Canon (486)
DIX §5 FIRST AND SECOND DECLENSION ADJECTIVES; APPENDIX §6 Apolloniusí Canon and Its Corollary, 211, 485-86
PURE THIRD DECLENSION ADJECTIVES; APPENDIX §7 MIXED DE- Article*, §4.4 FEMININE ARTICLE FORMS; §4.5 THE ARTICLE & LACK
CLENSION: FIRST AND THIRD DECLENSION ADJECTIVES (πᾶς, πᾶσα, OF AN ARTICLE; often before word it governs (78); CASE IN POINT 4:
πᾶν and εἷς, μία, ἕν); APPENDIX §8 SLIGHTLY IRREGULAR ADJEC- WHAT IS (THE) ETERNAL LIFE; §5.2 MASCULINE & NEUTER ARTICLE
TIVE FORMATIONS (μέγας, μεγάλη, μέγα and πολύς, πολλή, ENDINGS; as distinguishing subject from predicate nominative (91),
πολύ); APPENDIX §9 NUMERALS to equate subject and predicate nominative (92), to indicate case in
Adverb*, as modifier in English grammar (7, 9); CHECK POINT 1.2-4 non-Greek names (94), with nominatives in apposition to vocatives
as a constituent marked (13), negative adverb ΟÃ, as made into a (99, 403); CASE IN POINT 5: MORE ABOUT PREDICATE NOMINATIVES
substantive/noun by the article (74), as a constituent marked (81), IN JOHN 1; substantizing adverbs (133), as marking adjectival at-
Καί as additive adverb (65, 82-83), prepositions historically were tributive positions (137-39); §7.4 COMMON USES OF THE ARTICLE;
adverbs (112), common semantic relations of (112), as able to be as substantizing adjectives (217), historically a demonstrative

606
SUBJECT INDEX 607

(223), as semantically diagrammed and type of modifier (299-300), Content Clause*, with Àτι and verbs of hearing, knowing, believ-
as absent in circumstantial participles (326), as absent in periphras- ing, hoping, etc. (159), with Οἶδα (195), with Ἵνα (427, 432),
tic participles (373), as marking identical use of ΑÃτός (384); with infinitives (456)
§21.4 DISCOURSE PRAGMATIC USE OF ARTICLE OR ITS ABSENCE; Contract Verbs, §20.1 CONTRACT VERBS IN GENERAL; §20.2 CON-
with infinitives (458-60); §24.6 SPECIAL GRAMMATICAL CON- TRACT VERBS: CONTRACTION CHART, RULES, AND FORMATION; AP-
STRUCTIONS WITH ARTICLE; APPENDIX §0 FORMS OF THE ARTICLE PENDIX §21 CONTRACT VERB FORMS
Aspect (verbal), overview (48-51, 245); with participles (317-18; cf. Critical Editions (Greek NT), 102-106
344); with subjunctives (430); with infinitives (453); with impera- Dative Case*, in Greek case system (69-70), as a constituent marked
tives (495-99); with periphrastic participles (506); imperfective (81), as object of preposition (111), as impersonal means (118),
(49, 123, 150, 151, 153, 245-46, 318, 430, 453, 505); future (50, with πιστεύω (145); §14.5 COMMON USES OF THE DATIVE CASE;
185, 188, 245, 278, 318, 453); perfective (49, 150, 185, 202, 245- §14.6 VERBS THAT TAKE GENITIVE, ACCUSATIVE, OR DATIVE OB-
46, 277, 318, 430, 453, 505); resultative-stative (50, 150, 238, 245- JECTS; with ὅμοιος,-α,-ον for comparison (426)
46, 318, 453) Declension (noun)*, §4.3 NOUNS OF THE FIRST OR ìAî CLASS DE-
Asyndeton, 68, 284, 287-90; §15.5 ASYNDETON AND POLYSYNDETON. CLENSION; §5.1 NOUNS OF THE SECOND ìOî CLASS DECLENSION;
Augment(ation), 153, 185, 189-90, 202, 238, 240, 243, 246-47, 276, §12.1 NOUNS OF THE THIRD DECLENSION; §13.6 MORE NOUNS OF
382, 398, 569-71; §8.3 AUGMENTATION: SPECIFICS RULES AND EX- THIRD DECLENSION; §16.1 VOWEL STEM NOUNS OF THIRD DECLEN-
AMPLES; no augmentation outside indicative Mood (318, 321, 343, SION; APPENDIX §1 FIRST DECLENSION OR ìAî CLASS DECLENSION;
428, 430, 452, 477) APPENDIX §2 SECOND DECLENSION OR ìOî CLASS DECLENSION;
