CHAPTER I

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

This chapter presents the introduction of the research study and its problem. It includes the
dependent and independent variables that are used in life study as well as its significance and
limitation.

Background of the Study

According to World Health Organization (WHO, 2016), that an estimated 422 million

adults will be living with diabetes in 2014, compared to 108 million in 1980. The global prevalence

(age-standardized) of diabetes has nearly doubled since 1980, rising from 4.7% to 8.5% in the

adult population. This reflects an increase in associated risk factors such as being overweight or

obese. Over the past decade, diabetes prevalence has risen faster in low- and middle-income

countries than in high-income countries. It is really alarming and a big problem because of the

ratings and number of deaths cause by diabetes and it looks like people are not aware of what is

already happening in their surroundings. Also, according to the report of WHO (2016), diabetes

caused 1.5 million deaths in 2012. Higher-than-optimal blood glucose caused an additional 2.2

million deaths, by increasing the risks of cardiovascular and other diseases. Forty-three percent of

these 3.7 million deaths occur before the age of 70 years. The percentage of deaths attributable to

high blood glucose or diabetes that occurs prior to age 70 is higher in low- and middle-income

countries than in high-income countries.

Similarly, the Philippines is considered one of the diabetes “hot spots” in the Western

Pacific Region. There are almost 3.9 million Filipinos who are diabetic, according to IDF Atlas

Survey (2013). The number of diabetic Filipinos increases as the population number rises that’s

why it shouldn’t be ignored because it is very alarming to know that people are consuming
excessive amount of sugar which is not good in the body. Many Filipinos are fond of sweets like

imported chocolates, cakes, candies and other sugary foods and not being careful on their eating

habit that’s why the PCDEF, also known as the Diabetes Center Philippines, has been at the

forefront of raising public awareness for diabetes in the Philippines.

Diseases cannot be avoided these days like the diabetes which is a long-term condition that

causes high blood sugar levels that’s why preventive measures should be done. One of the

problems here in the Philippines is the lack of money to buy pharmaceutical drugs to cure their

sickness. The main concern of this study is to help the community to have an economical way or

alternative drug in preventing diseases. And since most people prefer practical or easier ways, one

must learn to utilize the natural resources – herbal medicines.

As stated by Local Pulse (2017), paragis plant is a sort of grass that more often available

anywhere on empty parts and roadsides. Many people considered that this plant is a miracle plant

but since no one proves it yet that it can really cure disease scientifically, some people don’t believe

about it. It contains many chemical constituents that can help people prevent illnesses. This plant

will be a good substitute in lowering blood sugar and it will be a big help since it can be found

anywhere.

Statement of the Problem

 This study is aiming to determine the efficacy of Paragis Eleusine indica Decoct in lowering

blood sugar as tested to White Mice. It is aiming to answer the following questions:

1. What are the chemical constituents of Paragis Eleusine indica that can lower the blood sugar?

2. What treatment yields the best results on the effectiveness of the Paragis Eleusine indica

Decoct in lowering blood sugar?

3. Is there a significant difference between the Paragis Eleusine indica Decoct and the

commercial hypoglycemic drug in terms of:

a. Lowering Blood Sugar

b. Cost

Hypotheses

H1- There is a significant difference between the Paragis Eleusine indica Decoct as lowering blood

sugar and the commercial hypoglycemic drug in terms of:

a. Lowering Blood Sugar

b. Cost

H0- There is no significant difference between the Paragis Eleusine indica Decoct as lowering

blood sugar and the commercial hypoglycemic drug in terms of:

a. Lowering Blood Sugar

b. Cost

Figure 1.1 Research Paradigm

 INPUT
Paragis Eleusine indica Decoct

PROCESS
* Phytochemical Analysis
* Gathering of Materials
* Will behing of Paragis
* Weighing of Paragis
* Decoction of Paragis
* Pre-Blood Sugar Analysis
* Formulation of Treatments
* Experimentation
* Product Testing
* Post-Sugar Analysis
* Interpretation and Analysis of Data
* Conclusion and Recommendations

OUTPUT
Lowering Blood Sugar as tested to White
Mice

Conceptual Framework
 This study is aiming to determine the efficacy of Paragis Eleusine indica decoct in lowering

blood sugar level that will be tested on White Mice which will be compared to the control variable.

