"TOPIC 0" (FIRST TERM)

The Earth and maps

The Earth is a sphere. It can be represented using globes and

maps. When a map represents the entire Earth, it is called a
world map. Globes represent the proper proportion between
distances. The Earth is spherical, so these proportions cannot be
represented in the same way on flat maps. However, maps are
more convenient for travel.

The scale on a map indicates the relationship between distances

on the map and actual distances on the Earth.

Geographic co-ordinates are based on a series of lines called

parallels and meridians. Geographic co-ordinates allow points on
a map to be located.

Relief and political maps of the world. A relief map represents

Earth’s oceans and continents. A political map shows country
borders.

The surface of the Earth is covered with oceans and continents.

Oceans are very large masses of salt water. There are five oceans:
the Arctic, Atlantic, Indian, Pacific and Antarctic. Continents are
large masses of land emerging from he oceans. There are seven
continents: Europe, Asia, Africa, North America, South America,
Oceania and Antarctica.
 "TOPIC 1-A" (FIRST TERM)
Climate

The climate of an area is influenced by temperature,

precipitation and the wind. Other factors which influence

climate are distance from the sea, the relief (altitude) and

proximity to the Equator.

The climates of Spain. There are five climates in Spain:

Mediterranean climate. This is the climate of the regions near

the Mediterranean coast. Temperatures are mild and there is

little precipitation.

Continental Mediterranean climate. This is the climate of inland

regions of the Iberian Peninsula. Temperatures are very low in

winter and very high in summer. There is little precipitation.

Oceanic climate. This is the climate of the northern regions of

the Iberian Peninsula. Temperatures are mild and there is

abundant precipitation.

Subtropical climate. This is the climate of the Canary Islands.

There is little precipitation and temperatures are mild all year

round.

Mountain climate. This is the climate of mountain regions.

Temperatures are low and there is abundant precipitation.

 "TOPIC 1-B" (FIRST TERM)
“THE RELIEF OF SPAIN”

The Inner Plateau

The Inner Plateau covers the Autonomous Communities of Castile-Leon, Castile-La Mancha,
Madrid and Extremadura

The three main rivers are the Duero, the Tagus and the Guadiana. It has these mountains:

1.The Central Mountain Chain: the Northern Sub-plateau and the Southern Sub-plateau.

The mountains of the Central Mountain Chain are about two thousand metres high and they
are grouped in mountain ranges, such as the Gata, the Gredos and the Guadarrama ranges

2. The Mountains of Toledo they separate the River Tagus from the River Guadiana

Mountains and river basin surrounding The Inner Plateau

There are four mountain ranges and two river basins.

1-The Mountains of Leon, in the north. (Mount Teleno). Separate Castile-Leon from Galicia.

2-The Cantabrian Range, in the north. They separate Castile-Leon from Asturias and
Cantabria. (Picos de Europa).

3- The Iberian Mountain Chain, in the east. (Moncayo Range),.

4-The Morena Range, or sierra Morena in the south.

There are two principal river basins beyond the Plateau:

A-The Ebro river basin is in the north-east. The River Ebro flows across it.

B- The Guadalquivir river basin is in the south-west. . The River Guadalquivir flows across
it.

Mountains and river basin beyond The Inner Plateau

1-The Galician Massif in Galicia. (Cabeza de Manzaneda, at a height of 1,778 metres).

2. The Basque Mountains between the Basque Country and Navarre. They are not very high,

3- The Pyrenees Navarre, Aragon and Catalonia. The highest mountain is Aneto, 3,404m)

4- The Catalan Coastal Chain parallel to the Mediterranean coast. (Turo de l’home, 1,712
m.)

5- The Baetic Mountain Chain

5.1 The Penibetic Range ( Mulhacen at 3,482 metres and Veleta at 3,398 metres.

5.2 The Subbetic Range lies inland

 THE SPANISH COASTS AND ISLANDS

The Cantabrian coast

This coast is high and rocky with many cliffs and estuaries. The main landforms of this coast
are Cape Matxitxako, the Bay of Biscay, the Aviles estuary, Cape Ajo and Estaca de Bares
Point.