ΑÃτός (intensive and indentical), §20.3 INTENSIVE AND IDENTICAL APPENDIX §3 THIRD DECLENSION: CONSONANT & VOWEL STEM
USES OF ΑÃτός; see also Pronoun Definite Article, see Article
Backward Referencing, with Ἀμήν (279), with lists (283) Demonstrative Pronoun, see Pronoun, Emphasis (types of), For-
Breathing Marks, §2.5 ACCENT, BREATHING, & OTHER MARKS; af- ward Pointing Devices, and Pragmatic(s)
fecting preposition forms (42, 110, 184; cf. 191); differentiating Development Marking*, with Δέ (65, 83-84, 534), with ο“ν (65, 84,
words (224); on words (167, 170); see also §29 TRANSLITERATION 313), with relative pronouns (173-74), with questions (260), with
CONVENTION οÃδέ (273, 275, 285, 443), with μέν ... δέ (275), with lists (283),
Case (noun), §4.6 TRANSLATING THE CASES, as a constituent marked with μηδέ, οÃδέποτε, or μηδέποτε (443), (logical) development
(81), see also Accusative Case, Dative Case, Genitive Case, Nomi- with ἆρα and διό (495)
native Case, and Vocative Case Diagramming Methods, see Constituent Marking Method, Reed-
Colwellís Rule, 106, 107, 486 Kellogg Diagramming, and Semantic Diagramming/Analysis
Comparative Adjectives, §25.5 COMPARATIVE AND SUPERLATIVE Dictionary, see Lexicon and Lexical Meaning
ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS; §25.6 COMPARATIVE AND SUPERLATIVE Direct Quotation or Discourse, punctuation conventions of GNT
EMPHASIS critical editions (104), without or with recitative Àτι (158-59)
Compound Words*, §6.2 PREPOSITIONAL COMPOUND VERBS AND Direct Object*, in English grammar (9, 10, 18-19, 79), as expressed
WORDS; augmenting (154-55), occurring with 2nd aorist stems by the accusative case (69-70, 464-66), as a constituent marked
(201-4), forming dual termination adjectives (252), reduplicating (81); §7.5 NON-ROUTINE DIRECT AND INDIRECT VERBAL OBJECTS;
(244), with prepositions on verbs taking genitive and dative objects diagramming (101, 175), relative pronouns as (168), genitive of
(267), made with δίδωμι and τίθημι (481), consideration of when (144, 209), dative of (145, 264); §14.6 VERBS THAT TAKE GENITIVE,
doing a word study (552, 555) ACCUSATIVE, OR DATIVE OBJECTS; §14.7 LEXICAL INFORMATION ON
Conditions or Conditional Sentences*, with εἰ (161), example of THE CASE OF VERBAL OBJECTS
present general (260), in correlative emphasis (284), type of subor- Discontinuous Constituent Elements, 77-78, examples of (87, 97,
dinate clause (307), possible adverbial sense of participle (335-36, 102, 130, 141, 299, 312, 325
348-50), within left (dis)location construction (411-13), with ἐάν Discourse Theory, §1.0 THE COMMUNICATIVE EVENT OF DISCOURSE
(433), with ἄρα emphatically marking conclusion (495); §26.1 AN Distal, ἐκεινος (224-30), prenuclear circumstantial participles (389)
INTRODUCTION TO CONDITIONAL SENTENCES; §26.2 TYPES OF Εἰμί*, §5.3 VERBS THAT CAN TAKE PREDICATE NOMINATIVES: Εἰμί
GREEK CONDITIONS; §26.3 EXCEPTION CLAUSES and Γίνομαι; with or without predicate adjectives (139); §8.4 IM-
Conjunctions*, §1.4 CONJUNCTIONS: LEXICAL MEANINGS, CON- PERFECT TENSE FORMS OF Εἰμί; §11.5 FUTURE FORMS OF Εἰμί;
STRAINTS, & PRAGMATIC EFFECTS; §4.1 GREEK WORD ORDER AND participle forms (321), in periphrastic participle constructions
INITIAL CONJUNCTIONS; as a constituent marked (80); §4.8 SOME (373-74, 506-7), as an implied infinitive form (456-58); APPENDIX
COORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS; §8.5 CONJUNCTIONS: Γάρ, Àτι, §20 Forms of Εἰμί AND Οἶδα
