CERTIFICATE

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This is to certify that Arjav Sethi of class XII has satisfactorily

completed the project on “TRANSISTORS” under the guidance
of
Physics Teacher Mrs. Sujata #### during the session 2019-2020

Valued by :-

Sister LILLY MARRY

[PRINCIPLE]

EXAMINER’S SIGNATURE
MRS. SUJATA
[PHYSICS TEACHER]
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Page | 2 I’d like to express my gratitude to the people who have helped
&supported me throughout my project. I’m gratefull to our
school physics faculty.
I thank physics teacher ,Mrs.Sujata ##### for her continuous
support for the project ,from initial advice &encouragement to
this day . My special thanks is to my colleagues who helped me to
make this project.

I wish to thank my parents for their undivided support & interest.

At last I want to thanks my friends who appreciated me for my
work & motivated me.
 INDEX
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 Introduction
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The invention of the bipolar transistor in 1948 ushered

in a revolution in electronics . Technical feast previously
requiring relatively large ,mechanical fragile , power-
hungry vacuum tubes were suddenly achievable with
tiny ,mechanically rugged ,power thrifty specks of
crystalline silicon . This revolution made possible
lightweight and inexpensive electronic devices that we
now take for granted. Understanding how transistors
function is of paramount importance to anyone
interested in understanding morder electronics.

A bipolar transistor consist of a three layer “sandwich”

of doped semiconductor materials either P-N-P in
FIGURE BELOW (b) or N-P-N at (d) . Each layer of forming
the transistors has a specific name ,and each layer is
provided with a wire contact for connection to a circuit .
 The schematic symbols are shown in Figure below (a)
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and (b)

The functional difference between a PNP transistor and an

NPN transistor is the proper biasing (polarity) of the
junctions when operating . For any given state of operation
,the current direction and voltage polarities for each kind
of transistors are exactly opposite to each other .
 Bipolar transistors work as current-controlled current
regulators .In other words transistors restricts the amount
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of current passed according to a smaller ,controlling
current .The main current that is controlled goes from
collector to emitter ,or from emitter to collector
,depending on the type of transistors it is
(PNPorNPN).According to the standards of symbology ,the
arrow always points against the direction of electron flow .
 Small base emitter current controls large Collector-Emitter
current flowing against
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