The researcherss will employ the Input-Process-Output (IPO) in determining the efficacy of

Paragis Eleusine indica which can be utilized in lowering blood sugar level. The researcherss will

use Paragis as their raw material. It will undergo certain processes like the phytochemical analysis

to determine the chemical contents of the independent variable. Next, the researcherss will gather

the other materials that is needed in the study like the weighing scale, gloves and the distilled

water. The Paragis will be weighed and will behed by the researchers. After will behing it

thoroughly, it will be decocted. The researchers will get the initial blood sugar of the mice before

the formulation of treatments. The formulated treatments of the researchers will be applied to the

experiment. After formulating the treatments, experimentation and product testing will be the next

processes. The researchers will obtain the blood sugar of the mice again to determine the efficacy

of the study. After all the processes, the results will be gathered, tabulated, analyzed and graphed

then a conclusion will be made.

Significance of the Study

Findings of this study would benefit the following people:

 Diabetic People. The main purpose of this study is to help those people who are really fond

in eating too much sweets that leads them to some abnormal conditions. This study will clearly

help the diabetic people for it is a herbal medicine and the independent material contains chemical

contents and properties that can lower blood sugar and also, they will spend less money due for

this remedy is cheap and can be subjected and made just in their houses since the raw materials

can be found anywhere.

Consumers. This study will surely help the consumers that can’t control themselves in

consuming too much sugar since it will serve a non-expensive successful remedy or alternative

cure for those who are in need. Consumers must know what are the other alternative ways in curing

a disease to be more innovative. They must know what is the significance of the things surrounding

the.

Department of Health. This study will give either prior or further knowledge about the

independent variable and its uses and other benefits specifically the sought one in this study. It

will help the agency to have more ideas in curing illnesses like diabetes without the use of

machines.

Bureau of Food and Drugs/Pharmaceutical Products. The outcome of this study will

serve as a huge stepping stone for further and more innovative production of the product made. It

can help the BFAD to have more ideas in creating products that is more effective by using herbal

medicines. This study do not aim to ignore other pharmaceutical products but to give more ideas

to the people who always buy medicine that sometimes, herbal plants are safer to use since it is

has been use by our ancestry where everything is not yet modernized.
 Future Researchers. This study will serve as one of the basis of future researchers who

seeks to find more and effective homemade remedies and ways which focus on lowering blood

sugar. It can make them realize that even the small things that is always being ignored by people

has many uses and can help you unexpectedly. This study is also aiming to inspire students to have

interest in finding solutions that is easier and more effective that can help your health condition.

Scope and Delimitations of the Study

The study is intending to produce an economical way on lowering blood sugar that will be

tested on White Mice using Paragis as the independent variable. The whole plant will be utilized

and decocted. This study will start from June 2019 up to 2019. The experimentation will be

conducted on an area where there is enough space specifically on the researchers’ house. The

researchers will be guided and helped by a veterinarian, research adviser, other professionals and

also her parents while doing her study. Comparison between the Decocted Paragis and other

commercial hypoglycemic drug will be included in this study.

Definition of Terms

Active Constituent- is a term often chosen when referring to the active substance of interest in a

plant because the word ingredient in many minds connotes a sense of human agency, whereas
the natural products present in plants will be not added by any human agency but rather occurred

naturally. It is a substance that is responsible for the chemical component of Paragis plant.

Blood Sugar- is the amount of glucose present in the blood of a human or animal. It is a tightly

regulated biochemical parameter in blood. Also an important for metabolic homeostasis.

Consuming too much of it will lead you to a condition Diabetes.

Decoction- the liquor resulting from concentrating the essence of a substance by heating or boiling,

especially a medicinal preparation made from a plant. It is the process that will be used in this

study where the independent variable will undergo in this process.

Diabetes- Diabetes is a serious complex condition which can affect the entire body and it requires

daily self-care and if complications develop, diabetes can have a significant impact on quality of

life and can reduce life expectancy. It is the condition which the researchers is trying to solve by

using herbal medicine.

Hypoglycemia- deficiency of glucose in the bloodstream. It is the opposite of the condition that

the researchers is trying to focus at.

Hypoglycemic drug- treats diabetes by lowering glucose levels in the blood. With the exceptions

of Insulin, exenatide, liraglutide and pramlintide, all are administered orally. It will serve as the

control variable of the study since it is also a commercial variable.

Paragis- is a sort of grass that more often available anywhere and being develops on empty parts

and roadsides and it is distributed throughout the warmer areas of the world to about 50 degrees

latitude. It is the independent variable of the study.

Phytochemical Analysis- an analysis that undergoes many processes that identifies the chemical

components of your variable. It is one of the processes that the independent variable will undergo

to.