AND Εἰ; §14.4 INDIRECT STATEMENTS OF MANNER AND LOCATION; Ellipsis*, with main verb (65), with predicate adjective construction
§15.6 CORRELATIVE EMPHASIS: LISTS AND COORDINATED CONNEC- (139); §9.4 ELLIPSIS: SUPPLYING AN IMPLIED WORD; with verbs in
TIVES; §16.2 SOME SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS; See also NOTES conditions (532), in exceptive clauses (533)
ON VOCABULARY for conjunctions Emphasis (types of), defined (66), as listed in John 13:31-35 (314)
Constituent Marking Method*, §4.7 CONSTITUENT MARKING FOR Additive, with καί meaning also (82-83)
NAVIGATING A GREEK SENTENCE; CHECK POINT 5.3-6 CONSTITUENT êν, if added to expressions in NOTES ON VOCABULARY 26 (518)
MARKING OF NOUN FUNCTIONS; §9.5 MARKING OR DIAGRAMMING Appositional Target, with Àτι (160)
SUBORDINATE CLAUSES AND IMPLIED ITEMS; §18.4 MARKING AND Attributive, with adjectival modifiers (137-38, 143), 394
DIAGRAMMING PARTICIPLES Cognate Accusative, due to repetition of lexeme (466)
608 SUBJECT INDEX

Comparative and Superlative, §25.6 COMPARATIVE AND SUPERLA- Greek Language Tree, §2.1 THE GREEK LANGUAGE
TIVE EMPHASIS Grammar, English, §1.3 THE BASIC CONSTITUENTS OF THE ENGLISH
Correlative, 279, 338, 349, 427, 519, 530; §15.6 CORRELATIVE EM- SENTENCE; §1.5 MAIN SENTENCES, CLAUSES, AND PHRASES
PHASIS: LISTS AND COORDINATED CONNECTIVES Granville Sharpís Rule (article), 486-90
Demonstrative, 334, adjectival use in fronted position (228) Historical Present (HP), see Present Tense and Pragmatic(s)
Elaborative, with apposition (100); with relative pronouns (173- Imperative Mood*, §25.1-2 THE IMPERATIVE MOOD; §25.3 THE PO-
74); with participle in second attributive position (324-25) TENCY OF EXHORTATIONS: PRAGMATIC CONSIDERATIONS; APPENDIX
Genitival, 78, 98 (in Matt 15:28), 129, 130, 235, 288 §18 IMPERATIVE FORMS
Intensive and Identical with ΑÃτός, §20.3 INTENSIVE AND IDENTI- Imperfect Tense*, relative frequency of (48), as having imperfective
CAL USES OF ΑÃτός aspect (49); §8.1 IMPERFECT TENSE: TENSE MARKERS AND FOR-
Interrogative, §14.3 INTERROGATIVE EMPHASIS MATION; §8.2 IMPERFECT TENSE: VERBAL ASPECT AND TRANSLA-
Morphological, with compounded prepositions (113-14), on ΟÃχί TION; §8.4 IMPERFECT TENSE FORMS OF Εἰμί; within principal part
and Μήτι (257-58), with Κάθως (292), with ñπερ (520n1) system (194), in present and past conditions (525-28); see also As-
Negative, 435, 455; §22.6 NEGATIVE EMPHASIS pect (verbal) and Tense Formation
Qualitative, 224; §26.4 QUALITATIVE EMPHASIS Imperfective Aspect, see Aspect (verbal)
Quantitative, 224, 541; §12.4 QUANTITATIVE EMPHASIS Indicative Mood*, among other moods (47-48); §3.3 MEANING OF
Participant, with article (416-17) THE INDICATIVE MOOD; §13.5 DISCOURSE PRAGMATIC OPTIONS TO
Periphrastic, with participle (374-76) REPRESENT PAST TIME IN THE INDICATIVE MOODS; APPENDIX §12
Position Final, 77-78, 285, 368, in exception clauses (533) PARADIGM VERB Πιστεύω IN THE INDICATIVE MOOD; APPENDIX
Position Fronted (preposed), 66, 77, 258, 313-14, 325, 368, 394, §13 INDICATIVE MOOD FORMATION SHEET; APPENDIX §14 INDICA-
538, with respect to protasis (541) TIVE MOOD PRINCIPAL PARTS EASY IDENTIFICATION
Possessive, 364-68. Indirect Discourse/Statements*, 12n10, diagramming (175), exam-
Pronominal, by emphatic form (167) ple with infinitive (470), with questions (149, 161, 175, 254, 262,
Redundant Participle, 333 270, 427, 484 [with optative]) with verbs of saying and Àτι (159);