The Atlantic coast

This coast is divided into three areas:

The Galician coast. This goes from Estaca de Bares Point to the Miño estuary. . The principal
capes are Finisterre and Ortegal, and the main estuaries are the rias of Arousa and Vigo.

The Andalusian coast. This goes from the Portuguese border to the Straights of Gibraltar. It is
a flat, with sandy beaches. The main are the Gulf of Cadiz, Cape Trafalgar and Tarifa Point.

The Mediterranean coast

This is the longest coast in Spain. There are four main areas:

1. Andalusia. the beaches of Malaga. (Cape Gata).

2. Murcia and the Community of Valencia. with sandy beaches ( Cape Palos and Cape Nao).

3. Catalonia and the Balearic Islands. High, rocky “Cape Creus”, alternate with sandy
beaches.

4. The coast of Ceuta is low and irregular. The coast of Melilla is high and rocky.

Relief of the spanish islands

The Balearic Islands

There are five main islands: Mallorca, Ibiza, Menorca, Formentera and Cabrera. Mallorca is
the largest . The main mountain range is the Tramuntana Range.

The Canary Islands

There are seven main islands: La Palma, El Hierro, La Gomera, Gran Canaria, Tenerife,
Fuerteventura y Lanzarote. These islands are of volcanic origin. They are very mountanious
and Mount Teide is the highest peak of Spain.
 "TOPIC 2" (FIRST TERM)

European plains, mountains and coasts

Europe is a continent in the northern hemisphere. In

the centre and the east of Europe, there are
extensive plains. In the south, there are tall
mountains. There are lower mountain ranges in the
north and in the east. The coasts of Europe are very
irregular, with many capes, gulfs, peninsulas and
islands.

European climates and vegetation

There are three temperate climates: Oceanic,

Mediterranean and Continental; and two cold
climates: polar and alpine or mountain. Each climate
has a specific type of vegetation.

European rivers and lakes

There are five watersheds: the Atlantic, the

Mediterranean, the Arctic, the Black sea and the
Caspian sea watersheds. The largest lakes are
located in the north of Europe.
 "TOPIC 3" (FIRST TERM)

"Living things".
Key language

SPANISH ENGLISH SPANISH ENGLISH

AGUA WATER ORGANISMO ORGANISM
ANIMAL ANIMAL ÓRGANO ORGAN
APARATO APPARATUS ORGÁNULO organelle
BACTERIA BACTERIA PLANTA PLANT
CELULA CELL UNICELULAR unicellular
CITOPLASMA CYTOPLASM PLURICELULAR pluricellular
HONGO FUNGUS PROTOZOO PROTOZOA
LIQUEN Lichen REINO KINGDOM
MEMBRANA MEMBRANE SISTEMA SYSTEM
MICROBIO MICROBE TEJIDO TISSUE
NÚCLEO CORE

SUMMARY

All living things are made up of cells. Cells are the smallest parts that make up a
living thing. Cells are also living things.They carry out the life processes of nutrition,
reproduction and sensitivity. Cells can only be seen through a microscope.
They have three main parts: the membrane, the nucleus and the cytoplasm.

Unicellular living things are formed by a single cell.

Multicellular living things are formed by many cells.
Similar cells that carry out a common function are grouped together to form a tissue.
Tissues are organised to form organs. Organs are made up of a group of tissues
that work together to carry out a common function.
Organs form systems which work together to carry out a common function.
When all the systems work together, they form an organism, which is a complete
living thing.