Swiss Albino Mice- it is a laboratory mouse which is a small mammal of the order Rodentia which

is bred and used for scientific research. It will be used by the researchers to know if the study is

effective or not.

T-test-used to compare two means to assess whether they are from the same population. It will be

used by the researchers to determine which statistic has a t-distribution and if the alternative

hypothesis is true.

CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

 This chapter contains related readings and study that helps the researchers in concluding study.
It gives knowledge that could contribute to success the study.

Paragis plant is a sort of grass that more often available anywhere and being develops on

empty parts and roadsides. The leaves resemble normal grass that are long leaf and decreased its

popularity when it's not rainy season. Paragis will produce itself and develop over it, as the blossom

that gives the seeds of the plant. In the Philippines, it is commonly known as paragis, apidan,

bikad-bikad, bakis-bakisan, bugtusan, barangan, gagabutan, dinapulak, kabit-kabit, palagtiki,

parangis-sabungan, sambali, and sabung-sabungan.It is a widespread weed that has the scientific

name, Eleusine indica and is commonly known as wire grass, goose grass or dog’s tail. It may also

be known as the ever popular carabao grass. The plant is slowly gaining popularity after some

people posted on social media the purported uses and benefits of paragis tea.

Furthermore, Paragis is a plant found in many places and can withstand temperatures as low

as -7°C. It is native to tropical Asia, Papuasia, and Africa while it is naturalized in Australia,

Mediterranean, and America particularly in South America and various islands. It will be first

described and named by Carl Linnaeus in his book Species Plantarum (1753), but will be

reclassified into today's valid botanical systematics by Joseph Gaertner, a German Botanist. In

1788, hence its scientific name, Eleusine sp. will be named after the ancient city and deme (town,

division, community) Eleusis of Africa, famous for the mysteries of Ceres.

The Paragis plant contains SiO 16-47%; CaO 10-13%; and chlorine, 6-7%; crude protein

12.4%. Methanol extract yielded flavonoids, tannins, alkaloids, cardiac glycosides, anthracene,

glycosides, anthraquinones, calcium, potassium, magnesium, phosphorus, copper, iron, manganese,

molybdenium, and zinc. Plant considered diuretic, antihelmintic, diaphoretic, febrifuge anti-
inflammatory, antiplasmodial, antidiabetic, phytoremediative, pancreatic lipase inhibitory,

antioxidant, antileishmanial, antioxidant, cytotoxic, anticonvulsant, antibacterial properties. Its

leaves contain Silico Monoxide, calcium Oxide, and Chlorine.

In addition, paragis is also an annual, erect, tufted, adventitious, glabrous grass, 10

centimeters to 1 meter in height. Leaves are 10 to 30 centimeters long, sometimes involute when

dry, 3 to 7 millimeters wide, distichous, rather flaccid, with flattened sheaths. Spikes are 3 to 6, all

in a terminal whorl, or one or two lower down, 2.5 to 10 centimeters long, 3 to 5 millimeters thick.

Spikelets are very numerous, crowded, 3- to 5-flowill bed, 3 to 4 millimeters long, the first glume

1-nerved and small, the second, 3-nerved, and the third and succeeding ones ovate, acute.

Moreover, as cited by Godofredo U. Stuart Jr., M.D., the entire parts of the Paragis can be

made out of specific sorts of chemicals and substances that provides good advantage to your

health. The leaves of the Paragis contain silicon monoxide, calcium oxide, and chlorine that will

help treat any illness. The Paragis plant likewise contains protein that will give more medicinal

benefits of the body. Previous researches have stated that the plant is considered as a diuretic as

well as an antihelminthic, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant. The whole plant can be used for

medicine – its roots can be eaten raw, the leaves and stems can become the basis for a decoction

and the seeds can also be eaten and used for other mixtures as well. It is a rather versatile plant

which other cultures have used as an answer to various simple problems.

On the other hand, diabetes is a condition where people don't produce enough insulin to

meet their body's needs and/or their cells don't respond properly to insulin. Insulin is important

because it moves glucose, a simple sugar, into the body's cells from the blood. It also has a number

of other effects on metabolism. If insulin isn't available or doesn't work correctly to move glucose
from the blood into cells, glucose will stay in the blood. High blood glucose levels are toxic, and

cells that don't get glucose are lacking the fuel they need to function properly.