Subject (grammatical), with redundant pronouns (168-69), 520n1 §14.4 INDIRECT STATEMENTS OF MANNER AND LOCATION; with µνα
Thematic Address, vocatives with ‚ (98) and subjunctive (432), with μή and subjunctive (432-33), (possi-
Epexegetical, with µνα (433), infinitives (455-56); see Apposition bly) formed with participles (377, 456n1); §23.4 INFINITIVES OF
Erasmian Pronunciation, APPENDIX §28 ERASMIAN PRONUNCIATION INDIRECT DISCOURSE, CONTENT, AND EPEXEGETICAL STATEMENTS
Exception Clause, §26.3 EXCEPTION CLAUSES Indirect Object*, in English grammar (9, 10, 18-19, 79), as ex-
Forward-pointing Devices*, interjections (7, 279), vocatives/direct pressed by the dative case (69-70, 263), as a constituent marked
address (7, 96), historical present (125, 245), demonstrative pro- (81); §6.4 PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES WITH Πρός MAY MARK INDI-
nouns (160 [with Àτι as target], 225, 228, 314 [example], 456 RECT OBJECTS; §7.5 NON-ROUTINE DIRECT AND INDIRECT VERBAL
[with infinitive as target]), interrogatives/questions (254-62), meta- OBJECTS; diagramming (101, 175), relative pronouns as (168),
comments (196, 286), μÓν [ο“ν] ... δέ (235, 275), redundant post- §14.7 LEXICAL INFORMATION ON THE CASE OF VERBAL OBJECTS, as
nuclear circumstantial participles (333), post-nuclear genitive ab- type of adverbial modifier (300)
solute (389-90) Infinitive*, among Greek moods (47-48); §23.1 THE INFINITIVE;
Framing/Framework, defined (66), 333-31, 388-90, 405-411, 521, 533 §23.2 COMPLEMENTARY INFINITIVES; §23.3 SUBSTANTIVAL INFINI-
Future Tense*, relative frequency of (48), as having future (ex- TIVES; §23.4 INFINITIVES OF INDIRECT DISCOURSE, CONTENT, AND
pectant) aspect (50); §10.1 AORIST TENSE AND FUTURE TENSE: EPEXEGETICAL STATEMENTS; §23.5 ADVERBIAL INFINITIVES; AP-
TENSE MARKERS AND VERBAL ASPECT; §10.3 FUTURE ACTIVE AND PENDIX §16 INFINITIVE FORMS
MIDDLE TENSE: FORMATION AND TRANSLATION; adding σίγμα to Interjection*, in English grammar (4, 7, 13, 20), as a constituent
verb stem (190-93), within principal part system (194); §11.5 FU- marked (80), ‚ marking +emotion with vocatives (97-98), as new
TURE FORMS OF Εἰμί; §15.3 FUTURE PASSIVE: FORMATION, AS- vocabulary (275), §15.4 INTERJECTIONS AS ATTENTION-GETTING
PECT, AND TRANSLATION; σίγμα rejected in liquid verbs (398), DEVICES; as type of sentential modifier (300)
used within a subjunctive construction (430), formation of infini- Kataphoric/Kataphora, 125, anaphora and kataphora (166)
tive (451-52), verbal aspect in infinitives (453), formation in Μι Koine Era Pronunciation, §2.4 PRONUNCIATION AND SYLLABLES;
verbs (476-80); see also Aspect (verbal) and Tense Formation APPENDIX §30 THE PRONUNCIATION OF KOINE GREEK
Future Perfect Tense, frequency of (48); 153, 195, 245 Left (Dis)location*, §21.3 LEFT (DIS)LOCATED TOPICS & FRAMES
Genitive Case*, in Greek case system (69-70), genitival emphasis WITH A TRACE; CHECK POINT 21.3 LEFT-(DIS)LOCATIONS
(78, 129, 130, 235, 288), as a constituent marked (81), as object of Lexicons and Lexical Meaning*, §1.4 CONJUNCTIONS: LEXICAL
preposition (111-12), as made into a substantive by the article MEANINGS, CONSTRAINTS, & PRAGMATIC EFFECTS; §3.1 GREEK
(141), with Ἀκούω (144); §11.6 COMMON USES OF THE GENITIVE WORDS & LEXICAL MEANINGS; §6.7 FIRST LOOK AT MAJOR LEXI-
CASE; CASE IN POINT 11: THE GENITIVES NOUNS OF COL 2:16-23; CONS: BDAG, L&N, & LSJ; §12.6 NAVIGATING MAJOR LEXICONS;