The five kingdoms

Living things are classified into five kingdoms:

the animal kingdom, the plant kingdom, the fungi kingdom, the bacteria kingdom and
the fifth kingdom, which includes protozoa and algae.
Animals and plants are multicellular. They have different levels of organisation: cells,
tissues, organs, systems and organism.
 "TOPIC 4" (FIRST TERM)
"NUTRITION "
Key language

SPANISH ENGLISH SPANISH ENGLISH

Agua water Hidratos de carbono Carbohydrates
Aparato circulatorio circulatory minerales minerals
Aparato digestivo digestive apparatus nutrición nutrition
Aparato respiratorio respiratory nutrientes nutrients
Circulación circulation oxígeno oxygen
Deshechos waste proceso digestivo digestive process
Dieta sana healthy Diet proteinas protein
Dieta equilibrada balanced Diet vitaminas vitamins
Energia energy quilo chyle
excreción excretion quimo chyme
fibra Fibre respiración breathing
Glándulas anejas glands attached tubo digestivo digestive tract
Grasas Fats

Nutrition and health

Nutrition includes all the processes that we carry out to obtain the building
materials and energy that our bodies need.

Food contains the nutrients that our bodies need. The main nutrients are:
– carbohydrates, which supply energy;
– fats or lipids, which also supply energy;
– proteins, which are necessary to grow and repair our bodies;
– vitamins and minerals, which are necessary for a healthy body.
The process of obtaining nutrients from food is called digestion.
To grow healthy, we need a healthy diet. A healthy diet is complete and balanced.

There are four processes in nutrition:

A-digestive process, B-circulation, C-respiration, and D-excretion.

A- "THE DIGESTIVE PROCESS"

It takes place in the digestive system. There are three stages:
A-1. Digestion. It begins in the mouth. The food is crushed, mixed with saliva and
swallowed. Now, it is called bolus. The bolus passes through the pharynx and the
oesophagus into the stomach. There, it is mixed with gastric juices to form chyme.

A-2. Absorption. This occurs in the small intestine. The nutrients pass into the blood.

A-3. Elimination of waste. The waste moves into the large intestine and is
transformed into faeces. Then the faeces are excreted through the anus.
 NUTRITION II

Key language
ENGLISH SPANISH ENGLISH SPANISH ENGLISH SPANISH
Respiration Respiración Circulatory system Aparato Circulato. Carry out Llevar a cabo
Respiratory system Aparato respiratorio Cells Células. Carry away Enviar. Mandar.
Oxygen Oxígeno. Nutrients Nutrientes. Carry back Traer de regreso.
Expels Expulsar Oxygen Oxígeno Connect Conectar
Carbon dioxide Dióxido de carbono Waste Desecho Pump Bombear.
Air passageways Conductos aéreos. Blood vessels Vasos sanguíneos. Leave Abandonar
Lungs Pulmones Arteries Arterias. Pulmonary Pulmonar
Inhalation Inhalación- inspirar. Veins Venas. Between Entre (2 objetos)
Exhalation Exhalación- espirar. Capillaries Capilares. Kidneys Riñones
Excretion Excreción Heart Corazón. Blood Sangre

"RESPIRATION"
Respiration is the process by which our body obtains oxygen from the air and expels carbon
dioxide. This process is carried out by the respiratory system. The respiratory system consists of the air
passageways and the lungs.
There are two breathing movements: inhalation and exhalation.

"EXCRETION"

Excretion is the process by which our body eliminates waste substances from the blood.
The excretory system carries out this function, mainly through the kidneys.

"CIRCULATION"

The circulatory system is made up of:

1. Blood, which is a red liquid that reaches all the cells in our body and transports nutrients,
oxygen, carbon dioxide and waste.
2. Blood vessels, which circulate the blood. There are three types:
– arteries, which carry blood away from the heart to other organs;
– veins, which carry blood back to the heart;
– capillaries, which connect arteries to veins.
3. The heart, which pumps blood around the body.

"BLOOD CIRCULATION"

Blood moves through the circulatory system in a closed circuit. There are two circuits:

1. Pulmonary circulation is the movement of blood between the heart and the lungs.

Blood leaves the heart through the pulmonary arteries. The oxygenated blood returns to the heart
through the pulmonary veins.

2. Systemic circulation is the movement of blood between the heart and the rest of the body.

Blood leaves the heart through the aorta and returns to the heart through the vena cava.