In addition, there are two main kinds of diabetes; Type 1 diabetes and Type 2 diabetes. More

than 90% of all people with diabetes have Type 2. Overall, more than 3 million Canadians have

diabetes, and the number is rapidly rising, according to MedBroadcast (2015). Over a third of

people with type 2 diabetes are unaware they have the disease and are not receiving the required

treatment because, for many people, early symptoms are not noticeable without testing.

Type 1 diabetes occurs when the pancreas cannot make insulin. Everyone with Type 1

diabetes requires insulin injections. Most people are diagnosed with Type 1 diabetes during their

childhood or adolescent years. Type 1 diabetes occurs most commonly in people of northern

European ancestry whereas Type 2 diabetes begins with insulin resistance, a condition in which

muscle, liver, and fat cells do not use insulin well. It usually occurs in adults, although in some

cases children may be affected. People with Type 2 diabetes usually have a family history of this

condition and 90% are overweight or obese. People with Type 2 diabetes may eventually need

insulin injections. According to MedBroadcast (2015), this condition occurs most commonly in

people of Indigenous and African descent, Hispanics, and Asians.

Another less common form as cited by Thomas A. Buchanan, is gestational diabetes, a

temporary condition that occurs during pregnancy. Depending on risk factors, between 3% to 13%

of Canadian women will develop gestational diabetes which can be harmful for the baby if not

controlled. The problem usually clears up after delivery, but women who have had gestational

diabetes have a higher risk of developing Type 2 diabetes later in life.

 Also, prediabetes is a term used to describe blood sugar levels that are higher than normal,

but not high enough to be classified as diabetes. Many people with prediabetes go on and develop

diabetes.

Moreover, Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disorder. It's believed that a combination of

genetic predisposition and additional environmental (as yet unidentified) factors provoke the

immune system into attacking and killing the insulin-producing cells in the pancreas. Type 2

diabetes is mainly caused by insulin resistance. This means that no matter how much or how little

insulin is made, the body can't use it as well as it should. As a result, glucose can't be moved from

the blood into cells. Over the time, the excess sugar in the blood gradually poisons the pancreas

causing it to make less insulin and making it even more difficult to keep blood glucose under

control.

Furthermore, people with Type 1 diabetes who are not being treated urinate frequently and

feel excessively thirsty. They usually feel very tired and experience severe weight loss despite

normal or excessive food intake. The symptoms of Type 2 diabetes usually appear more gradually.

People with Type 2 diabetes who do not have their blood glucose under control often have a

persistent mild thirst. They urinate frequently, and often feel mild fatigue and complain of blurred

vision. Moreover, many women with the disease have recurring vaginal yeast infections.

In the same manner, Type 1 diabetes is not preventable. However, studies have shown that

Type 2 diabetes can be prevented by adopting lifestyle changes that include moderate weight loss

through practicing a healthy diet and regular exercise. Studies have shown that certain oral

antidiabetes medications may play a role in preventing the development of Type 2 diabetes for

people with prediabetes.

 In most of the conditions, treating diabetes requires a significant amount of real effort on

the person's part. According to Rexall (2011), coping with diabetes is a lifelong challenge,

therefore people with diabetes should not be afraid to speak with a doctor or pharmacist if they

feel overwhelmed. Part of a treatment plan for diabetes will involve learning about diabetes, how

to manage it, and how to prevent complications. Health care professional will help people learn

what they need to be able to manage their diabetes as effectively as possible.

Moreover, medications are very effective at treating diabetes and reducing the symptoms

and long-term effects of the condition. However, it may experience hypoglycemia (a blood glucose

level that is too low) when taking certain medications for diabetes. If the blood glucose level is

extremely low, it is possible to have a seizure or lose consciousness. A health care professional

can teach you how to recognize the warning signs of hypoglycemia. People with diabetes should

carry candy, sugar, or glucose tablets to treat hypoglycemia if it does occur.

In addition, Hypoglycemia is a side effect of many medications for Type 1 and 2 diabetes,

but it is never a reason to avoid getting treatment. The best way to avoid hypoglycemia is to eat

regular meals and monitor your blood glucose.

It is essential for people with diabetes to self-monitor blood glucose levels. However, the

number of times required to test the blood glucose will be based on the type of diabetes and

diabetes treatment. Some people may need to measure their blood glucose levels multiple times a

day, whereas others may need to infrequently.It is important to record blood glucose readings taken

at different times of the day – after fasting (before breakfast) as well as 2 hours after a meal. This

allows your doctor to see a snapshot of how your blood glucose levels vary during the day and to

recommend treatments accordingly. Most blood glucose meters now have "memory" that stores a
number of blood glucose tests along with the time and date they will be taken. Some even allow

for graphs and charts of the results to be created and sent to your phone.