§14.6 VERBS THAT TAKE GENITIVE, ACCUSATIVE, OR DATIVE OB- §14.7 LEXICAL INFORMATION ON THE CASE OF VERBAL OBJECTS; see
JECTS; §20.4 THE GENITIVE CIRCUMSTANTIAL PARTICIPLE (AKA THE also Word Study
GENITIVE ABSOLUTE); in scale of possessive emphasis (367), with Liquid Verbs*, §21.1 LIQUID VERBS; APPENDIX §22 LIQUID VERBS
comparative constructions (509-10) Lists*, §15.6 CORRELATIVE EMPHASIS: LISTS AND COORDINATED
Genitive Absolute, §20.4 THE GENITIVE CIRCUMSTANTIAL PARTICI- CONNECTIVES; CASE IN POINT 15: 2 COR 6:1-10 AND PAULíS IMPAS-
PLE (AKA THE GENITIVE ABSOLUTE) SIONED APPEAL
SUBJECT INDEX 609

Metacomments, 247, 279, 286, 501, 503, 504, 508; §10.8 META- Passive Voice*, significance and translation (21-22, 53, 56, 117, 152,
COMMENTS AND PRAGMATICS 188, 190, 242, 346, 348, 496-97), divine passive (119, 129), with
Μι Verbs*, §24.1 IMPORTANT CHARACTERISTICS OF THE ΜΙ CONJU- double accusatives (401), with nominative of appellation (400),
GATION; §24.2 ENDINGS AND FORMATION OF THE ΜΙ CONJUGATION; with retained object (469); see also Voice.
§24.3 ΜΙ VERBS IN THE NON-INDICATIVE MOODS; APPENDIX §23 Past Time*, in indicative mood (49), indicated as ìremotenessî by
ΜΙ VERBS augment (150, 151, 185); §13.5 DISCOURSE PRAGMATIC OPTIONS
Middle-Formed Verbs, 205, 346, 451, 494; §3.5 MIDDLE-FORMED TO REPRESENT PAST TIME IN THE INDICATIVE MOODS; not marked in
VERBS; see middle verbs with genitive objects (266) non-indicative moods (430, 451, 495), in translating participles
Middle Voice, significance and translation (42, 51-52, 56, 152, 188, (344-48), in conditions (526-28); see also Aspect (verbal) and
190, 242, 266, 346, 348); see also Voice Tense Formation
Modifiers*, in English grammar (4, 9, 13, 18-19), in Greek word Pendent, nominative (402); see also Left (dis)location
order (65-66, 77), as a constituent marked (81), with prepositional Perfect Tense*, relative frequency of (48), as having resultative-
phrases (111), as adjectives (132), as quantitative (211), demon- stative aspect (50), within principal part system (194); §13.1 PER-
strative pronouns (223), as adjunct of verbs (268), as semantically FECT AND PLUPERFECT TENSES: TENSE MARKERS AND VERBAL AS-
diagrammed (299-304), comprehensive list of types (300), with PECT; §13.2 PERFECT AND PLUPERFECT TENSES: FORMATION AND
participles (317, 322-24, 374-75, 386), with grammatical subject TRANSLATION; aspect of in relation to participles (317-18), partici-
(400), with cognate accusatives for emphasis (466), in Apolloniusí ple formation of active (321), participle formation of middle-
Canon and in Corollary (485), in comparative statements for em- passive (343), translation of participle (345, 347), formation of in-
phasis (511), as qualitative (539) finitive (451-52), verbal aspect in infinitives (453), formation of
Mood, see Indicative Mood, and Imperative Mood, and Optative Μι verbs (476-80), formation and translation significance for im-
Mood, and Subjunctive Mood peratives (495-98), scope and timing in exhortations (505); see also
Negation*, §3.6 NEGATING A VERB: SOME HELP IN TRANSLATION; of Aspect (verbal) and Tense Formation
participles (318, 443), subjunctives (430, 498), emphatic negation Perfective Aspect, see Aspect (verbal)
(435-36, 439); §22.6 NEGATIVE EMPHASIS; of imperatives (495), Pluperfect Tense*, relative frequency of (48), as having resultative-
optatives (483), conditions (520-22), exceptive clauses (532-37) stative aspect (50), as (often) augmented in indicative mood (150);
Noun, §4.2 GREEK NOUNS: THREE CHARACTERISTICS; See also Case within principal part system (194), §13.1 PERFECT AND PLUPERFECT
(noun), Declension (noun), and Substantive. TENSES: TENSE MARKERS AND VERBAL ASPECT; §13.2 PERFECT AND
Nominative Case*, in Greek case system (69-70), as a constituent PLUPERFECT TENSES: FORMATION AND TRANSLATION; see also As-
marked (81); §5.3 VERBS THAT CAN TAKE PREDICATE NOMINA- pect (verbal) and Tense Formation
TIVES: Εἰμί and Γίνομαι; CASE IN POINT 5: MORE ABOUT PREDI- Point/Counterpoint Sets, explained (83, 284), examples of (3, 286,
CATE NOMINATIVES IN JOHN 1; with predicate adjectives (139), 289, 409)
commonly with circumstantial participles (327), with periphrastic Polysyndeton*, 67, 282, §15.5 ASYNDETON AND POLYSYNDETON
participles (373); §21.2 SPECIAL USES OF THE NOMINATIVE CASE; Position of Words in Sentence, see Emphasis, Focus, and Framing
sometimes as subject of infinitive (454) Pragmatic(s), xvi, xvii, xviii, xix, 23, 161, 317, 369
Numbers, 28, §12.3 GREEK ALPHABET AND NUMERIC VALUES Ἀποκρίνομαι, §18.5 TAKING CONTROL OR ìANSWERING BACKî IN
Οἶδα*, §10.7 AN ODDLY FORMED VERB: Οἶδα; §13.4 PLUPERFECT CONVERSATION: Ἀποκρίνομαι
OF οἶδα IS ᾖδειν; APPENDIX §20 Εἰμί AND Οἶδα Apposition, with possible elaborative emphasis (100)
Optative Mood*, among other moods (47-48), with questions (259); Article, §21.4 DISCOURSE PRAGMATIC USE OF THE ARTICLE OR ITS
§24.5 THE OPTATIVE MOOD; APPENDIX §19 OPTATIVE FORMS ABSENCE
Orthography, §2.3 WRITING GREEK CHARACTERS: ORTHOGRAPHY Asyndeton, 280-81
Parsing, §3.7 HOW ìTO PARSEî A VERB ΑÃτός, 385
Participles, among Greek moods (47-48) Conditional Sentence Structure, 519-20
Adjectival, §17.3 ADJECTIVAL PARTICIPLES Conditions (Temporal-Functional), 521-22
Adverbial, see Circumstantial Conjunctions, §1.4 CONJUNCTIONS: LEXICAL MEANINGS, CON-
Circumstantial, §17.4 CIRCUMSTANTIAL PARTICIPLES; CHECK POINT STRAINTS, & PRAGMATIC EFFECTS; 51, 275, 285
17.4 CIRCUMSTANTIAL PARTICIPLES Demonstrative Pronouns, 224-30
Complementary, §19.6 COMPLEMENTARY USE OF THE PARTICIPLE Ellipsis, §9.4 ELLIPSIS: SUPPLYING AN IMPLIED WORD
Formation of, §17.2 PARTICIPLE FORMATION; §18.1 FORMATION OF Exception Clauses, 534-38
THE MIDDLE/PASSIVE AND MIDDLE PARTICIPLES; §18.2 A SUM- Exhortations, §25.3 THE POTENCY OF EXHORTATIONS: PRAGMATIC
MARY OF PARTICIPLE FORMS; APPENDIX §15 PARTICIPLE FORMS CONSIDERATIONS
Genitive Absolute, §20.4 THE GENITIVE CIRCUMSTANTIAL PARTICI- Genitive Absolute, 388-91
PLE (AKA THE GENITIVE ABSOLUTE) Historic Present, 124, §6.6 HISTORIC PRESENT (HP) AND DIS-
Introduction to, §17.1 INTRODUCTION TO THE PARTICIPLE COURSE PRAGMATICS
Periphrastic, §19.5 PERIPHRASTIC USE OF THE PARTICIPLE; §25.4 Imperfect Tense, 153
PERIPHRASTIC PARTICIPLES WITH NON-INDICATIVE MOODS Left (dis)location, 406-408
Translating, §18.3 A GUIDE TO TRANSLATING ADJECTIVAL AND Metacomments, with Οἶδα (195-96); §10.8 METACOMMENTS AND
CIRCUMSTANTIAL PARTICIPLES PRAGMATICS
Parts of Speech, §1.2 THE PARTS OF SPEECH Narrative Past Time, §13.5 DISCOURSE PRAGMATIC OPTIONS TO
REPRESENT PAST TIME IN THE INDICATIVE MOODS
610 SUBJECT INDEX

Nominative (Pendent, Suspended), 402 Punctuation, 36, 139, 253, 255-56, 435; §2.0 PUNCTUATIONóDOES
Participles (adjectival), 323-26 IT MATTER? §5.7 NT GREEK CRITICAL EDITIONS & PUNCTUATION
Participles (circumstantial), 328-32 Questions*, indirect with εἰ (149, 161, 175); §14.1 INTERROGATIVE