On the other hand, the laboratory mouse is a small mammal of the order Rodentia which is

bred and used for scientific research. Laboratory mice are usually of the species Mus musculus.

They are the most commonly used mammalian research model and are used for research

in genetics, psychology, medicine and other scientific disciplines. Mice belong to

the Euarchontoglires clade, which includes humans. This close relationship, the associated

high homology with humans, their ease of maintenance and handling, and their high reproduction

rate, make mice particularly suitable models for human-oriented research. The laboratory mouse

genome has been sequenced and many mouse genes have human homologues.

Furthermore, breeding onset occurs at about 50 days of age in both females and males,

although females may have their first estrus at 25–40 days. Mice are polyestrous and breed year

round; ovulation is spontaneous. The duration of the estrous cycle is 4–5 days and lasts about 12

hours, occurring in the evening. Vaginal smears are useful in timed matings to determine the stage

of the estrous cycle. Mating can be confirmed by the presence of a copulatory plug in the vagina

up to 24 hours post-copulation. The presence of sperm on a vaginal smear is also a reliable

indicator of mating.

Related Studies

A study entitled “Antiurolithiatic Potential of Eleusine indica Linn. (Goose Grass) Root

Extract on Ethylene Glycol Induced Nephrolithiasis in Rattus norvegicus (Albino Rats)”

conducted by Marlon Pareja (2017), found out that there will be no significant difference between

the serum parameters of the E. indica treatment groups and that of negative control (P < 0.05).
There will be the presence of nitrituria, proteinuria, high pH and high levels of calcium oxalate

excretion in the lithogenic group. But all these parameters will be normalized in the three E. indica

treatment groups. E. indica root extract also maintained the normal structure of kidney glomeruli

and tubules among T 1 and T 2 (prophylactic groups) and repaired kidney defects in T 3 (curative

group). The study involved 5 test groups; negative control group (T-), positive control group or

lithogenic group (T +), two prophylactic groups (T 1 and T 2) receiving different concentrations

of E. indica root extract (T 1-500mg/kg and T 2-800mg/kg) and one curative group receiving

800mg/kg of E. indica root extract after being induced with kidney stones during the first 2 weeks

of the experimental period. All the test groups received 0.75% ethylene glycol (stone inducing

chemical) in water for 4 week ad libitum with the exception of the negative control. E. indica root

extract thus possess antiurolithiathic potentials and can be used to prevent and cure nephrolithiasis

in albino rats.

Another study entitled “Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Extracts

from Cassia alata, Eleusine indica, Eremomastax speciosa, Carica papaya and Polyscias

fulva Medicinal Plants Collected in Cameroon” conducted by Bertrand Sagnia (2014), found out

that the ethanol extracts showed strong antioxidant properties against both hydrogen peroxide and

superoxide anion. Cassia alata showed the highest antioxidant activity. The effect of plant extracts

on γδ T cells and imDC will be evidenced by the dose dependent reduction in TNF-α production

in the presence of Cassia alata, Carica papaya, Eremomastax speciosa Eleusine

indica, and Polyscias fulva. γδ T cells proliferation will be affected to the greatest extent

by Polyscias fulva. Chemiluminescence will be used to analyze the antioxidant activities of plant

extracts against hydrogen peroxide or superoxide anion. Comet assays will be used to analyze the

protection against antioxidant-induced DNA damage induced in white blood cells after treating
with hydrogen peroxide. Flow cytometry will be used to measure γδ T cells proliferation and anti-

inflammatory activity of γδ T cells and of immature dendritic cells (imDC) in the presence of

different concentrations of plant extracts. These results clearly show the antioxidant capacity and

anti-inflammatory activities of plant extracts collected in Cameroon. These properties of leaves

and stem bark extracts may contribute to the value for these plants in traditional medicine and in

general medical practice.