Participles (genitive absolute), 388-91 AND INDEFINITE PRONOUNS; §14.2 QUESTIONS IN GREEK; §14.3 IN-
Participles (periphrastic), 374-76 TERROGATIVE EMPHASIS; indirect (254, 262, 270 [in lexical entry],
Participles (redundant), 333-34, 349 427, 484 [with optative])
Prepositions as Verbal Object, 145 Reduplication*, §13.3 REDUPLICATION: SPECIAL RULES & EXAM-
Recitative Àτι, 158-59 PLES; in non-Indicative Moods (318, 343, 452), ìfalseî reduplica-
Relative Pronouns, 172-74 tion in Μι verbs (475, 477)
Verbal Aspect, 50-51 Reed-Kellogg Diagramming, 4, 93, 99, 178, 280, 296-97, 354-55;
Vocatives, 95-98 §1.6 THE BASICS OF REED-KELLOGG DIAGRAMMING; §9.5 MARKING
Predicate Nominative*, §5.3 VERBS THAT CAN TAKE PREDICATE OR DIAGRAMMING SUBORDINATE CLAUSES AND IMPLIED ITEMS;
NOMINATIVES: Εἰμί and Γίνομαι; CASE IN POINT 5: MORE ABOUT §18.4 MARKING AND DIAGRAMMING PARTICIPLES
PREDICATE NOMINATIVES IN JOHN 1; 400, as in an exception to Relative Clause, as a constituent marked (81); see Pronoun
Apolloniusí Canon and Its Corollary (485) Semantic Diagramming/Analysis*, §16.3 SINGULAR VERBS WITH
Preposition*, as modifier in English grammar (6), as a constituent NEUTER PLURAL SUBJECTS; §16.4 SEMANTIC DIAGRAMMING: IN-
marked (13, 81), as made into a substantive/noun by the article TRODUCTION & PROCEDURES; CHECK POINT 16.4 SEMANTIC DIA-
(74), as sandwiched between article and substantive (78, 137); GRAMMING; §16.5 SEMANTIC ANALYSIS: MAJOR LINGUISTIC CATE-
§6.1 PREPOSITIONS; §6.2 PREPOSITIONAL COMPOUND VERBS AND GORIES OF MEANING; CHECK POINT 16.5 SEMANTIC ANALYSIS
WORDS; §6.3 AGENCY, MEANS, SOURCE, AND DIVINE PASSIVE; Stative-Resultative, see Aspect (verbal)
CHECK POINT 6.1-3 PREPOSITIONS AND CASE USAGE; §6.4 PREPOSI- Subordinate Clauses*, 11-13, 15; CHECK POINT 1.5 IDENTIFYING
TIONAL PHRASES WITH Πρός MAY MARK INDIRECT OBJECTS; as MAIN AND SUBORDINATE CLAUSES; as a constituent marked (81);
made into a substantive by the article (141), in 2nd attributive posi- 158-61, 170; §9.5 MARKING OR DIAGRAMMING SUBORDINATE
tion (143), as marking direct object of πιστεύω (145), as delimit- CLAUSES AND IMPLIED ITEMS; §14.4 INDIRECT STATEMENTS OF
ing genitive meaning (207), to emphatically mark interrogative MANNER & LOCATION; §16.2 SOME SUBORDINATING CONJUNC-
sentences (259), as adjuncts to verbs (268), as type of modifier TIONS; CASE IN POINT 16: THE LOVE COMMAND IN JOHN 13:31-35;
(300), ΔιÏ τοῦτο functioning as conjunctive (303), as forming ad- 301, 307; see also Infinitives, Participles, Subjunctive, Conditions
verbial clauses with infinitives (459-61), as in an exception to Subjunctive Mood*, among other moods (47-48); §22.1 THE SUB-
Apolloniusí Canon and Its Corollary (485), παρά for comparison JUNCTIVE MOOD: FORMATION; §22.2 OVERVIEW OF THE SUBJUNC-
(509); APPENDIX §11 PREPOSITIONS; see also discussions of in TIVE MOOD; §22.3 DEPENDENT USES OF THE SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD;
NOTES ON VOCABULARY §22.4 INDEPENDENT USES OF THE SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD; APPENDIX
Present Tense*, relative frequency of (48), as having imperfective §17 SUBJUNCTIVE FORMS
aspect (49); §3.4 PRESENT TENSE FORMATION AND TRANSLATION; Substantive, 4, 6, 73-76, 133, 135, 141, 217, 225, 300, 323, 384
§6.5 SPECIAL USES OF THE PRESENT TENSE; §6.6 HISTORIC PRESENT Superlative, §25.5 COMPARATIVE AND SUPERLATIVE ADJECTIVES AND
(HP) AND DISCOURSE PRAGMATICS; within principal part system ADVERBS; §25.6 COMPARATIVE AND SUPERLATIVE EMPHASIS.
(194), aspect of in relation to participles (317-18), participle for- Tense Formation, §10.2 PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TENSE ENDINGS;
mation of active (319), participle formation of middle-passive §10.5 ADDING Σίγμα TO VERB STEMS: RULES AND EXAMPLES; see
(342), translation of participle (344, 347), in genitive absolutes also Augmentation and Principal Parts; see also Aorist, Future, Fu-
(387), formation of subjunctive (418-19), formation of infinitive ture Perfect, Imperfect, Perfect, Pluperfect, and Present Tenses.
(451-52), verbal aspect in infinitives (453), formation of Μι verbs Valency of Verbs and Complements, 268-71
(476-80), formation of optatives (483), formation and translation Verb, in English grammar (4, 6, 8), as a constituent marked (13, 81),
significance for imperatives (495-98), scope and timing in exhorta- as able to be compounded with a preposition (113); §3.2 THE
tions (505), in present time conditions (525-26) GREEK VERB; see also Aspect (verbal), Voice, Mood, Tense For-
Principal Parts*, §10.6 PRINCIPAL PARTS: AN EXPLANATION; §15.1 mation, and specific verb tenses (e.g. Present Tense)
SIXTH PRINCIPAL PART; §24.4 PRINCIPAL PARTS OF ΜΙ VERBS IN Verbal Aspect, see Aspect (verbal)
THE GNT; APPENDICES §§25-27 PRINCIPAL PARTS OF VERBS Vocative Case, as a constituent marked (81); §5.5 VOCATIVES OF
Pronoun*, as a constituent marked (81); §9.1 INTRODUCTION TO DIRECT ADDRESS; APPENDIX §4 FORMATION OF THE VOCATIVE
PRONOUNS; §9.2 PERSONAL PRONOUNS; §9.3 RELATIVE PRONOUNS; CASE; as semantically diagrammed and type of modifier (299-301)
§14.1 INTERROGATIVE & INDEFINITE PRONOUNS; §12.5 DEMON- Voice, general significance (6, 51-53), semantics in lexical entries
STRATIVE PRONOUNS; CASE IN POINT 12: DEMONSTRATIVE ANTE- (53), with εἰμί (91, 156, 205), with imperatives (496-97); with in-
CEDENTS; §19.1 REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS; §19.2 RECIPROCAL PRO- finitives (451-52), with participles (340, 346-48), with respect to
NOUNS; §19.3 POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS; §19.4 INDEFINITE RELATIVE principal parts (194); for formation of endings, see under respec-
PRONOUNS; §20.3 INTENSIVE & IDENTICAL USES OF ΑÃτός; CASE IN tive tenses; see also Active, Middle, and Passive Voices
POINT 26: CORRELATIVE PRONOUNS & THE GOLDEN RULE; APPEN- Word Order, §4.1 GREEK WORD ORDER AND INITIAL CONJUNCTIONS
DIX §10 PRONOUN FORMATIONS Word Study*, §27.1 INTRODUCTION TO WORD STUDY; §27.2 BASIC
Proper Nouns/Names*, §2.6 PROPER NOUNS AND BORROWED NON- TOOLS OF WORD STUDY; §27.3 PROBLEMATIC ASSUMPTIONS AND
GREEK WORDS; 76; §5.4 PROPER NOUNS; 416-22, 489 PRACTICES OF WORD STUDY; §27.4 A PROCEDURE FOR PERFORM-
Pronunciation*, §2.4 PRONUNCIATION AND SYLLABLES; APPENDICES ING A WORD STUDY; §27.5 A WORD STUDY ON Βοάω I CRY OUT
§§28-30 PRONUNCIATION AND TRANSLITERATION CONVENTIONS FROM MARK 15:34

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