In consonance, a study entitled “Antiplasmodial Activities of Eleusine indica,” conducted

by Okokon, Jude E. (2010), found out that the results of phytochemical screening of the extract

of E. indica reveal that the extract contains alkaloids, terpenes, flavonoids, tannins,

anthraquinones, saponins and cardiac glycosides. The mice will be treated intraperitoneally with a

single dose of 1-5g/kg of Eleusine indica extract after being starved for 24hours. The route will be

chosen because of its sensitivity and rapid results. E. indica (1-5g/kg) produced physical signs of

toxicity in the animals depending on the dose given ranging from writhing, decreased respiration

and death 24 hours after administration of the extract. All the animals administered with 3.5g/kg

and above doses of the extract died. The LD50 of the extract will be calculated to be 3.24g/kg. The

results of this study demonstrated that Eleusine indica possesses considerable antiplasmodial and

antidiabetic activities. These confirm its use to treat malaria and diabetes in folkloric medicine.

Therefore, it would be interesting if the the active principle is isolated, identified and characterized.
 CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

This chapter discusses about the procedures and processes that will be done by the researchers.
It presented the research design and the materials and apparatuses that are going to be used in
the experiment. In addition, it included the processes conducted to utilize the materials properly
and to achieve the intended result.

Research Design

The researchers will use the Complete Randomized Design to test the effectiveness of the

Paragis Eleusine indica Decoct as lowering blood sugar as tested to White Mice. A number of

treatments will also be conducted in the study as well as the replication to determine the foundation

of change.

Table 3.1shows the treatments used in this research study.

Table 3.1
Different Mixing Proportions of the Study

Paragis Eleusine indica Distilled Water

Treatments (mL) (mL)

T0 Commercial Variable
 T1 95 5

T2 80 20

T3 50 50

Materials and Procedures

PHASE I

GATHERING OF MATERIALS

The researchers will need various materials in this research study. The collection of

variables will be used and the Paragis will be gathered on the researchers’s household, in David,

Mangaldan, Pangasinan. The White Mice will be purchased from Virgen Milagrosa University

Foundation. All the following materials will be bought at the Drug Store such as the distilled

water, pair of gloves and syringe while the large basin and weighing scale will be found at the

researchers’ house. The glucometer and the test strip will be borrowed from a medical

technologist. The paragis will undergo the process of decoction in order to be efficient in

lowering blood sugar.

PHASE II

PREPARATION OF PLANT SAMPLES

The Paragis will be collected, will behed, and air-dried for 10 to 20 minutes. After air-

drying, it will be decocted with 10 mL of distilled water in preparation for the experimental

treatment.
 Twelve White Mice with an average age of four weeks (28 days) and average weight of

150 grams will be maintained in an animal cage. These mice will be adapted with a free access of

water and a sugar rich diet for 5 days.

PREPARATION OF THE WHITE MICE

Twelve White Mice with an average age of four weeks (28 days) and average weight of

150 grams will be maintained in an animal cage. These mice will be adapted with a free access to

water and a sugar rich diet for 5 days. On the last day of the diet, the mice will undergo fasting for

5-6 hours. After six hours, their blood sample will be collected. The mice will be grouped into four

with three mice each in accordance with the number of treatments.

PHASE III

PREPARATION OF DIFFERENT SET-UPS

In this study, there will be two set-ups made; the experimental set-up and the control set-

up. The experimental set-up will be composed of three treatments while the control set-up will be

the commercial variable.

EVALUATION OF PARAMETERS

>Decrease in Blood Sugar Level

The experimentation will be started by the sampling of blood sugar level of each mouse,

which will be performed on the experimental mice. It will be performed with the guidance and
supervision of a licensed pharmacist. Each mouse will be given a dosage of the treatment

designated on their group having a volume of 1 ml.

In case of the control group, the process will be performed by a professional and every

after four hours, the blood sample will be collected until the blood sugar level of the mice will be

finally normalized.

PHASE IV

a. Statistical Analysis and Interpretation of Results

After the three replications, the data that will be gathered in the whole experimentation will

be brought together for the data analysis and presented in a tabulated form. The preliminary results

will be treated statistically to determine the efficacy and significance of the study.

The T-test will be the statistical tool that will be used in the experiment to see if there are

insignificant difference between the Paragis Decoct and the control variable. In the t-test, the

statistical hypotheses will be tested in which statistic has a t-distribution if the alternative

hypothesis is true.
 Figure 3.1 The Experimental Flowchart depicts the chronological order of the methods

and procedures used in the study.

• Phytochemical Analysis
• Gathering of Materials
PHASE I • Collection and Preparation of variables

• FORMULATION OF TREATMENTS
• Gathering
• Decocting
PHASE II • Pre-Sugar Analysis

• Evaluation of Parameter
• Decreased level of blood glucose
PHASE III • Cost Analysis

• Data Presentation
PHASE IV • Statistical Analysis and Interpretation of Data